US6329385B1 - Chemokine receptor antagonists and methods of use therefor - Google Patents

Chemokine receptor antagonists and methods of use therefor Download PDF

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US6329385B1
US6329385B1 US09/235,102 US23510299A US6329385B1 US 6329385 B1 US6329385 B1 US 6329385B1 US 23510299 A US23510299 A US 23510299A US 6329385 B1 US6329385 B1 US 6329385B1
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substituted
aromatic
aliphatic
aliphatic group
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Jay R. Luly
Yoshisuke Nakasato
Etsuo Ohshima
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KH Neochem Co Ltd
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co Ltd
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Priority to US09/362,837 priority patent/US6509346B2/en
Assigned to MILLENNIUM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. reassignment MILLENNIUM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LEUKOSITE, INC.
Priority to US09/989,086 priority patent/US20020169155A1/en
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Priority to US10/217,865 priority patent/US20030045516A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2002/036953 priority patent/WO2003045942A2/en
Priority to MXPA04004826A priority patent/MXPA04004826A/es
Priority to EA200400692A priority patent/EA008060B1/ru
Priority to HU0500079A priority patent/HU228314B1/hu
Priority to US10/487,168 priority patent/US7271176B2/en
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Definitions

  • Chemoattractant cytokines or chemokines are a family of proinflammatory mediators that promote recruitment and activation of multiple lineages of leukocytes and lymphocytes. They can be released by many kinds of tissue cells after activation. Continuous release of chemokines at sites of inflammation mediates the ongoing migration of effector cells in chronic inflammation.
  • the chemokines characterized to date are related in primary structure. They share four conserved cysteines, which form disulfide bonds.
  • the family is divided into two main branches, designated as the C-X-C chemokines ( ⁇ -chemokines), and the C—C chemokines ( ⁇ -chemokines), in which the first two conserved cysteines are separated by an intervening residue, or adjacent respectively (Baggiolini, M. and Dahinden, C. A., Immunology Today , 15:127-133 (1994)).
  • the C-X-C chemokines include a number of potent chemoattractants and activators of neutrophils, such as interleukin 8 (IL-8), PF4 and neutrophil-activating peptide-2 (NAP-2).
  • the C—C chemokines include RANTES ( R egulated on A ctivation, N ormal T E xpressed and S ecreted), the macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 ⁇ and 1 ⁇ (MIP-1 ⁇ and MIP-1 ⁇ ), eotaxin and human monocyte chemotactic proteins 1-3 (MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3), which have been characterized as chemoattractants and activators of monocytes or lymphocytes but do not appear to be chemoattractants for neutrophils.
  • Chemokines, such as RANTES and MIP-1 ⁇ have been implicated in a wide range of human acute and chronic inflammatory diseases including respiratory diseases, such as asthma and allergic disorders.
  • the chemokine receptors are members of a superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) which share structural features that reflect a common mechanism of action of signal transduction (Gerard, C. and Gerard, N. P., Annu Rev. Immunol ., 12:775-808 (1994); Gerard, C. and Gerard, N. P., Curr. Opin. Immunol ., 6:140-145 (1994)).
  • conserveed features include seven hydrophobic domains spanning the plasma membrane, which are connected by hydrophilic extracellular and intracellular loops. The majority of the primary sequence homology occurs in the hydrophobic transmembrane regions with the hydrophilic regions being more diverse.
  • C—C chemokine receptor 1 also referred to as CCR-1; Neote, K., et al., Cell , 72:415-425 (1993); Horuk, R. et al., WO 94/11504, May 26, 1994; Gao, J.-I. et al., J. Exp. Med ., 177:1421-1427 (1993)).
  • CCR3 mediates binding and signaling of chemokines including eotaxin, RANTES, and MCP-3 (Ponath et al., J. Exp. Med ., 183:2437 (1996))
  • CCR4 binds chemokines including RANTES, MIP-1 ⁇ , and MCP-1 (Power, et al., J. Biol. Chem ., 270:19495 (1995))
  • CCR5 binds chemokines including MIP-1 ⁇ , RANTES, and MIP-1 ⁇ (Samson, et al., Biochem . 35: 3362-3367 (1996)).
  • RANTES is a chemotactic chemokine for a variety of cell types, including monocytes, eosinophils, and a subset of T-cells.
  • the responses of these different cells may not all be mediated by the same receptor, and it is possible that the receptors CCR1, CCR4 and CCR5 will show some selectivity in receptor distribution and function between leukocyte types, as has already been shown for CCR3 (Ponath et al.).
  • the ability of RANTES to induce the directed migration of monocytes and a memory population of circulating T-cells Schoall, T.
  • An antagonist of chemokine receptor function is a molecule which can inhibit the binding and/or activation of one or more chemokines, including C-C chemokines such as RANTES, MIP-1 ⁇ , MCP-2, MCP-3 and MCP-4 to one or more chemokine receptors on leukocytes and/or other cell types.
  • C-C chemokines such as RANTES, MIP-1 ⁇ , MCP-2, MCP-3 and MCP-4
  • a method of treating a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation is disclosed as well as a method of treating a disease mediated by chemokine receptor function.
  • the method comprises administering to a subject in need an effective amount of a compound or small organic molecule which is an antagonist of chemokine receptor function.
  • Compounds or small organic molecules which have been identified as antagonists of chemokine receptor function are discussed in detail hereinbelow, and can be used for the manufacture of a medicament for treating or for preventing a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation.
  • the invention also relates to the disclosed compounds and small organic molecules for use in treating or preventing a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation.
  • the invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of the compounds or small organic molecules which have been identified herein as antagonists of chemokine function and a suitable pharmaceutical carrier.
  • the invention further relates to novel compounds which can be used to treat an individual with a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation and methods for their preparation.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic showing the preparation of the compounds represented by Structural Formula (I).
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic showing the preparation of the compounds represented by Compound (VI-b).
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic showing the preparation of the compounds represented by Structural Formula (I)
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic showing the preparation of the compounds represented by Structural Formula (I), wherein Z is represented by Structural Formula (III) and wherein Ring A and/or Ring B in Z is substituted with R 40 .
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic showing the preparation of the compounds represented by Structural Formula (I), wherein Z is represented by Structural Formula (III) and wherein Ring A and/or Ring B in Z is substituted with —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —COOR 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —OC (0) R 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)—NR 21 R 22 or —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —NHC (O) O—R 20 .
  • FIGS. 6A-6Z show the structures of exemplary compounds of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 shows the preparation of compounds represented by Structural Formula (I), where in Z is represented by Structural Formulas (III) and wherein Ring A or Ring B in Z is substituted with R 40 .
  • the present invention relates to small molecule compounds which are modulators of chemokine receptor function.
  • the small molecule compounds are antagonists of chemokine receptor function. Accordingly, processes or cellular responses mediated by the binding of a chemokine to a receptor can be inhibited (reduced or prevented, in whole or in part), including leukocyte migration, integrin activation, transient increases in the concentration of intracellular free calcium [Ca ++ ] i , and/or granule release of proinflammatory mediators.
  • the invention further relates to a method of treatment, including prophylactic and therapeutic treatments, of a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation or mediated by chemokines or chemokine receptor function, including chronic inflammatory disorders characterized by the presence of RANTES, MIP-1 ⁇ , MCP-2, MCP-3 and/or MCP-4 responsive T cells, monocytes and/or eosinophils, including but not limited to diseases such as arthritis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetes mellitus (e.g., type 1 diabetes mellitus), psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, rejection of transplanted organs and tissues (i.e., acute allograft rejection, chronic allograft rejection), graft versus host disease, as well as allergies and asthma.
  • diseases such as arthritis (e.g.,
  • HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
  • the method comprises administering to the subject in need of treatment an effective amount of a compound (i.e., one or more compounds) which inhibits chemokine receptor function, inhibits the binding of a chemokine to leukocytes and/or other cell types, and/or which inhibits leukocyte migration to, and/or activation at, sites of inflammation.
  • a compound i.e., one or more compounds which inhibits chemokine receptor function, inhibits the binding of a chemokine to leukocytes and/or other cell types, and/or which inhibits leukocyte migration to, and/or activation at, sites of inflammation.
  • the invention further relates to methods of antagonizing a chemokine receptor, such as CCR1, in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a compound as described herein.
  • a chemokine receptor such as CCR1
  • chemokine-mediated chemotaxis and/or activation of pro-inflammatory cells bearing receptors for chemokines can be inhibited.
  • pro-inflammatory cells includes but is not limited to leukocytes, since chemokine receptors can be expressed on other cell types, such as neurons and epithelial cells.
  • the method and compounds of the invention can be used to treat a medical condition involving cells which express CCR1 on their surface and which respond to signals transduced through CCR1, as well as the specific conditions recited above.
  • the antagonist of chemokine receptor function is represented by Structural Formula (I):
  • Z is a cycloalkyl or non-aromatic heterocyclic ring group fused to one, two or more aromatic rings, wherein each ring in Z is independently substituted or unsubstituted.
  • n is an integer, such as an integer from one to about four. Preferably, n is one, two or three. More preferably n is two. In alternative embodiments, other aliphatic or aromatic spacer groups (L) can be employed for (CH 2 ) n .
  • M is >NR 2 or >CR 1 R 2 .
  • M is preferably >C(OH)R 2 .
  • R 1 is —H, —OH, —N 3 , a halogen, an aliphatic group, —O-(aliphatic group), —O-(substituted aliphatic group), —SH, —S-(aliphatic group), —S-(substituted aliphatic group), —OC(O)-(aliphatic group), —O-C(O)-(substituted aliphatic group), —C(O)O-(aliphatic group), —C(O)O-(substituted aliphatic group), —COOH, —CN, —CO—NR 3 R 4 , —NR 3 R 4 ; or R 1 can be a covalent bond between the ring atom at M and an adjacent carbon atom in the ring which contains M.
  • R 1 is preferably —H or —OH.
  • R 2 is —H, —OH, an acyl group, a substituted acyl group, —NR 5 R 6 , an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group or a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group.
  • R 2 is preferably an aromatic group or a substituted aromatic group.
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are independently —H, an acyl group, a substituted acyl group, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group or a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group.
  • R 1 and R 2 , R 3 and R 4 , or R 5 and R 6 taken together with the atom to which they are bonded, can alternatively form a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring.
  • the antagonist of chemokine function can be represented by Structural Formula (Ia).
  • Z is a tricyclic ring system comprising two carbocyclic aromatic groups fused to a six, seven or eight membered cycloalkyl group or to a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring.
  • Z is represented by Structural Formula (II):
  • Ring C The central ring, labeled with a “C”, is referred to as “Ring C” and can be, for example, a six, seven or eight membered non-aromatic carbocyclic ring (e.g., a cycloheptane or cyclooctane ring) or a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring.
  • Ring C When Ring C is a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring, it can contain one or two heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
  • the tricyclic ring system can be connected to the remainder of the molecule by a covalent double bond between a carbon atom in Ring C and the carbon atom which, as depicted in Structural Formula (I), is bonded to Z.
  • Ring A and/or Ring B in Structural Formula (II) can be unsubstituted.
  • Ring A and/or Ring B can have one or more substituents. Suitable substituents are as described hereinbelow.
  • Ring A or Ring B is substituted with —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)OR 2 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —OC(O)R 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)—NR 21 R 22 or —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —NHC(O)O—R 20 .
  • u is zero or one.
  • t is an integer, such as an integer from zero to about three, and the methylene group —(CH 2 ) t — can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • R 20 , R 21 or R 22 are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group or a non-aromatic heterocyclic group.
  • R 21 and R 22 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, can form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring.
  • Ring C optionally contains one or more substituents, as described hereinbelow.
  • Ring A and Ring B in Structural Formula (III) are as described for Structural Formula (II).
  • X 1 is —S—, —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S—, —S—CH 2 —, —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—, —NR c —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —NR c —, —SO—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —SO—, —S(O) 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —, —CH ⁇ CH—, —NR c —CO— or —CO—NR c —.
  • X 1 is —CH 2 —O—, —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —S—, —NR c —CO— or —CO—NR c —.
  • R c is hydrogen, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group.
  • R c is —(CH 2 ) s —COOR 30 , —(CH 2 ) s —C(O)—NR 31 R 32 or —(CH 2 ) s —NHC(O)—O—R 30 , wherein s is an integer, such as an integer from one to about three;
  • R 30 , R 31 and R 32 are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group or a non-aromatic heterocyclic group.
  • R 31 and R 32 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring.
  • Suitable tricyclic ring systems for Z include benzodiazepines, benzooxazepines, benzooxazines, phenothiazines and groups represented by the following structural formulas:
  • Z is a tricyclic ring system comprising two aromatic groups fused to a seven or eight membered cycloalkyl group or to a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring, wherein at least one of the aromatic groups is a heteroaryl group.
  • Z is represented by Structural Formula (IV):
  • Ring A in Structural Formula (IV) can be a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group.
  • Ring B in Structural Formula (IV) can be a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, e.g., a heteroaryl group or carbocyclic aryl group. Suitable substituents are as described hereinbelow.
  • Ring A and/or Ring B is substituted with —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)OR 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —OC (O)R 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)—NR 21 R 22 or —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —NHC(O)O—R 20 as described above.
  • u, t, R 20 , R 21 , and R 22 are as described above.
  • X 1 and R c can be as described above for Structural Formula (III).
  • Z is represented by Structural Formula (IV), wherein Ring A is a pyridyl group and Ring B is an aromatic or heteroaromatic group.
  • Ring A and Ring B are independently substituted or unsubstituted, and Ring B is preferably a phenyl group.
  • X 1 and R c can be as described above for Structural Formula (III).
  • Z is represented by Structural Formula (V):
  • Ring A and Ring B can be independently substituted or unsubstituted as described above in Structural Formula (II), and X 1 can be as described above for Structural Formula (III).
  • Ring B in Structural Formula (V) is substituted para to the carbon atom of Ring B which is bonded to X 1 of Ring C, and Z is represented by Structural Formula (VI):
  • X 1 can be as described above in Structural Formula (II).
  • X 1 is —CH 2 —O—, —CH 2 —CH 2 — or —CH 2 —S—.
  • R 40 is a substituent as described hereinbelow.
  • R 40 can be —OH, halogen, aliphatic group, substituted aliphatic group, —NR 24 R 25 , Q-(aliphatic group), Q-(substituted aliphatic group), —O-(aliphatic group), —O-(substituted aliphatic group), —O-(aromatic group), —O-(substituted aromatic group), an electron withdrawing group, —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)OR 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —OC(O)R 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)—NR 21 R 22 or —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —NHC(O)O—R 20 .
  • R 40 is an aliphatic group, substituted aliphatic group, —O-(aliphatic group) or —O-(substituted aliphatic group). More preferably R 40 is an —O-alkyl, such as —O—CH 3 , —O—C 2 H 5 , —O—C 3 H 7 or —O—C 4 H 9 .
  • the antagonist of chemokine activity can be represented by Structural Formula (VII):
  • n and M are as described in Structural Formula (I).
  • Z is as described herein, preferably as described in Structural Formula (V) or (VI).
  • q is an integer, such as an integer from zero to about three, and the ring containing M can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • the antagonist of chemokine function can be represent by, for example, Structural Formulas (VIIa)-(VIId):
  • Another embodiment of the present invention includes novel compounds employed in these methods.
  • the compounds disclosed herein can be obtained as E- and Z-configurational isomers. It is expressly pointed out that the invention includes compounds of the E-configuration and the Z-configuration around the double bond connecting Ring C of Z to the remainder of the molecule, and a method of treating a subject with compounds of the E-configuration, the Z-configuration, and mixtures thereof. Accordingly, in the structural formulas presented herein, the symbol:
  • Ring A and the alkylene chain bonded to Ring C are in the cis configuration.
  • the compounds can have the configuration of:
  • one configuration can have greater activity than another.
  • the desired configuration can be determined by screening for activity, employing the methods described herein.
  • certain compounds of the invention may be obtained as different sterioisomers (e.g., diastereomers and enantiomers). It is pointed out that the invention includes all isomeric forms and racemic mixtures of the disclosed compounds and a method of treating a subject with both pure isomers and mixtures thereof, including racemic mixtures. Again, it is understood that one sterioisomer may be more active than another. The desired isomer can be determined by screening.
  • Salts of compounds containing an amine or other basic group can be obtained, for example, by reacting with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, acetic acid, citric acid, perchloric acid and the like.
  • a suitable organic or inorganic acid such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, acetic acid, citric acid, perchloric acid and the like.
  • Compounds with a quaternary ammonium group also contain a counteranion such as chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, perchlorate and the like.
  • Salts of compounds containing a carboxylic acid or other acidic functional group can be prepared by reacting with a suitable base, for example, a hydroxide base. Salts of acidic functional groups contain a countercation such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium and the like.
  • aliphatic groups include straight chained, branched or cyclic C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbons which are completely saturated or which contain one or more units of unsaturation.
  • suitable aliphatic groups include substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic C 1 -C 20 alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups.
  • Aromatic groups include carbocyclic aromatic groups such as phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-anthracyl and 2-anthracyl, and heterocyclic aromatic or heteroaryl groups such as N-imidazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 5-imidazolyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-furanyl, 3-furanyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-pyrimidyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 4-pyrazolyl, 5-pyrazolyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 5-tetrazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl and 5-oxazoly
  • Aromatic groups also include fused polycyclic aromatic ring systems in which a carbocyclic aromatic ring or heteroaryl ring is fused to one or more other rings. Examples include tetrahydronaphthyl, 2-benzothienyl, 3-benzothienyl, 2-benzofuranyl, 3-benzofuranyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, 2-quinolinyl, 3-quinolinyl, 2-benzothiazolyl, 2-benzooxazolyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 1-isoquinolinyl, 3-quinolinyl, 1-isoindolyl, 3-isoindolyl, acridinyl, 3-benzisoxazolyl, and the like.
  • aromatic group is a group in which one or more carbocyclic aromatic rings and/or heteroaryl rings are fused to a cycloalkyl or non-aromatic heterocyclic ring, for example, benzocyclopentane, benzocyclohexane.
  • Non-aromatic heterocyclic rings are non-aromatic carbocyclic rings which include one or more heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur in the ring.
  • the ring can be five, six, seven or eight-membered and/or fused to another ring, such as a cycloalkyl on aromatic ring.
  • Examples include 3-1H-benzimidazol-2-one, 3-1-alkyl-benzimidazol-2-one, 3-1-methyl-benzimidazol-2-one, 2-tetrahydrofuranyl, 3-tetrahydrofuranyl, 2-tetrahyrothiophenyl, 3-tetrahyrothiophenyl, 2-morpholino, 3-morpholino, 4-morpholino, 2-thiomorpholino, 3-thiomorpholino, 4-thiomorpholino, 1-pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-piperidinyl, 4-thiazolidinyl, diazolonyl, N-substituted diazolonyl, 1-phthalimidyl, 1-3-alkyl-phthalimidyl, benzoxane, benzopy
  • Suitable substituents on an aliphatic group, aromatic group (carbocyclic and heteroaryl), non-aromatic heterocyclic ring or benzyl group include, for example, an electron withdrawing group, a halogen, azido, —CN, —COOH, —OH, —CONR 24 R 25 , —NR 24 R 25 , —OS(O) 2 NR 24 R 25 , —S(O) 2 NR 24 R 25 , —SO 3 H, —S(O) 2 NH 2 , guanidino, —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)OR 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —OC (O)R 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)—NR 21 R 22 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —NHC(O)O—R 20
  • R 20 , R 21 or R 22 are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a substituted aromatic group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group, —NHC(O)—O-(aliphatic group), —NHC(O)—O-(aromatic group) or —NHC(O)—O-(non-aromatic heterocyclic group) and wherein R 21 and R 22 , taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, can form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring.
  • t is an integer from zero to about three, and the methylene group, —(CH 2 ) t —, can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • u is zero or one.
  • Q is —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —OS(O) 2 —, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)C(O)—O—, —O—C(O)C(O)—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—, —OC(O)NH—, —NHC(O)O—, —NH—C(O)—NH—, —S(O) 2 NH—, —NHS(O) 2 —, —N(R 23 )—, —C(NR 23 )NHNH—, —NHNHC(NR 23 )—, —NR 24 C(O)— or —NR 24 S(O) 2 —.
  • R 23 is —H, an aliphatic group, a benzyl group, an aryl group or non-aromatic heterocyclic group.
  • R 24 and R 25 are independently —H, —OH, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, a benzyl group, an aryl group or non-aromatic heterocyclic group.
  • a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic ring, benzyl group or aromatic group can also have an aliphatic or substituted aliphatic group, as a substituent.
  • a substituted aliphatic group can also have an oxo group, epoxy group, non-aromatic heterocyclic ring, benzyl group, substituted benzyl group, aromatic group or substituted aromatic group as a substituent.
  • a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic ring can also have ⁇ O, ⁇ S, ⁇ NH or ⁇ N(aliphatic, aromatic or substituted aromatic group) as a substituent.
  • a substituted aliphatic, substituted aromatic, substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic ring or substituted benzyl group can have more than one substituent.
  • Acyl groups include substituted and unsubstituted aliphatic carbonyl, aromatic carbonyl, aliphatic sulfonyl and aromatic sulfonyl.
  • Suitable electron withdrawing groups include, for example, alkylimines, alkylsulfonyl, carboxamido, carboxylic alkyl esters, —CH ⁇ NH, —CN, —NO 2 and halogens.
  • Structural Formulas (II), (III) and (IV) indicates the double bond by which the central ring of the tricyclic ring system is connected to the remainder of the molecule represented by Structural Formula (I).
  • a “subject” is preferably a bird or mammal, such as a human, but can also be an animal in need of veterinary treatment, e.g., domestic animals (e.g., dogs, cats, and the like), farm animals (e.g., cows, sheep, fowl, pigs, horses, and the like) and laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs, and the like).
  • domestic animals e.g., dogs, cats, and the like
  • farm animals e.g., cows, sheep, fowl, pigs, horses, and the like
  • laboratory animals e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs, and the like.
  • an “effective amount” of a compound is an amount which results in the inhibition of one or more processes mediated by the binding of a chemokine to a receptor in a subject with a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation. Examples of such processes include leukocyte migration, integrin activation, transient increases in the concentration of intracellular free calcium [Ca 2+ ] i and granule release of proinflammatory mediators.
  • an “effective amount” of a compound is a quantity sufficient to achieve a desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect, such as an amount which results in the prevention of or a decrease in the symptoms associated with a disease associated with aberrant leukocyte recruitment and/or activation.
  • an effective amount of the compound can range from about 0.1 mg per day to about 100 mg per day for an adult. Preferably, the dosage ranges from about 1 mg per day to about 100 mg per day.
  • An antagonist of chemokine receptor function can also be administered in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents, e.g.
  • ⁇ -adrenergic bronchodilators corticosteroids, antihistamines, antiallergic agents, immunosuppressive agents (e.g., cyclosporin A, FK-506, prednisone, methylprednisolone) and the like.
  • immunosuppressive agents e.g., cyclosporin A, FK-506, prednisone, methylprednisolone
  • the compound can be administered by any suitable route, including, for example, orally in capsules, suspensions or tablets or by parenteral administration.
  • Parenteral administration can include, for example, systemic administration, such as by intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal injection.
  • the compound can also be administered orally (e.g., dietary), transdermally, topically, by inhalation (e.g., intrabronchial, intranasal, oral inhalation or intranasal drops), or rectally, depending on the disease or condition to be treated.
  • Oral or parenteral administration are preferred modes of administration.
  • the compound can be administered to the individual in conjunction with an acceptable pharmaceutical or physiological carrier as part of a pharmaceutical composition for treatment of HIV infection, inflammatory disease, or the other diseases discussed above.
  • Formulation of a compound to be administered will vary according to the route of administration selected (e.g., solution, emulsion, capsule).
  • Suitable carriers may contain inert ingredients which do not interact with the compound.
  • Standard pharmaceutical formulation techniques can be employed, such as those described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.
  • Suitable carriers for parenteral administration include, for example, sterile water, physiological saline, bacteriostatic saline (saline containing about 0.9% benzyl alcohol), phosphate-buffered saline, Hank's solution, Ringer's-lactate and the like.
  • Methods for encapsulating compositions are known in the art (Baker, et al., “Controlled Release of Biological Active Agents”, John Wiley and Sons, 1986).
  • the activity of compounds of the present invention can be assessed using suitable assays, such as receptor binding assays and chemotaxis assays.
  • suitable assays such as receptor binding assays and chemotaxis assays.
  • small molecule antagonists of RANTES and MIP-1 ⁇ binding have been identified utilizing THP-1 cells which bind RANTES and chemotax in response to RANTES and MIP-1 ⁇ as a model for leukocyte chemotaxis.
  • a high through-put receptor binding assay which monitors 125 I-RANTES and 125 I-MIP-1 ⁇ binding to THP-1 cell membranes, was used to identify small molecule antagonists which block binding of RANTES and MIP-1 ⁇ .
  • Compounds of the present invention can also be identified by virtue of their ability to inhibit the activation steps triggered by binding of a chemokine to its receptor, such as chemotaxis, integrin activation and granule mediator release. They can also be identified by virtue of their ability to block RANTES and MIP-1 ⁇ mediated HL-60, T-cell, peripheral blood mononuclear cell, and eosinophil chemotactic response.
  • FIG. 1 shows the preparation of compounds represented by Structural Formula (I).
  • L 1 is PPh 3 Cl, PPh 3 Br, PPh 3 I or (EtO) 2 P(O)
  • L 2 is a suitable leaving group such as halogen, p-toluene sulfonate, mesylate, alkoxy, and phenoxy
  • Pg is a suitable protecting group such as tetrahydropyranyl; and the other symbols are as defined above.
  • Step 1 of FIG. 1 a Wittig reaction is carried out in a solvent such as ether, or tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride, n-butyl lithium or lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) at 0° C. up to the reflux temperature for the solvent used for 5 minutes to 72 h.
  • a base such as sodium hydride, n-butyl lithium or lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) at 0° C. up to the reflux temperature for the solvent used for 5 minutes to 72 h.
  • Compounds represented by Formula II in FIG. 1 can be prepared by methods disclosed in JP 61/152673, U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,496, WO 89/10369, WO 92/20681 and WO 93/02081, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Step 2 of FIG. 1 deprotection is carried out is with an acid in a solvent such as methanol at room temperature up to the reflux temperature for the solvent used for 5 minutes to 72 h.
  • a compound of represented by Formula V in FIG. 1 can be prepared directly from step 1 without isolating an intermediate.
  • the reaction mixture obtained after the work up of the reaction described in step 1 can be dissolved in the solvent and reacted with the acid.
  • Step 3 of FIG. 1 the hydroxy group can be converted to a leaving group by known methods.
  • Compounds represented by Formula VI in FIG. 1 can be prepared by methods disclosed in J. Med. Chem., 1992 (35) 2074-2084 and JP 61/152673.
  • Step 4 of FIG. 1 an alkylation reaction is carried out in a solvent such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate or sodium hydride and a catalyst such as an alkali metal iodide at room temperature up to the reflux temperature for the solvent used for 5 minutes to 72 h.
  • a solvent such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dimethylformamide (DMF)
  • a base such as potassium carbonate or sodium hydride
  • a catalyst such as an alkali metal iodide
  • FIG. 2 shows the preparation of compounds represented by Compound (VI-b).
  • a Grignard reaction may be carried out in a solvent such as ether, or tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 0° C. up to the reflux temperature for the solvent used for 5 minuets to 72 h.
  • Compound VII is available commercially.
  • bromination may be carried out with brominate agents such as hydrobromic acid, bromotrimethylsilane or boron tribromide-methyl sulfide complex in a solvent such as acetic acid, dichloromethane or dichloroethane at room temperature up to the reflux temperature for the solvent used for 5 minutes to 72 h.
  • brominate agents such as hydrobromic acid, bromotrimethylsilane or boron tribromide-methyl sulfide complex
  • a solvent such as acetic acid, dichloromethane or dichloroethane
  • FIG. 3 shows the preparation of compounds represented by Structural Formula (I).
  • a reductive amination may be carried out with reducing regents such as sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium acetoxyborohydride or sodium borohydride in a solvent such as methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dichloromethane or dichloroethane at room temperature up to the reflux temperature for the solvent used for 5 minutes to 72 h.
  • reducing regents such as sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium acetoxyborohydride or sodium borohydride in a solvent such as methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dichloromethane or dichloroethane
  • FIG. 4 shows the preparation of compounds represented by Structural Formula (I), where in Z is represented by Structural Formulas (III) and wherein Ring A and/or Ring B in Z is substituted with R 40 .
  • the alkylation reaction can be carried out in a solvent such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate or sodium hydride and a catalyst such as an alkali metal iodide at room temperature up to the reflux temperature for the solvent used for 5 minutes to 72 h.
  • a solvent such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dimethylformamide (DMF)
  • a base such as potassium carbonate or sodium hydride
  • a catalyst such as
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic showing the preparation of the compounds represented by Structural Formula (I), wherein Z is represented by Structural Formulas (III) and wherein Ring A and/or Ring B in Z is substituted with —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —COOR 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —OC(O)R 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —C(O)—NR 21 R 22 or —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —NHC(O)O—R 20 .
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic showing the preparation of the compounds represented by Structural Formula (I), wherein Z is represented by Structural Formulas (III) and wherein Ring A and/or Ring B in Z is substituted with —(O) u —(CH 2 ) t —COOR 20 , —(O) u —(CH 2 )
  • the hydrolysis reaction may be carried out in a mixture of aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution and a solvent such as methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dioxane at room temperature up to the reflux temperature for the solvent used for 5 minutes to 72 h.
  • a solvent such as methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dioxane
  • the acylation reaction can be carried out using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (DEC) in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylformamide (DMF) or methylene chloride in the presence of a base such as pyridine or triethylamine (when necessary) at temperatures of 0 to 100° C. for 5 minutes to 72 h.
  • DCC dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
  • DEC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
  • a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylformamide (DMF) or methylene chloride
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • DMF dimethylformamide
  • methylene chloride methylene chloride
  • FIG. 7 shows the preparation of compounds represented by Structural Formula (I), wherein Z is represented by Structural Formulas (III) and wherein Ring A or Ring B in Z is substituted with R 40 .
  • L4 is a suitable leaving group such as halogen or trifluoromethylsulfonate.
  • a palladium coupling reaction such as Stille coupling, Suzuki coupling, Heck reaction, or carboxylation using carbon monoxide may be carried out using a palladium catalyst such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium chloride, and palladium acetate in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,4-dioxane, toluene, dimethylformamide (DMF), or dimethylsufoxide (DMSO) in the presence of additive (when necessary) such as triphenylphosphine, 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, triethylamine, sodium bicarbonate, tetraethylammonium chloride, or lithium chloride at room temperature up to the reflux temperature for the solvent used for 5 minutes to 72 h.
  • a palladium catalyst such as tetrakis(triphenylphos
  • the amide is then alkylated with L 3 -(CH 2 ) s —COOR 30 , wherein L 3 is a suitable leaving group, using the alkylation procedures described above.
  • the remainder of the synthesis is as described in FIGS. 1-5 and 7 .
  • FIGS. 1-5 and 7 show the preparation of compounds in which Rings A and B are phenyl rings
  • analogous compounds with heteroaryl groups for Rings A and B can be prepared by using starting materials with heteroaryl groups in the corresponding positions. These starting materials can be prepared according to methods disclosed in JP 61/152673, U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,496, WO 89/10369, WO 92/20681 and WO 93/02081.
  • Membranes were prepared from THP-1 cells (ATCC #TIB202). Cells were harvested by centrifugation, washed twice with PBS (phosphate-buffered saline), and the cell pellets were frozen at ⁇ 70 to ⁇ 85° C.
  • PBS phosphate-buffered saline
  • the frozen pellet was thawed in ice-cold lysis buffer consisting of 5 mM HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethane-sulfonic acid) pH 7.5, 2 mM EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), 5 ⁇ g/ml each aprotinin, leupeptin, and chymostatin (protease inhibitors), and 100 ⁇ g/ml PMSF (phenyl methane sulfonyl fluoride—also a protease inhibitor), at a concentration of 1 to 5 ⁇ 10 7 cells/ml. This procedure results in cell lysis. The suspension was mixed well to resuspend all of the frozen cell pellet.
  • HEPES N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethane-sulfonic acid
  • EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • PMSF phenyl methane sulfonyl
  • Binding Assays utilized the membranes described above. Membrane protein (2 to 20 ⁇ g total membrane protein) was incubated with 0.1 to 0.2 nM 125 I-labeled RANTES or MIP-1 ⁇ with or without unlabeled competitor (RANTES or MIP-1 ⁇ ) or various concentrations of compounds. The binding reactions were performed in 60 to 100 ⁇ l of a binding buffer consisting of 10 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 1 mM CaCl 2 , 5 mM MgCl 2 , and 0.5% BSA (bovine serum albumin), for 60 min at room temperature.
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • binding reactions were terminated by harvesting the membranes by rapid filtration through glass fiber filters (GF/B or GF/C, Packard) which were presoaked in 0.3% polyethyleneimine.
  • the filters were rinsed with approximately 600 ⁇ l of binding buffer containing 0.5 M NaCl, dried, and the amount of bound radioactivity was determined by scintillation counting in a Topcount beta-plate counter.
  • test compounds are reported in the Table below as IC 50 values or the inhibitor concentration required for 50% inhibition of specific binding in receptor binding assays using 125 I-RANTES or 125 I-MIP-1 ⁇ as ligand and THP-1 cell membranes.
  • Specific binding is defined as the total binding minus the non-specific binding; non-specific binding is the amount of cpm still detected in the presence of excess unlabeled Rantes or MIP-1 ⁇ .
  • 11-(3-Bromopropylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]thiepine was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 1 and 2, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxypyrido[2,3-c][1]benzoxepin-5-one with 6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]thiepin-11-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3 but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with the product of step 1.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 1, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with 11-(3-bromopropylidene)-5-ethoxycarbonymetyl-6-oxo-5H-dibenz[b,e]azepine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of Example 1, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with 11-(3-bromopropylidene)-5-methyl-6-oxo-5H-dibenz[b,e]azepin.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 1, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 1, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with 11-(3-bromopropylidene)-6,11-dihydro-2-methoxy-carbonyldibenz[b,e]oxepine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 1, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with 11-(3-bromopropylidene)-2-butoxy-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 1, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with 11-(3-bromopropylidene)-2-dimethylaminocarbonyl-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 1, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with 11-(3-bromopropylidene)-2-cyano-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 1, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with 11-(3-bromopropylidene)-6,11-dihydro-2-nitorodibenz[b,e]oxepine.
  • 11-(3-Bromopropylidene)-6,11-dihydro-2-hydroxydibenz[b,e]oxepine was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 1 and 2, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxypyrido[2,3-c][1]benzoxepin-5-one with 6,11-dihydro-2-hydroxydibenz[b,e]oxepin-11-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with the product of step 1.
  • 11-(3-Bromopropylidene)-6,11-dihydro-2-methoxydibenz[b,e]oxepine was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 1 and 2, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxypyrido[2,3-c][l]benzoxepin-5-one with 6,11-dihydro-2-methoxydibenz[b,e]oxepin-11-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with the product of step 1.
  • 3-Bromo-11-(3-bromopropylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepine was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 1 and 2, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxypyrido[2,3-c][1]benzoxepin-5-one with 3-bromo-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin-11-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with the product of step 1.
  • 8-Bromo-10-(3-bromopropylidene)-4,10-dihydrothieno[3,2-c][1]benzoxepine was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 1 and 2, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxypyrido[2,3-c][1]benzoxepin-5-one with 4,10-dihydrothieno[3,2-c][1]benzoxepin-10-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with the product of step 1.
  • 11-(3-Bromopropylidene)-6,11-dihydro-6-oxo-5H-dibenz[b,e]azepine was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 1 and 2, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxypyrido[2,3-c][1]benzoxepin-5-one with 6,11-dihydro-6-5H-dibenz[b,e]azepin-6,11-dione.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with the product of step 1.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 12, but replacing benzyl bromide with ethyl iodide.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 12, but replacing benzyl bromide with n-butyl iodide.
  • the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure.
  • the residue was solved in 1M hydrogen chloride in diehyl ether and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Aqueous sodium bicarbonate and ethyl acetate were added to the reaction mixture, the organic layer was separated and washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, and dried with magnesium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate to give the titled compound (250 mg).
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 12, but replacing benzyl bromide with tert-butyl bromoacetate.
  • step 1 (4.3g) in dichloroethane (100 ml) was added boron tribromide-methyl sulfide complex (19.3 g) and the mixture was heated to reflux for 3 hour. Water and ethyl acetate were added to the reaction mixture and neutralized with dilute NaOH solution. The organic layer was separated and washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, and dried over magnesium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy [1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridine with the product of step 1.
  • step 1 To a solution of the product of step 1 (4.3 g) in acetic acid (30 ml) was added 48% aqueous HBr (25 ml) at 10° C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, and stirred for 12 hours. Water and ethyl acetate were added to the reaction mixture and neutralized with dilute NaOH solution. The organic layer was separated and washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, and dried over magnesium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure.
  • step 2 To a solution the product of step 2 (1.1 g) in DMF (15 ml) were added 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine (0.81 g) and potassium carbonate (0.53 g) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Water and ethyl acetate were added to the reaction mixture, the organic layer was separated and washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, and dried with magnesium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with methylene chloride-methanol (10:1) to give the titled compound as major regioisomer (0.86 g) and minor one (0.05 g).
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 34, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-[3-(6,11-dihydro-2-hydroxydibenz[b,e]oxepin-11-ylidene)propyl]piperidin-4-ol with 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-[3-(5,11-dihydro-7-hydroxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-ylidene)propyl]piperidin-4-ol (example 44).
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing ethyl iodide with isopropyl bromide.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing ethyl iodide with ethyl bromoacetate.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing ethyl iodide with bromoacetonitrile.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing ethyl iodide with 2-bromoethyl acetate.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing ethyl iodide with 4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine hydrochloride.
  • 5-(3-Bromopropylidene)-5,11-dihydro[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridine was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 1 and 2, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one with 5,11-dihydro[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridine with the product of step 1.
  • 8-Bromo-5-(3-bromopropylidene)-5,11-dihydro[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridine was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 1 and 2, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one with 8-bromo-5,11-dihydro[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridine with the product of step 1.
  • 5-(3-Bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-10-oxo-5H-pyrido[2,3-c][2]benzazepine was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 1 and 2, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one with 10,11-dihydro-5H-pyrido[2,3-c][2]benzazepin-5,10-dione.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with the product of step 1.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 36, but replacing of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-[3-(6,11-dihydro-2-methoxydibenz[b,e]oxepin-11-ylidene)propyl]piperidin-4-ol with 5-(3-bromopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-10-oxo-5H-pyrido[2,3-c][2]benzazepine.
  • step 1 To a solution of DMF (0.54 ml) was added phosphorus oxychloride (0.41 ml) at 0° C. for 10 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added the product of step 1 (210 mg) in carbontetrachloride (5 ml) and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours. Aqueous sodium bicarbonate and ethyl acetate were added to the reaction mixture, the organic layer was separated and washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, and dried with magnesium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 58, step 2, but replacing of 3-(5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-ylidene)propanaldehyde with product of step 2.
  • step 1 To a solution of the product of step 1 (90 mg) in dichloromethane (6 ml) were added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (170 mg), 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine (70 mg) and acetic acid (0.02 ml) and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 24 hour. Water and ethyl acetate were added to the reaction mixture, the organic layer was separated and washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, and dried with magnesium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure.
  • step 2 To a solution of the product of step 2 (8 mg) in ethanol (2 ml) were added 10% Pd—C (2 mg) was stirred under hydrogen (under a balloon) at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was filtered through the celite and distilled off under reduced pressure to give the titled compound (6 mg).
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-phenyl-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(4-bromophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-benzyl-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-phenylpiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-piperidinopiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(2-keto-1-benzimidazolinyl)piperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 36, but replacing of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-[3-(6,11-dihydro-2-methoxydibenz[b,e]oxepin-11-ylidene)propyl]piperidin-4-ol with 1-[3-(5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-ylidene)propyl]-4-(2-keto-1-benzimidazolinyl)piperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4,5]decan-4-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-anilino-4-carbamylpiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 1-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 1-(2-pyrimidyl)piperazine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 1-cyclohexylpiperazine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 1-(2-furoyl)piperazine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(2-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(p-tolyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(5-chloro-2-keto-1-benzimidazolinyl)piperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(p-chloroanilino)piperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 1-(p-tosyl)piperazine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4′-piperidine].
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 5-chlorospiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4′-piperidine].
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one with 5,11-dihydro[1]benzothiepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one with 5,11-dihydro-8-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one with 5,11-dihydro-7-methyl[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one with 7-chloro-5,11-dihydro [1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing ethyl iodide with propyl iodide.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing ethyl iodide with cyclopropylmethyl bromide.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing ethyl iodide with 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl chloride hydrochloride.
  • 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-[3-(5,11-dihydro-7-(2-triphenylmethyltetrazol-5-yl)methyloxy)[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-ylidene)propyl]piperidin-4-ol was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing ethyl iodide with (2-triphenylmethyltetrazol-5-yl)methyl chloride.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 134, but replacing dimethylamine hydrochloride with morpholine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing ethyl iodide with ethyl 2-bromoisobutylate.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 133, but replacing product of example 48 with product of example 138.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(4-cyanophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(2-pyridyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(3-pyridyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(4-pyridyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 44, step 2, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing the product of example 44 with the product of example 151.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 48, but replacing the product of example 44 with the product of example 151.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 133, but replacing the product of example 48 with the product of example 153.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 134, but replacing the product of example 133 with the product of example 154.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 50, but replacing the product of example 44 with the product of example 151.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 51, but replacing the product of example 50 with the product of example 156.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 138, but replacing the product of example 44 with the product of example 151.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 133, but replacing the product of example 48 with the product of example 158.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 65, but replacing the product of example 45, step 2 with the product of example 54, step 1.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one with 8-bromo-5,11-dihydro[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one with 5,11-dihydro-7-ethyl[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one with 5,11-dihydro-8-vinyl[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one with 5,11-dihydro-9-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one with 5,11- dihydro[1]benzoxepino[4,3-c]pyridin-5-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, but replacing 5,11-dihydro-7-methoxy[1]benzoxepino[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one with 5,11- dihydro[1]benzoxepino[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-one.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing ethyl iodide with propargyl chloride.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing ethyl iodide with cyclopentyl bromide.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing ethyl iodide with 2-methoxyethyl chloride.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 134, but replacing the product of example 133 with the product of example 139.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing ethyl iodide with ethyl 2-bromopropionate.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 133, but replacing product of example 48 with product of example 177.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 46, but replacing ethyl iodide with ethyl 2-bromocyclobutanecarboxylate.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 133, but replacing product of example 48 with product of example 179.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 134, but replacing dimethylamine hydrochloride with ammonium hydroxide.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 134, but replacing dimethylamine hydrochloride with methylamine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(7-chloro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl) piperidine.
  • This piperidine was prepared by the same method described in J. Med. Chem . 28:761-769 (1985).
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(7-chloroindol-3-yl)piperidine.
  • This piperidine was prepared by the same method described in J. Med. Chem . 36:4006-4014 (1993) and following hydrogenation described in Example 58, step 3.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-azido-4-(4-chlorophenyl) piperidine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with methyl 4-phenylpiperidin-4-carboxylate.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 133, but replacing product of example 48 with product of example 188.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 1-(2-chlorophenylsulfonyl)piperazine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 1-(3-chlorophenylsulfonyl)piperazine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 1-(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)piperazine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 44, step 2, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(7-chloroindol-3-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.
  • This piperidine was prepared by the same method described in J. Med. Chem . 36:4006-4014 (1993).
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 44, step 2, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 5-chlorospiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4′-piperidine].
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 175, but replacing the product of example 44 with the product of example 196.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 134, but replacing the product of example 133 with the product of example 118.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(indol-3-yl)-piperidine.
  • This piperidine was prepared by the same method described in J. Med. Chem . 36:4006-4014 (1993) and follow hydrogenation described in Example 58, step 3.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 4-(indol-3-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.
  • This tetrahydropyridine was prepared by the same method described in J. Med. Chem . 36:4006-4014 (1993).
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 153, but replacing ethyl bromoacetate with ethyl 4-bromobutyrate.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 133, but replacing the product of example 48 with the product of example 236.
  • the titled compound was prepared by following the procedure of example 45, step 3, but replacing 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine with 6-methylspiro[4H-3,1-benzoxazine-4,4 1 -piperidin]-2(1H)-one.
  • Examples 4-7, 9-11, 13-16, 20, 80-82, 84, 87-88, 92-110, 112-113, 116, 119-127, 129, 136-137, 189, 193-195, 201-233, 236, 238-247 shown in FIG. 6 can be prepared by the schemes set forth in FIGS. 1-5 and 7 and by the procedures described above.

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US09/235,102 1998-01-21 1999-01-21 Chemokine receptor antagonists and methods of use therefor Expired - Lifetime US6329385B1 (en)

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US09/235,102 US6329385B1 (en) 1998-01-21 1999-01-21 Chemokine receptor antagonists and methods of use therefor
US09/362,837 US6509346B2 (en) 1998-01-21 1999-07-28 Chemokine receptor antagonists and methods of use therefor
US09/989,086 US20020169155A1 (en) 1998-09-04 2001-11-21 Chemokine receptor anagonists and methods of use therefor
US10/217,865 US20030045516A1 (en) 1998-01-21 2002-08-13 Chemokine receptor antagonists and methods of use therefor
US10/487,168 US7271176B2 (en) 1998-09-04 2002-11-13 Chemokine receptor antagonists and methods of use thereof
HU0500079A HU228314B1 (hu) 1998-09-04 2002-11-13 Kemokin receptor antagonisták, alkalmazásuk és ezeket tartalmazó gyógyszerkészítmények
PCT/US2002/036953 WO2003045942A2 (en) 1998-09-04 2002-11-13 Chemokine receptor antagonists and methods of use thereof
MXPA04004826A MXPA04004826A (es) 1998-09-04 2002-11-13 Antagonista del receptor de quimioquinas y metodos para su uso.
EA200400692A EA008060B1 (ru) 1998-09-04 2002-11-13 Антагонисты хемокинного рецептора и способы их применения

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