US6279653B1 - Heavy oil viscosity reduction and production - Google Patents

Heavy oil viscosity reduction and production Download PDF

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Publication number
US6279653B1
US6279653B1 US09/201,925 US20192598A US6279653B1 US 6279653 B1 US6279653 B1 US 6279653B1 US 20192598 A US20192598 A US 20192598A US 6279653 B1 US6279653 B1 US 6279653B1
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United States
Prior art keywords
well bore
alkaline chemical
crude oil
heavy crude
oil
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US09/201,925
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English (en)
Inventor
Dennis C. Wegener
David R. Zornes
Daniel R. Maloney
Michael E. Vienot
Michael Lee Fraim
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ConocoPhillips Co
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Phillips Petroleum Co
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Priority to US09/201,925 priority Critical patent/US6279653B1/en
Assigned to PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY reassignment PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MALONEY, DANIEL R., VIENOT, MICHAEL E., WEGENER, DENNIS C., ZOMES, DAVID R.
Priority to CA002287123A priority patent/CA2287123C/en
Priority to CA002290096A priority patent/CA2290096C/en
Priority to CN99124883.XA priority patent/CN1280520C/zh
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B28/00—Vibration generating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for stimulating production

Definitions

  • This invention relates to apparatus and methods for reducing the viscosity of crude oil produced from a subterranean formation in order to facilitate pumping and/or transporting the oil.
  • Secondary recovery techniques are generally employed to recover more of the oil in the formation. These techniques utilize extraneous energy forces to supplement the naturally occurring forces in the formation and force the oil from the formation into the well bore. The extraneous forces can be generated from a large variety of sources including gas injection, steam injection and water injection. Secondary recovery techniques are typically initiated even before the primary forces of the reservoir are exhausted.
  • Water flooding is one example of a secondary recovery technique that has been successfully employed in different types of formations.
  • one or more injection wells and one or more production wells are utilized.
  • An aqueous solution is injected through the injection well(s) in order to drive the oil to the production well(s) where it can be produced.
  • Many modifications to basic water flooding techniques have been developed. These modifications include the use of certain chemicals and materials in the injection water to help displace the oil from the formation. For example, thickening agents are often employed to thicken the water and thereby increase its efficiency in driving the oil to the producing well(s).
  • Surfactants have been employed to reduce the surface tension of the oil in the formation and thereby facilitate its production.
  • Aqueous alkaline solutions e.g., caustic solutions
  • alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide react with organic acids present in the oil and depress the interfacial tension between the oil and the water resulting in emulsification of the oil.
  • the emulsified oil is more easily displaced from the formation.
  • This type of secondary recovery technique is often referred to as caustic flooding.
  • sonic energy has been utilized in Russia to improve oil production in depleted water flooded and water-dry oil reservoirs.
  • the sound waves generally function to heat and reduce the viscosity of the oil, increase the permeability of the formation and generally induce migration of the oil to the well bore.
  • aqueous caustic solution is then injected into the well to quench the in situ combustion zone and react with organic acids present in the oil to facilitate production of the oil.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 2,670,801 to Sherborne discloses that ultrasonic energy (10 to 3,000 kHz) facilitates recovery of heavy oil by in situ heating of the oil droplets and emulsification of the droplets to a water phase saturated with gas.
  • the microemulsion is formed by combining alkaline chemicals with the oil and subjecting it to ultrasonic energy.
  • the reduction in the viscosity of the oil allows it to be efficiently pumped out of the well bore and transported from the well site for further processing, i.e., the lifting costs and pipeline transportation costs are dramatically reduced.
  • the present invention provides apparatus for increasing the recovery of heavy crude oil from a subterranean oil bearing formation penetrated by at least one well bore.
  • the apparatus includes storage means positioned on the surface for containing an alkaline chemical or aqueous alkaline chemical solution (e.g., one or more storage tanks on the drill site), conduit means extending from the storage means through the well bore to the formation for conducting the alkaline chemical or aqueous alkaline chemical solution from the storage means to the formation, and ultrasonic stimulation means positioned within the well bore for emitting ultrasonic waves into heavy oil-water-alkaline chemical mixture formed in the well bore.
  • an alkaline chemical or aqueous alkaline chemical solution e.g., one or more storage tanks on the drill site
  • conduit means extending from the storage means through the well bore to the formation for conducting the alkaline chemical or aqueous alkaline chemical solution from the storage means to the formation
  • ultrasonic stimulation means positioned within the well bore for emitting ultrasonic waves into heavy oil-water-
  • the ultrasonic stimulation means includes a transducer positioned in the well bore for emitting ultrasonic waves into the oil-water-alkaline chemical mixture in the formation whereby the oil and water are converted to a lower viscosity emulsion, and electric power means operably connected to the transducer for providing energy to the transducer.
  • the transducer preferably includes an electric powered magnetostrictive actuator, more preferably an electric powered magnetostrictive actuator comprised of a drive rod formed of a terfenol alloy.
  • the present invention provides a process for producing heavy crude oil from a subterranean oil bearing formation penetrated by at least one well bore.
  • an alkaline chemical or aqueous alkaline chemical solution is introduced into the well bore into which heavy oil and water or heavy oil alone is produced.
  • the alkaline chemical or aqueous alkaline solution is introduced into the well bore in an amount sufficient to mix with the heavy crude oil and water or the heavy crude oil alone in the well bore.
  • the resulting mixture of oil, water and alkaline chemical is subjected to ultrasonic stimulation by emitting ultrasonic waves therein which converts the mixture into a lower viscosity emulsion.
  • the emulsion is then produced from the formation through the well bore and transported by pipeline to a point of further processing.
  • the procedure by which the viscosity reduction of the heavy crude oil is achieved includes the use of water or brine with an alkaline chemical additive such as sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium silicates and other strong bases.
  • the water (or brine) used to make up the alkaline solution can either be supplied from an external source or in part or in total from water (or brine) produced with the oil.
  • the resulting water (or brine) and alkaline chemical are mixed with the heavy crude oil in the presence of ultrasonic stimulation, a semi-stable to stable emulsion is rapidly formed which has a dramatically lower viscosity than the untreated viscous oil.
  • an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and process whereby the effective viscosity of heavy crude oil produced into a well bore is substantially reduced thereby allowing the oil to be produced and transported from the well in an economical and efficient manner.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating the inventive apparatus and process when employed in a well bore.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional, partially schematic illustration of an energy transducer useful in accordance with this invention.
  • an apparatus and process for producing heavy crude oil from a subterranean oil bearing formation penetrated by a well bore are provided.
  • the apparatus and process can be used in the bottom of the well bore as described herein and/or at the entrance of a surface or subsea pipeline or other location where it is desirable to reduce the viscosity of oil.
  • the term “heavy crude oil” means crude oil having an API gravity of less than about 20.
  • Such heavy oils typically have viscosities in excess of 1,000 centipoises at ambient conditions of temperature and pressure.
  • the application of ultrasonic energy to heavy crude oil, water or brine and an alkaline chemical makes it possible to generate stable microemulsions having low viscosities.
  • a key to implementation of this technique is to start with the viscosity of the oil in a range where it can participate in emulsion forming mechanisms with water or brine.
  • For heavy crude oil that is extremely viscous it may be necessary to heat the oil to reduce the viscosity such that it falls in a range where emulsions can be formed.
  • the ultrasonic stimulation process contributes to the heating of the oil.
  • a well bore 12 extends from the surface 14 and penetrates a heavy oil producing subterranean formation 16 .
  • a cemented casing 18 extends around the perimeter of the well bore 12 .
  • a plurality of perforations 20 extend through the cemented casing 18 into the formation 16 and establish fluid communication between the well bore 12 and the formation 16 .
  • a string of production tubing 24 extends through the well bore 12 from the surface 14 to a point in the well bore within the formation 16 and adjacent to the perforations 20 . The tubing 24 conducts oil from the formation 16 to the surface 14 .
  • a submersible electric pump 30 having a motor 32 , inlet 34 and electric wireline 36 are attached to the production tubing 24 .
  • the pump 30 pumps oil through the tubing 24 to the surface 14 .
  • the exact structures of the casing 18 , perforations 20 , tubing 24 , pump 30 and associated equipment are not critical to the present invention and have been generally described only to the extent necessary to illustrate the invention. The nature and operation of such equipment are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the apparatus 10 includes storage means generally designated by the numeral 40 positioned on the surface 14 for containing an alkaline chemical or the components of an aqueous alkaline chemical solution.
  • Conduit means 42 extend from the container means 40 through the well bore 12 to the formation 16 for conducting the alkaline chemical or aqueous alkaline chemical solution from the storage means to near the bottom of the well bore 12 within the producing formation 16 .
  • Ultrasonic stimulation means 45 are positioned within the well bore 12 for imparting ultrasonic wave energy to a mixture 46 of heavy crude oil, water and alkaline chemical therein.
  • the storage means 40 includes one or more conventional mixing tanks (not shown).
  • the conduit means 42 includes at least one capillary or other relatively small diameter tube 43 that extends through the well bore between the outside of the production tubing 24 and the inside of the casing 18 .
  • Tube 43 can include a plurality of injection nozzles 48 that inject an alkaline chemical or aqueous alkaline chemical solution into the well bore 12 whereby the alkaline chemical or solution contacts and mixes with heavy crude oil or heavy crude oil and water therein.
  • the alkaline chemical or aqueous alkaline chemical solution is pumped from the storage means 40 into the tube 43 .
  • the solution can be batch mixed in the storage means or, alternatively, the components can be individually conducted or conveyed from separate tanks and mixed on the fly as they are pumped into the tube 43 .
  • the ultrasonic stimulation means 45 includes one or more transducers 50 positioned in the well bore for emitting ultrasonic wave energy into the well bore and into the mixture of heavy crude oil, water and alkaline chemical therein and an electric power means 52 operably connected to the transducer(s) 50 .
  • “positioned in the well bore” means positioned at a point in the well bore such that the ultrasonic waves emitted by the transducer(s) 50 contact the mixture of heavy crude oil, water and alkaline chemical in the general vicinity of where the oil enters the well bore.
  • the transducer(s) 50 can be positioned in the well bore 12 slightly above, slightly below or within the portion of the well bore actually penetrating the heavy oil producing formation 16 .
  • the transducer(s) 50 are submerged in the fluid mixture 46 in the bottom of the well bore 12 .
  • the transducer(s) 50 can be mounted directly on the pump 30 or other portion of the work string. Alternatively, as shown in the drawing, the transducer(s) 50 can be suspended by a cable 56 below the pump 30 . In some cases, it is advantageous to employ a plurality of transducers 50 in regularly spaced positions along the perforated portion of the casing 18 . In addition to assuring that the heavy crude oil and other components mixed therewith in the well bore 12 are contacted by ultrasonic waves, the use of multiple transducers strategically placed in the oil flow path ensures that the viscosity of the oil is reduced and maintained at a sufficiently low level prior to when the oil is pumped by the pump 30 .
  • each transducer 50 The intensity of the energy imparted by each transducer 50 as well as the exact number of transducers that should be used will vary depending on several factors including the ultrasonic wave exposure time required to reduce the viscosity of the oil to a sufficient level and the overall production rate of the well.
  • Each transducer 50 that is employed preferably includes an electric powered magnetostrictive actuator, most preferably a magnetostrictive actuator comprised of a drive rod formed of a terfenol alloy.
  • the terfenol alloy is composed of the metals terbium, dysprosium and iron.
  • Each transducer 50 directly transforms electrical energy into mechanical action.
  • a terfenol rod is attached to a radiating bar or other element. Referring to the energy transducer generally designated by the numeral 2 in FIG. 2, a coil 4 surrounding the terfenol rod 6 creates an alternating magnetic field in the rod 6 which causes the rod 6 to extend and contract resulting in a corresponding displacement of the attached bar or other element 8 .
  • transducer actuators for use in accordance with this invention include Terfenol-D® drive rods and are commercially available from Extrema Products, Inc. of Ames, Iowa.
  • the power means 52 of the ultrasonic stimulation means 45 includes an electric control unit 60 positioned on the surface 14 , a signal conditioning unit 62 located at the surface 14 or located in the well bore 12 between the control unit and the transducer(s) 50 , and the electric wireline 36 extending and transmitting electric power from the control unit 60 to the signal conditioning unit 62 and then to the transducer(s) 50 .
  • transducers having magnetostrictive actuators including terfenol alloy drive rods to impart sonic energy to the heavy crude oil is very advantageous.
  • the terfenol alloy drive rod is a great improvement compared to prior art actuators including sucker rods or pizeo crystals for a variety of reasons.
  • actuators including terfenol drive rods are more durable than other types of actuators and they do not fatigue as easily.
  • Actuators with terfenol rods are also more energy efficient than, for example, pizeo crystal actuators. A greater amount of electricity is converted into sonic waves by actuators with terfenol drive rods.
  • actuators with terfenol drive rods are highly tunable allowing resonant frequency levels to be established.
  • the viscosity of the heavy crude oil in the well bore may not be at a low enough level.
  • a heater 70 such as an electric powered heater in the well bore (shown in dashed lines in the drawing) to heat the oil and lower its viscosity to a level below about 10,000 centipoises, preferably to a range of from about 1,000 to about 8,000 centipoises and most preferably to from about 2,500 to about 4,000 centipoises.
  • Other techniques of heating the oil can also be utilized such as injecting steam into the formation and the like.
  • the water or brine required to form a microemulsion with the heavy crude oil in the well bore 12 can be water produced with the oil whereby only the alkaline chemical must be pumped from the storage means 40 on the surface 14 . If little or no water is produced with the heavy crude oil, the required water can be mixed with the alkaline chemical on the surface 14 and pumped into the well bore 12 as an alkaline chemical solution.
  • the alkaline chemical or aqueous alkaline chemical solution used is pumped from the storage means 40 into the tube 43 and through the nozzles 48 into the well bore 12 adjacent to the formation 16 .
  • the alkaline chemical or aqueous alkaline chemical solution contacts and mixes with the heavy crude oil and water or the heavy crude oil alone therein.
  • the alkaline chemical reacts with naphthenic and other acids present in the crude oil to form large “soap-like” molecules having a low interfacial tension.
  • the alkaline chemical contacts and reacts with the heavy crude oil the crude oil is bombarded with ultrasonic waves emitted from the ultrasonic transducer(s) 50 .
  • the combined use of an alkaline chemical and ultrasonic energy in the presence of water and oil results in the rapid formation of a semi-stable to stable emulsion, generally a microemulsion.
  • a semi-stable to stable emulsion generally a microemulsion.
  • the crude oil has a significantly lower viscosity than the viscosity of the crude oil alone or the crude oil mixed with water.
  • the aqueous alkaline solution that is pumped into the well bore 12 or formed therein has a pH of at least about 8 and the chemical or solution is introduced into the formation at a rate sufficient to form a microemulsion with the rate of heavy crude oil flowing into the well bore.
  • the aqueous alkaline solution has a pH in the range of from about 10 to about 13, more preferably in the range of from about 12 to about 13.
  • the solution contains the alkaline chemical in a concentration in the range of from about 0.001 to about 10 molar, more preferably in the range of from about 0.01 to about 8 molar.
  • the alkaline chemical used is preferably selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium silicate compounds, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide and mixtures thereof. More preferably, the alkaline chemical is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. Most preferably, the alkali metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide.
  • the specific rate of aqueous alkaline solution introduced into or formed in the well bore 12 will vary depending upon various factors including the production rate of the heavy crude oil into the well bore 12 , the initial viscosity of the heavy crude oil and the production rate of water, if any.
  • the aqueous alkaline chemical solution is introduced into or formed in the well bore whereby the volume ratio of the aqueous alkaline chemical solution to heavy crude oil is in the range of from about 1:10 to about 10:1, more preferably from about 1:3 to about 3:1; most preferably about 1:2.
  • the ultrasonic waves produced by the transducer(s) 50 are emitted in the well bore 12 at a frequency sufficient to enhance the formation of a stable emulsion between the water therein and the reaction product of the alkaline chemical with the heavy crude oil therein.
  • the exact frequency and energy intensity of the emitted ultrasonic waves is dependent on various characteristics of the oil such as its initial viscosity, production rate and the like.
  • the ultrasonic waves emitted into the well bore by the ultrasonic transducer(s) 50 are at a frequency of at least about 15 kilohertz, more preferably at a frequency in the range of from about 15 kilohertz to about 25 kilohertz and most preferably at a frequency of 20 kilohertz.
  • An ultrasonic transducer having a magnetostrictive actuator including a terfenol drive rod can be used to achieve energy intensities at the transducer of from about 0.1 to about 100 watts per square centimeter.
  • the time period for which the crude oil should be subjected to the ultrasonic energy to achieve the desired emulsification and viscosity reduction will vary from a few seconds to several minutes.
  • the crude oil is continuously subjected to sonic stimulation while production is ongoing.
  • Tests were conducted on heavy crude oil from the Hamaca reservoir in Venezuela having an API gravity of approximately 8. Test samples of the oil were mixed with aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions at the temperatures and in the amounts given in Table I below. A number of the mixtures were insonicated (bombarded) with ultrasonic waves for the times given and producing the results shown in Table I below.

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  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
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  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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US09/201,925 1998-12-01 1998-12-01 Heavy oil viscosity reduction and production Expired - Lifetime US6279653B1 (en)

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US09/201,925 US6279653B1 (en) 1998-12-01 1998-12-01 Heavy oil viscosity reduction and production
CA002287123A CA2287123C (en) 1998-12-01 1999-10-19 Enhancing well production using sonic energy
CA002290096A CA2290096C (en) 1998-12-01 1999-11-17 Heavy oil viscosity reduction and production
CN99124883.XA CN1280520C (zh) 1998-12-01 1999-11-25 提高重质原油产量的设备和方法

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