US6063168A - Electrostatic precipitator - Google Patents

Electrostatic precipitator Download PDF

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Publication number
US6063168A
US6063168A US08/909,271 US90927197A US6063168A US 6063168 A US6063168 A US 6063168A US 90927197 A US90927197 A US 90927197A US 6063168 A US6063168 A US 6063168A
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United States
Prior art keywords
electrostatic precipitator
capacitance
preselected value
precipitator
preselected
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Expired - Lifetime
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US08/909,271
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English (en)
Inventor
Grady B. Nichols
Sabert Oglesby, Jr.
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Southern Company Services Inc
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Southern Company Services Inc
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Priority to US08/909,271 priority Critical patent/US6063168A/en
Assigned to SOUTHERN COMPANY SERVICES, INC. reassignment SOUTHERN COMPANY SERVICES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SOUTHERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF BIRMINGHAM
Assigned to SOUTHERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE reassignment SOUTHERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: OGLESBY, SABERT, JR., NICHOLS, GRADY B.
Priority to EP98939874A priority patent/EP1027162A4/de
Priority to PCT/US1998/016200 priority patent/WO1999007475A1/en
Priority to AU88237/98A priority patent/AU8823798A/en
Priority to US09/161,477 priority patent/US5972076A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US6063168A publication Critical patent/US6063168A/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/66—Applications of electricity supply techniques
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S323/00—Electricity: power supply or regulation systems
    • Y10S323/903—Precipitators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to pollution control systems and, more specifically, to devices for removing pollutants from the effluent of exhaust systems.
  • Electrostatic precipitators may be used for collecting dust produced by the combustion of coal in generating electricity with commercial electric power boilers.
  • ESPs 2 known to the art usually comprise corona electrodes 4, such as long wires, and parallel collection electrodes 6, such as sheet metal plates.
  • corona electrodes 4 such as long wires
  • parallel collection electrodes 6 such as sheet metal plates.
  • corona electrodes 4 such as long wires
  • parallel collection electrodes 6 such as sheet metal plates.
  • a rectified half-wave or full-wave voltage is applied between the corona electrodes and the collection electrodes.
  • gasses surrounding the corona electrode break down electrically and produce an avalanche of electrons, thereby forming a "corona" between the electrodes.
  • the velocity of the electrons decrease as they get further from the corona electrodes. This allows electrons to be captured by gas molecules, thereby producing ions which attach to gas-borne particles, such as dust.
  • the particles are then attracted to the collection electrodes by the electric field and the subsequently collected particles are periodically removed from the collection electrodes by rapping the plates.
  • the power input to an ESP is limited because the ions and the charged particles must pass through the dust layer on the collection electrodes. If the electrical resistivity of the dust is high, the interstitial gasses in the collected dust layer break down electrically when the current is increased above a critical value. This disadvantageous breakdown is referred to as "back corona" and results in positive ions being generated and propelled into the inter-electrode space, which may discharge the previously charged particles and cause sparks between the electrodes. Thus, with high resistivity dust, the current is limited so that the collection efficiency is seriously reduced.
  • Formation of the corona at the corona electrode occurs first at the point along the electrode with the smallest effective radius, producing a local flare as the voltage is increased.
  • the intensity and length of the flare increases until the space charge generated by the ion cloud and charged particles suppress the corona, causing breakdown at the next smallest radius. This process continues until there are a series of discrete flares or corona points along the length of the corona electrode.
  • An alternative to rectified sine wave voltage electrification is the application of a pulsed voltage.
  • a number of commercial installations use voltage pulses with a fast voltage rise time and a short pulse duration (typically one microsecond). This results in a much more uniform corona that typically appears as a uniform sheath surrounding the corona wire.
  • pulsed energization currents of about twice that of conventional energization can be attained without sparking or the onset of back corona.
  • the electrical characteristics of a precipitator can be represented by a resistor-capacitor equivalent circuit, with the capacitor parallel to a variable resistor.
  • a pulsed voltage When a pulsed voltage is applied, the voltage does not fall at the end of the pulse because it is maintained by the charge on the precipitator capacitance. To achieve a pulse, one must dump the charge into a resistor or similar discharge element. Because the amount of energy dumped is large compared to the useful energy, such type of pulsed energization has the disadvantage of not being operationally economical for most applications.
  • ESP's of the prior art have the disadvantages of either being power limited due to back corona or having to dump charge to achieve a pulsed voltage.
  • These disadvantages are overcome by the present invention, which in one aspect is an apparatus for charging an electrostatic precipitator powered by a power supply and having a plurality of corona electrodes and a plurality of collector electrodes such that a precipitator capacitance may be formed therebetween.
  • the apparatus includes a storage capacitor, having a storage capacitance, across the power supply.
  • a voltage switch is capable of selectively electrically coupling the electrostatic precipitator to the storage capacitor.
  • the storage capacitance is sufficient to charge the electrostatic precipitator to a preselected operative voltage within a rise time greater than a first preselected value and less than a second preselected value.
  • the first preselected value may be one microsecond and the second preselected value may be ten microseconds.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method of modifying an electrostatic precipitator, having a plurality of corona electrodes and a plurality of collector electrodes so that a precipitator capacitance may be formed therebetween.
  • a storage capacitor having a capacitance sufficient to charge the electrostatic precipitator to a preselected operative voltage within a rise time of less than fifty microseconds, is charged with current from the power supply.
  • the storage capacitor is electrically coupled the power supply so that the storage capacitor is in parallel with the power supply by closing a high-voltage switch placed therebetween.
  • the electrostatic precipitator is electrically isolated from the power supply and the storage capacitor by opening the high-voltage switch, which is capable of periodically connecting the storage capacitor to the electrostatic precipitator and disconnecting the storage capacitor from the electrostatic precipitator.
  • Yet another aspect of the invention is a method of charging an electrostatic precipitator, powered by a power supply in parallel with the electrostatic precipitator, having a plurality of corona electrodes and a plurality of collector electrodes such that a precipitator capacitance may be formed therebetween.
  • Charge from the power supply is stored in a capacitive charge storage element having a storage capacitance equal to at least a preselected multiple of the precipitator capacitance.
  • the charge storage element is periodically electrically coupled to the plurality of corona electrodes for a preselected period at a preselected rate.
  • the preselected period may be in the range of from one to ten microseconds and the preselected rate may be 120 cycles per second.
  • the rate would correspond to that of full-wave or half-wave rectified line voltage.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a portion of a prior art electrostatic precipitator.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an apparatus in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2.
  • the present invention 10 includes an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) 12, powered by a conventional unfiltered power supply 18, having a plurality of corona electrodes 14 and a plurality of collector electrodes 16.
  • ESP electrostatic precipitator
  • a precipitator capacitance Cp is formed between the electrodes 14 and 16 when a voltage is applied across the ESP 12.
  • a circuit 20 is included, or added to an existing system, to provide periodic voltage pulses to the ESP 12.
  • the circuit 12 includes a storage capacitor 26 across the power supply 18.
  • the storage capacitor 26 is an oil filled capacitor rated at 80 KV.
  • the storage capacitor 26 has a storage capacitance C1 that is sufficient to charge the ESP 12 to a preselected operative voltage within a rise time greater than a first preselected value and less than a second preselected value.
  • the storage capacitance C1 should be approximately nine times the capacitance Cp of the ESP 12.
  • the normal capacitance Cp of the ESP 12 is 16 pF and the storage capacitor 26 has a capacitance C1 of 1600 pF.
  • the rise time depends upon the particular configuration of the ESP 12, most conventional ESP's should have a rise time within the range of from one microsecond to ten microseconds. However, with some applications, a rise time of as much as fifty microseconds could be optimal. In other embodiments a rise time of less than one microsecond is conceivable. On the other hand, if the rise time is above 50 microseconds, then the corona will not be uniform and the efficiency of the ESP 12 will be reduced.
  • a voltage switch 24 is placed between the electrostatic precipitator 12 and the storage capacitor 26.
  • the voltage switch 24 is controlled by a trigger circuit 22 that causes the voltage switch 24 to selectively electrically couple and uncouple the electrostatic precipitator 12 and the storage capacitor 26.
  • the voltage switch 24 is opened and closed at a rate of about 120 times per second.
  • the trigger circuit 22 could simply comprise a full-wave rectified signal from a 60 Hz power line having a low voltage pulse, or any other conventional trigger circuit.
  • the voltage switch 24 could comprise a string of one or more break-over diodes 28 in series with a thyrister 32.
  • the voltage switch 24 may be cycled non-periodically (e.g., the switch may be closed only one out of four cycles) to control average current density when removing high resistance dust.
  • the power supply 18 comprises an AC voltage source 17 fed into a full-wave rectifier 19.
  • a high voltage diode 30 may be placed in series between the power supply 18 and the storage capacitor 26 to limit current discharge from the storage capacitor 26 into the power supply.

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  • Electrostatic Separation (AREA)
US08/909,271 1997-08-11 1997-08-11 Electrostatic precipitator Expired - Lifetime US6063168A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/909,271 US6063168A (en) 1997-08-11 1997-08-11 Electrostatic precipitator
EP98939874A EP1027162A4 (de) 1997-08-11 1998-08-04 Elektrostatischer abscheider
PCT/US1998/016200 WO1999007475A1 (en) 1997-08-11 1998-08-04 Electrostatic precipitator
AU88237/98A AU8823798A (en) 1997-08-11 1998-08-04 Electrostatic precipitator
US09/161,477 US5972076A (en) 1997-08-11 1998-09-28 Method of charging an electrostatic precipitator

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/909,271 US6063168A (en) 1997-08-11 1997-08-11 Electrostatic precipitator

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US09/161,477 Division US5972076A (en) 1997-08-11 1998-09-28 Method of charging an electrostatic precipitator

Publications (1)

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US6063168A true US6063168A (en) 2000-05-16

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US08/909,271 Expired - Lifetime US6063168A (en) 1997-08-11 1997-08-11 Electrostatic precipitator
US09/161,477 Expired - Lifetime US5972076A (en) 1997-08-11 1998-09-28 Method of charging an electrostatic precipitator

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US09/161,477 Expired - Lifetime US5972076A (en) 1997-08-11 1998-09-28 Method of charging an electrostatic precipitator

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US (2) US6063168A (de)
EP (1) EP1027162A4 (de)
AU (1) AU8823798A (de)
WO (1) WO1999007475A1 (de)

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US20010048906A1 (en) * 1998-11-05 2001-12-06 Sharper Image Corporation Electrode self-cleaning mechanism for electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner devices
US20020098131A1 (en) * 1998-11-05 2002-07-25 Sharper Image Corporation Electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner device with enhanced cleaning features
US20020134665A1 (en) * 1998-11-05 2002-09-26 Taylor Charles E. Electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner devices with trailing electrode
US6544485B1 (en) 2001-01-29 2003-04-08 Sharper Image Corporation Electro-kinetic device with enhanced anti-microorganism capability
US6585935B1 (en) 1998-11-20 2003-07-01 Sharper Image Corporation Electro-kinetic ion emitting footwear sanitizer
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US6611440B1 (en) 2002-03-19 2003-08-26 Bha Group Holdings, Inc. Apparatus and method for filtering voltage for an electrostatic precipitator
US6632407B1 (en) 1998-11-05 2003-10-14 Sharper Image Corporation Personal electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner
US20030206837A1 (en) * 1998-11-05 2003-11-06 Taylor Charles E. Electro-kinetic air transporter and conditioner device with enhanced maintenance features and enhanced anti-microorganism capability
US20030206839A1 (en) * 1998-11-05 2003-11-06 Taylor Charles E. Electro-kinetic air transporter and conditioner device with enhanced anti-microorganism capability
US6650091B1 (en) 2002-05-13 2003-11-18 Luxon Energy Devices Corporation High current pulse generator
US6749667B2 (en) 2002-06-20 2004-06-15 Sharper Image Corporation Electrode self-cleaning mechanism for electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner devices
US20040251124A1 (en) * 2003-06-12 2004-12-16 Sharper Image Corporation Electro-kinetic air transporter and conditioner devices with features that compensate for variations in line voltage
US20050082160A1 (en) * 2003-10-15 2005-04-21 Sharper Image Corporation Electro-kinetic air transporter and conditioner devices with a mesh collector electrode
US6911186B2 (en) 1998-11-05 2005-06-28 Sharper Image Corporation Electro-kinetic air transporter and conditioner device with enhanced housing configuration and enhanced anti-microorganism capability
US20050146712A1 (en) * 2003-12-24 2005-07-07 Lynx Photonics Networks Inc. Circuit, system and method for optical switch status monitoring
US20050160906A1 (en) * 2002-06-20 2005-07-28 The Sharper Image Electrode self-cleaning mechanism for air conditioner devices
US6958134B2 (en) 1998-11-05 2005-10-25 Sharper Image Corporation Electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner devices with an upstream focus electrode
US7077890B2 (en) 2003-09-05 2006-07-18 Sharper Image Corporation Electrostatic precipitators with insulated driver electrodes
US20060249024A1 (en) * 2003-06-03 2006-11-09 Hino Motors Ltd. Exhaust gas cleaner
US7220295B2 (en) 2003-05-14 2007-05-22 Sharper Image Corporation Electrode self-cleaning mechanisms with anti-arc guard for electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner devices
US7285155B2 (en) 2004-07-23 2007-10-23 Taylor Charles E Air conditioner device with enhanced ion output production features
US7291207B2 (en) 2004-07-23 2007-11-06 Sharper Image Corporation Air treatment apparatus with attachable grill
US7311762B2 (en) 2004-07-23 2007-12-25 Sharper Image Corporation Air conditioner device with a removable driver electrode
US7318856B2 (en) 1998-11-05 2008-01-15 Sharper Image Corporation Air treatment apparatus having an electrode extending along an axis which is substantially perpendicular to an air flow path
US7405672B2 (en) 2003-04-09 2008-07-29 Sharper Image Corp. Air treatment device having a sensor
US20080190295A1 (en) * 2004-10-26 2008-08-14 Victor Reyes Pulse Generating System for Electrostatic Precipitator
US7465338B2 (en) 2005-07-28 2008-12-16 Kurasek Christian F Electrostatic air-purifying window screen
US7517503B2 (en) 2004-03-02 2009-04-14 Sharper Image Acquisition Llc Electro-kinetic air transporter and conditioner devices including pin-ring electrode configurations with driver electrode
US7517505B2 (en) 2003-09-05 2009-04-14 Sharper Image Acquisition Llc Electro-kinetic air transporter and conditioner devices with 3/2 configuration having driver electrodes
US20090277775A1 (en) * 2005-12-14 2009-11-12 Metsa Janet C Reactor for removing chemical and biological contaminants from a contaminated fluid
US7638104B2 (en) 2004-03-02 2009-12-29 Sharper Image Acquisition Llc Air conditioner device including pin-ring electrode configurations with driver electrode
US7724492B2 (en) 2003-09-05 2010-05-25 Tessera, Inc. Emitter electrode having a strip shape
US7767169B2 (en) 2003-12-11 2010-08-03 Sharper Image Acquisition Llc Electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner system and method to oxidize volatile organic compounds
US7833322B2 (en) 2006-02-28 2010-11-16 Sharper Image Acquisition Llc Air treatment apparatus having a voltage control device responsive to current sensing
US7906080B1 (en) 2003-09-05 2011-03-15 Sharper Image Acquisition Llc Air treatment apparatus having a liquid holder and a bipolar ionization device
US8043573B2 (en) 2004-02-18 2011-10-25 Tessera, Inc. Electro-kinetic air transporter with mechanism for emitter electrode travel past cleaning member

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EP1027162A1 (de) 2000-08-16
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EP1027162A4 (de) 2002-09-04
AU8823798A (en) 1999-03-01

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