US6019093A - Air-fuel ratio control system for internal combustion engines - Google Patents

Air-fuel ratio control system for internal combustion engines Download PDF

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US6019093A
US6019093A US09/134,520 US13452098A US6019093A US 6019093 A US6019093 A US 6019093A US 13452098 A US13452098 A US 13452098A US 6019093 A US6019093 A US 6019093A
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air
fuel ratio
adaptive
engine
control system
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Hiroshi Kitagawa
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Honda Motor Co Ltd
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Honda Motor Co Ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1401—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
    • F02D41/1402—Adaptive control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/24—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
    • F02D41/2406—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
    • F02D41/2425—Particular ways of programming the data
    • F02D41/2429—Methods of calibrating or learning
    • F02D41/2451—Methods of calibrating or learning characterised by what is learned or calibrated
    • F02D41/2454—Learning of the air-fuel ratio control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1401—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
    • F02D2041/1409—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method using at least a proportional, integral or derivative controller
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1401—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
    • F02D2041/1413—Controller structures or design
    • F02D2041/1415—Controller structures or design using a state feedback or a state space representation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1401—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
    • F02D2041/1413—Controller structures or design
    • F02D2041/1418—Several control loops, either as alternatives or simultaneous
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1401—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
    • F02D2041/1413—Controller structures or design
    • F02D2041/142—Controller structures or design using different types of control law in combination, e.g. adaptive combined with PID and sliding mode
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1401—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
    • F02D2041/1413—Controller structures or design
    • F02D2041/1426—Controller structures or design taking into account control stability
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1401—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
    • F02D2041/1433—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method using a model or simulation of the system
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
    • F02D41/1454—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an oxygen content or concentration or the air-fuel ratio
    • F02D41/1456—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an oxygen content or concentration or the air-fuel ratio with sensor output signal being linear or quasi-linear with the concentration of oxygen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/24—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
    • F02D41/2406—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
    • F02D41/2425—Particular ways of programming the data
    • F02D41/2429—Methods of calibrating or learning
    • F02D41/2477—Methods of calibrating or learning characterised by the method used for learning
    • F02D41/2483—Methods of calibrating or learning characterised by the method used for learning restricting learned values

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an air-fuel ratio control system for internal combustion engines, and more particularly to an air-fuel ratio control system of this kind, which carries out feedback control of the air-fuel ratio of a mixture supplied to the engine, based on an adaptive control theory.
  • an air-fuel ratio control system for internal combustion engines is known, e.g. from U.S. Pat. No. 5,636,621, which calculates an air-fuel ratio control amount by using an adaptive controller including an adaptive parameter-adjusting mechanism of a recurrence formula type based on an adaptive control theory, and controls the air-fuel ratio of a mixture supplied to the engine to a desired air-fuel ratio in a feedback manner.
  • an air-fuel ratio sensor arranged in the exhaust system of the engine detects the air-fuel ratio and supplies an output indicative of the detected air-fuel ratio to the adaptive controller, which carries out the air-fuel ratio feedback control in response to the detected air-fuel ratio.
  • a determination as to the stableness of adaptive control is carried out based on adaptive parameters calculated by the adaptive parameter-adjusting mechanism, and if it is determined that the adaptive control is unstable, the adaptive parameters are initialized, i.e. reset to initial values thereof.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,636,621 discloses a method which, at the start of the adaptive control, initializes the adaptive parameters according to the desired air-fuel ratio such that the air-fuel ratio control amount which is output from the adaptive controller assumes a central value thereof.
  • the initial values of the adaptive parameters are fixed values, and therefore, after the initialization, it takes a considerable time period for the adaptive parameters to converge to respective optimum values, whereby the engine can temporarily undergo degraded controllability.
  • the air-fuel ratio control amount is set to the central value thereof.
  • the air-fuel ratio control is switched, e.g. from ordinary PID control to the adaptive control, it can occur that the air-fuel ratio control amount is suddenly changed at the switching point of time (at which the adaptive control starts).
  • the present invention provides an air-fuel ratio control system for an internal combustion engine having an exhaust system, including air-fuel ratio-detecting means arranged in the exhaust system, for detecting an air-fuel ratio of exhaust gases from the engine, and feedback control means for calculating an adaptive control amount, based on an output from the air-fuel ratio-detecting means, by using an adaptive controller having adaptive parameter-adjusting means for adjusting adaptive parameters, such that an air-fuel ratio of a mixture supplied to the engine is converged to a desired air-fuel ratio, and for controlling the air-fuel ratio of the mixture supplied to the engine in a feedback manner, according to the adaptive control amount, the air-fuel ratio control system being characterized by an improvement comprising:
  • particular operating condition-detecting means for detecting a particular engine operating condition in which the adaptive controller can become unstable in operation
  • initializing means operable upon detection of the particular engine operating condition, for initializing the adaptive parameters according to the adaptive control amount.
  • the air-fuel ratio control system further includes second feedback control means for calculating another kind of control amount for controlling the air-fuel ratio of the mixture according to a difference between the output from the air-fuel ratio-detecting means and the desired air-fuel ratio, the initializing means initializing the adaptive parameters according to the another kind of control amount, upon detection of the particular engine operating condition.
  • second feedback control means for calculating another kind of control amount for controlling the air-fuel ratio of the mixture according to a difference between the output from the air-fuel ratio-detecting means and the desired air-fuel ratio
  • the initializing means initializing the adaptive parameters according to the another kind of control amount, upon detection of the particular engine operating condition.
  • the air-fuel ratio control system further includes learning means for calculating a learned value of the adaptive control amount, the initializing means initializing the adaptive parameters according to the learned value, upon detection of the particular engine operating condition.
  • the air-fuel ratio control system further includes learning means for calculating a learned value of the another kind of control amount, the initializing means initializing the adaptive parameters according to the learned value, upon detection of the particular engine operating condition.
  • the initializing means initializes the adaptive parameters to smaller values as the learned value is larger.
  • the particular operating condition-detecting means detects a state where the adaptive parameters do not satisfy a predetermined stableness condition.
  • the initializing means initializes the adaptive parameters according to an immediately preceding value of the adaptive control amount, upon detection of the state where the adaptive parameters do not satisfy the predetermined stableness condition, by the particular operating condition-detecting means.
  • the initializing means initializes the adaptive parameters to smaller values as the immediately preceding value of the adaptive control amount is larger.
  • the particular operating condition-detecting means detects a state where the engine has just shifted from idling to non-idling.
  • the initializing means initializes the adaptive parameters according to a learned value of one of the adaptive control amount and the another kind of control amount, upon detection of the state where the engine has just shifted from idling to non-idling by the particular operating condition-detecting means.
  • the initializing means initializes the adaptive parameters to smaller values as the learned value of the one of the adaptive control amount and the another kind of control amount is larger.
  • the particular operating condition-detecting means detects a state where the control of the air-fuel ratio by the feedback control means using the adaptive controller has just been started.
  • the initializing means initializes the adaptive parameters according to an immediately preceding value of the another kind of control amount, upon detection of the state where the control of the air-fuel ratio by the feedback control means using the adaptive controller has just been started, by the particular operating condition-detecting means.
  • the initializing means initializes the adaptive parameters to smaller values as the immediately preceding value of the another kind of control amount is larger.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the arrangement of an internal combustion engine and a control system therefor, including an air-fuel ratio control system according to an embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram useful in explaining a manner of controlling the air-fuel ratio of a mixture supplied to the engine
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing a main routine for calculating a feedback correction coefficient KFB in response to an output from a LAF sensor appearing in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing a subroutine for carrying out a LAF feedback control region-determining process, which is executed at a step S6 in FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a subroutine for calculating the feedback correction coefficient KFB, which is executed at a step S9 in FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a subroutine for calculating a PID correction coefficient KLAF, which is executed at a step S212 in FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 7 is a block diagram useful in explaining a manner of calculating the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR
  • FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing a subroutine for calculating the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR, which is executed at a step S205 in FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 9 is a continued part of the flowchart of FIG. 8;
  • FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing a subroutine for calculating adaptive parameters, which is executed at a step S407 in FIG. 7;
  • FIG. 11 shows a table for determining initial values of the respective adaptive parameters.
  • FIG. 1 there is schematically shown the whole arrangement of an internal combustion engine and a control system therefor, including an air-fuel ratio control system according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • reference numeral 1 designates a four-cylinder type internal combustion engine (hereinafter simply referred to as "the engine”).
  • the engine 1 has an intake pipe 2 having a manifold part (intake manifold) 11 directly connected to the combustion chamber of each cylinder.
  • a throttle valve 3 is arranged in the intake pipe 2 at a location upstream of the manifold part 11.
  • a throttle valve opening ( ⁇ TH) sensor 4 is connected to the throttle valve 3, for generating an electric signal indicative of the sensed throttle valve opening ⁇ TH and supplying the same to an electronic control unit (hereinafter referred to as "the ECU") 5.
  • the intake pipe 2 is provided with an auxiliary air passage 6 bypassing the throttle valve 3, and an auxiliary air amount control valve 7 is arranged across the auxiliary air passage 6.
  • the auxiliary air amount control valve 7 is electrically connected to the ECU 5 to have an amount of opening thereof controlled by a signal therefrom.
  • An intake air temperature (TA) sensor 8 is inserted into the intake pipe 2 at a location upstream of the throttle valve 3, for supplying an electric signal indicative of the sensed intake air temperature TA to the ECU 5.
  • the intake pipe 2 has a swelled portion 9 in the form of a chamber interposed between the throttle valve 3 and the intake manifold 11.
  • An intake pipe absolute pressure (PBA) sensor 10 is arranged in the chamber 9, for supplying a signal indicative of the sensed intake pipe absolute pressure PBA to the ECU 5.
  • An engine coolant temperature (TW) sensor 13 which may be formed of a thermistor or the like, is mounted in the cylinder block of the engine 1 filled with an engine coolant, for supplying an electric signal indicative of the sensed engine coolant temperature TW to the ECU 5.
  • a crank angle position sensor 14 for detecting the rotational angle of a crankshaft, not shown, of the engine 1 is electrically connected to the ECU 5, for supplying an electric signal indicative of the sensed rotational angle of the crankshaft to the ECU 5.
  • the crank angle position sensor 14 is comprised of a cylinder-discriminating sensor, a TDC sensor, and a CRK sensor.
  • the cylinder-discriminating sensor generates a signal pulse (hereinafter referred to as "a CYL signal pulse") at a predetermined crank angle of a particular cylinder of the engine 1
  • the TDC sensor generates a signal pulse at each of predetermined crank angles (e.g. whenever the crankshaft rotates through 180 degrees when the engine is of the 4-cylinder type) which each correspond to a predetermined crank angle before a top dead point (TDC) of each cylinder corresponding to the start of the suction stroke of the cylinder
  • the CRK sensor generates a signal pulse at each of predetermined crank angles (e.g.
  • the CYL signal pulse, TDC signal pulse, and CRK signal pulse are supplied to the ECU 5, which are used for controlling various kinds of timing, such as fuel injection timing and ignition timing, as well as for detecting the engine rotational speed NE.
  • Fuel injection valves 12 are inserted into the intake manifold 11 for respective cylinders at locations slightly upstream of intake valves, not shown.
  • the fuel injection valves 12 are connected to a fuel pump, not shown, and electrically connected to the ECU 5 to have the fuel injection timing and fuel injection periods (valve opening periods) thereof controlled by signals therefrom.
  • Spark plugs, not shown, of the engine 1 are also electrically connected to the ECU 5 to have the ignition timing ⁇ IG thereof controlled by signals therefrom.
  • An exhaust pipe 16 of the engine has a manifold part (exhaust manifold) 15 directly connected to the combustion chambers of the cylinders of the engine 1.
  • a linear output air-fuel ratio sensor (hereinafter referred to as “the LAF sensor”) 17 as air-fuel ratio-detecting means is arranged in a confluent portion of the exhaust pipe 16 at a location immediately downstream of the exhaust manifold 15.
  • a first three-way catalyst (immediate downstream three-way catalyst) 19 and a second three-way catalyst (bed-downstream three-way catalyst) 20 are arranged in the confluent portion of the exhaust pipe 16 at locations downstream of the LAF sensor 17, for purifying noxious components present in exhaust gases, such as HC, CO, and NOx.
  • An oxygen concentration sensor (hereinafter referred to as “the O2 sensor”) 18 is inserted into the exhaust pipe 16 at a location intermediate between the three-way catalysts 19 and 20.
  • the LAF sensor 17 is electrically connected via a low-pass filter 22 to the ECU 5, for supplying the ECU 5 with an electric signal substantially proportional in value to the concentration of oxygen present in exhaust gases from the engine (i.e. the air-fuel ratio).
  • the O2 sensor 18 has an output characteristic that output voltage thereof drastically changes when the air-fuel ratio of exhaust gases from the engine changes across a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio to generate a high level signal when the mixture is richer than the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, and a low level signal when the mixture is leaner than the same.
  • the O2 sensor 18 is electrically connected via a low-pass filter 23 to the ECU 5 for supplying the ECU 5 with a signal indicative of the sensed concentration of oxygen present in exhaust gases.
  • the low-pass filters 22 and 23 are provided for eliminating high frequency noise components, and influence thereof on the responsiveness of the air-fuel ratio control system is negligible.
  • the engine 1 includes a valve timing changeover mechanism 60 which changes valve timing of at least the intake valves out of the the intake valves and exhaust valves, not shown, between a high speed valve timing suitable for operation of the engine in a high speed operating region thereof and a low speed valve timing suitable for operation of the engine in a low speed operating region thereof.
  • the changeover of the valve timing includes changeover of the valve lift amount as well, and further, when the low speed valve timing is selected, one of the two intake valves is disabled, thereby ensuring stable combustion even when the air-fuel ratio of the mixture is controlled to a leaner value than the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio.
  • the valve timing changeover mechanism 60 changes the valve timing by means of hydraulic pressure, and an electromagnetic valve for changing the hydraulic pressure and a hydraulic pressure sensor, neither of which is shown, are electrically connected to the ECU 5.
  • a signal indicative of the sensed hydraulic pressure is supplied to the ECU 5 which in turn controls the electromagnetic valve for changing the valve timing.
  • an atmospheric pressure (PA) sensor 21 for detecting atmospheric pressure PA, and supplying a signal indicative of the sensed atmospheric pressure PA to the ECU 5.
  • PA atmospheric pressure
  • the ECU 5 is comprised of an input circuit having the functions of shaping the waveforms of input signals from various sensors including ones mentioned above, shifting the voltage levels of sensor output signals to a predetermined level, converting analog signals from analog-output sensors to digital signals, and so forth, a central processing unit (hereinafter referred to as "the CPU"), a memory circuit comprised of a ROM storing various operational programs which are executed by the CPU and various maps, referred to hereinafter, and a RAM for storing results of calculations from the CPU, etc., and an output circuit which outputs driving signals to the fuel injection valves 12 and other electromagnetic valves, the spark plugs, etc.
  • the CPU central processing unit
  • the ECU 5 operates in response to the above-mentioned signals from the sensors to determine operating conditions in which the engine 1 is operating, such as an air-fuel ratio feedback control region in which air-fuel ratio feedback control is carried out in response to outputs from the LAF sensor 17 and the O2 sensor 18, and air-fuel ratio open-loop control regions, and calculates, based upon the determined engine operating conditions, the fuel injection period TOUT over which the fuel injection valves 12 are to be opened, by the use of the following equation (1), to output signals for driving the fuel injection valves 12, based on results of the calculation:
  • TIMF represents a basic value of the fuel injection amount TOUT, KTOTAL a correction coefficient, KCMDM a final desired air-fuel ratio coefficient, and KFB a feedback correction coefficient, respectively.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram useful in explaining a manner of calculating the fuel injection period TOUT by the use of the equation (1).
  • an outline of the manner of calculating the fuel injection period TOUT according to the present embodiment will be described.
  • the fuel injection period TOUT is referred to as the fuel injection amount or the fuel amount since the fuel injection period is equivalent to the amount of fuel injected or to be injected.
  • a block B1 calculates the basic fuel amount TIMF corresponding to an amount of intake air supplied to the engine 1.
  • the basic fuel amount TIMF is basically set according to the engine rotational speed NE and the intake pipe absolute pressure PBA. However, it is preferred that a model representative of a part of the intake system extending from the throttle valve 3 to the combustion chambers of the engine 1 is prepared in advance, and a correction is made to the basic fuel amount TIMF in dependence on a delay of the flow of intake air obtained based on the model.
  • the throttle valve opening ⁇ TH and the atmospheric pressure PA are also used as additional parameters indicative of operating conditions of the engine.
  • Reference numerals B2 to B4 designate multiplying blocks, which multiply the basic fuel amount TIMF by respective parameter values input thereto, and deliver the product values. These blocks carry out the arithmetic operation of the equation (1), to thereby generate the fuel injection amount TOUT.
  • a block B9 multiplies together all feedforward correction coefficients, such as an engine coolant temperature-dependent correction coefficient KTW set according to the engine coolant temperature TW, an EGR-dependent correction coefficient KEGR set according to the amount of recirculation of exhaust gases during execution of the exhaust gas recirculation, and a purging-dependent correction coefficient KPUG set according to an amount of purged evaporative fuel during execution of purging by an evaporative fuel-processing system of the engine, not shown, to obtain the correction coefficient KTOTAL, which is supplied to the block B2.
  • feedforward correction coefficients such as an engine coolant temperature-dependent correction coefficient KTW set according to the engine coolant temperature TW, an EGR-dependent correction coefficient KEGR set according to the amount of recirculation of exhaust gases during execution of the exhaust gas recirculation, and a purging-dependent correction coefficient KPUG set according to an amount of purged evaporative fuel during execution of purging by an evaporative fuel-processing system of the engine, not shown
  • a block B21 determines a desired air-fuel ratio coefficient KCMD based on the engine rotational speed NE, the intake pipe absolute pressure PBA, etc., and supplies the same to a block B22.
  • the desired air-fuel ratio coefficient KCMD is directly proportional to the reciprocal of the air-fuel ratio A/F, i.e. the fuel-air ratio F/A, and assumes a value of 1.0 when it is equivalent to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. For this reason, this coefficient KCMD will be also referred to as the desired equivalent ratio.
  • the block B22 corrects the desired air-fuel ratio coefficient KCMD based on an output VMO2 from the O2 sensor 18 supplied via a low-pass filter 23, and delivers the corrected KCMD value to blocks B17, B18, B19, and B23.
  • the block B23 carries out fuel cooling-dependent correction of the corrected KCMD value to calculate the final desired air-fuel ratio coefficient KCMDM and supplies the same to the block B3.
  • a block B10 samples the output from the LAF sensor 17 supplied via a low-pass filter 22 with a sampling period in synchronism with generation of each CRK signal pulse, sequentially stores the sampled values in a ring buffer memory, not shown, and selects one of the stored values depending on operating conditions of the engine (LAF sensor output-selecting process), which was sampled at the optimum timing for each cylinder, to supply the selected value to the block B17 and the block B18 via a low-pass filter block B16.
  • the LAF sensor output-selecting process eliminates the inconveniences that the air-fuel ratio, which changes every moment, cannot be accurately detected depending on the timing of sampling of the output from the LAF sensor 17, there is a time lag before exhaust gases emitted from the combustion chamber reach the LAF sensor 17, and the response time of the LAF sensor per se changes depending on operating conditions of the engine.
  • the block B18 calculates a PID correction coefficient KLAF through PID control, based on the difference between the actual air-fuel ratio and the desired air-fuel ratio, and delivers the calculated KLAF value to a block B20.
  • the block B17 calculates an adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR through adaptive control (Self-Tuning Regulation), based on the actual air-fuel ratio detected by the LAF sensor 17, and delivers the calculated KSTR value to the block B19.
  • the reason for employing the adaptive control is as follows: If the basic fuel amount TIMF is merely multiplied by the desired air-fuel ratio coefficient KCMD (KCMDM), the resulting desired air-fuel ratio and hence the actual air-fuel ratio may become dull due to a response lag of the engine.
  • the adaptive control is employed to dynamically compensate for the response lag of the engine to thereby improve the robustness of the air-fuel ratio control against external disturbances.
  • the block B19 divides the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR by the desired air-fuel ratio coefficient KCMD to thereby calculate the feedback correction coefficient KFB, and delivers the calculated KFB value to the block B20.
  • the dividing process is carried out to prevent the basic fuel amount TIMF from being doubly multiplied by a factor representative of the desired air-fuel ratio coefficient KCMD, since the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR is calculated such that an actual equivalent ratio KACT depending on the output from the LAF sensor 17, referred to hereinafter, becomes equal to the desired air-fuel ratio coefficient KCMD, and hence it includes a factor corresponding to the desired air-fuel ratio coefficient KCMD.
  • the block B20 selects either the PID correction coefficient KLAF or the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR supplied thereto, depending upon operating conditions of the engine, and delivers the selected correction coefficient as the feedback correction coefficient KFB to the block B4. This selection is based on the fact that the use of the correction coefficient KLAF calculated by the ordinary PID control can be more suitable for the calculation of the TOUT value than the correction coefficient KSTR, depending on operating conditions of the engine.
  • either the PID correction coefficient KLAF calculated by the ordinary PID control in response to the output from the LAF sensor 17, or the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR calculated by the adaptive control is selectively applied as the correction coefficient KFB to the equation (1) to calculate the fuel injection amount TOUT.
  • the correction coefficient KSTR is applied, the responsiveness of the air-fuel ratio control to changes in the air-fuel ratio and the robustness of the same against external disturbances can be improved, and hence the purification rate of the catalysts can be improved to ensure good exhaust emission characteristics of the engine in various operating conditions of the engine.
  • the functions of the blocks appearing in FIG. 2 are realized by arithmetic operations executed by the CPU of the ECU 5, and details of the operations will be described with reference to program routines illustrated in the drawings.
  • the suffix (k) represents sampling timing in the discrete system. (k) and (k-1), for example, indicate that values with these suffixes are the present value and the immediately preceding value, respectively. However, the suffix (k) indicating the present value is omitted unless required specifically.
  • FIG. 3 shows a main routine for calculating the PID correction coefficient KLAF and the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR to thereby finally calculate the feedback correction coefficient KFB according to the output from the LAF sensor 17. This routine is executed in synchronism with generation of TDC signal pulses.
  • a step S1 it is determined whether or not the engine is in a starting mode, i.e. whether or not the engine is cranking. If the engine is in the starting mode, the program proceeds to a step S10 to execute a subroutine for the starting mode, not shown. If the engine is not in the starting mode, the desired air-fuel ratio coefficient (desired equivalent ratio) KCMD and the final desired air-fuel ratio coefficient KCMDM are calculated at a step S2, and a LAF sensor output-selecting process is executed at a step S3. Further, the actual equivalent ratio KACT is calculated at a step S4. The actual equivalent ratio KACT is obtained by converting the output from the LAF sensor 17 to an equivalent ratio value.
  • a starting mode i.e. whether or not the engine is cranking.
  • step S5 it is determined at a step S5 whether or not the LAF sensor 17 has been activated. This determination is carried out by comparing the difference between the output voltage from the LAF sensor 17 and a central voltage thereof with a predetermined value (e.g. 0.4 V), and determining that the LAF sensor 17 has been activated when the difference is smaller than the predetermined value.
  • a predetermined value e.g. 0.4 V
  • a step S6 it is determined at a step S6 whether or not the engine 1 is in an operating region in which the air-fuel ratio feedback control responsive to the output from the LAF sensor 17 is to be carried out (hereinafter referred to as the LAF feedback control region). More specifically, it is determined that the engine 1 is in the LAF feedback control region, e.g. when the LAF sensor 17 has been activated but at the same time neither fuel cut nor wide open throttle operation is being carried out. If it is determined that the engine is not in the LAF feedback control region, a reset flag FKLAFRESET is set to 1. On the other hand, if it is determined the engine is in the LAF feedback control region, the reset flag FKLAFRESET is set to 0. The reset flag FKLAFRESET, when set to 1, indicates that the engine is not in the LAP feedback control region and hence the feedback control based on the LAF sensor output should be terminated.
  • the LAF feedback control region an operating region in which the air-fuel ratio feedback control responsive to the output from the LAF
  • the PID control flag FPIDFB when set to 1, indicates that the PID correction coefficient KLAF is adopted as the feedback correction coefficient KFB
  • the adaptive control flag FSTRFB when set to 1, indicates that the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR is adopted as the feedback correction coefficient KFB.
  • FKLAFRESET 0 holds, the feedback correction coefficient KFB is calculated at a step S9, followed by terminating the present routine.
  • FIG. 4 shows a subroutine for carrying out a LAF feedback control region-determining process, which is executed at the step S6 in FIG. 3.
  • step S125 it is determined at a step S125 whether or not there is a deviation of the LAF sensor output from the proper value corresponding to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (LAF sensor output deviation). If any of the answers to the questions of the steps S121 to S125 is affirmative (YES), the KLAF reset flag FKLAFRESET is set to 1 at a step S132.
  • FIG. 5 shows a subroutine for calculating the feedback correction coefficient KFB, which is executed at the step S9 in FIG. 3.
  • an abnormality detection flag FFS assumes 1.
  • TWSTRON e.g. 75° C.
  • the PID correction coefficient KLAF is adopted as the feedback correction coefficient KFB, and then the program proceeds to a step S211.
  • the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR is adopted as the feedback correction coefficient KFB, and then the program proceeds to a step S204.
  • the adaptive control flag FSTRFB is set to 1 and the PID control flag FPIDFB is set to 0, and a KSTR-calculating process, shown in FIG. 8, is executed at a step S205.
  • the feedback correction coefficient KFB is set to a value obtained by dividing the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR by the desired equivalent ratio KCMD at a step S206, and limit-checking of the feedback correction coefficient KFB is executed at a step S207.
  • the limit-checking at the step S207 or a step S214 comprises determining whether or not the feedback correction coefficient KFB is in an allowable range defined by predetermined upper and lower limit values. If the KFB value falls outside the allowable range, the feedback correction coefficient KFB is set to the upper or lower limit value.
  • the suffix i of the learned value KREFi represents an operating condition parameter, which is set to 0 when the engine is idling, and set to 1 when the engine is in a condition other than idling (hereinafter referred to as "off-idling").
  • the learned value KREFi is calculated for each of the operating conditions of the engine:
  • KREFi on the right side represents an immediately preceding value of the learned value KREFi
  • CREF an averaging coefficient which is set to a value between 0 and 1.
  • the adaptive control flag FSTRFB is set to 0 and the PID control flag FPIDFB is set to 1, and then a KLAF-calculating process, shown in FIG. 6, is executed at a step S212.
  • the feedback correction coefficient KFB is set to the PID correction coefficient KLAF calculated at the step S212, and limit-checking of the feedback correction coefficient KFB is carried out at a step S214.
  • the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR is set to a value obtained by multiplying the PID correction coefficient KLAF by the desired equivalent ratio KCMD, so that the value KLAF ⁇ KCMD is used as an initial value of the adaptive correction coefficient KSTR when the adaptive control is started.
  • the program proceeds to the step S208, wherein the learned value KREFi is calculated.
  • FIG. 6 shows a subroutine for carrying out the KLAF-calculating process, which is executed at the step S212 in FIG. 5.
  • a proportional term KPF, the integral term KIF, and a differential term KDF of the PID control are calculated by the use of the following equations (3A) to (3C):
  • KPLAF, KILAF and KDLAP a proportional control gain, an integral control gain and a differential control gain, respectively, which have been empirically determined.
  • limit-checking of the integral term KIF is carried out. More specifically, if the integral term KIF is larger than an upper limit value O2LMTH, the KIF value is set to the upper limit value O2LMTH at the steps S306 and S307. On the other hand, if the KIF value is smaller than a lower limit value O2LMTL, the KIF value is set to the lower limit value O2LMTL at the steps S304 and S305. If the KIF value is in a range between the upper and lower limit values O2LMTH and O2LMTL, the program proceeds to a step S308 with the KIF value being maintained as it is.
  • the PID correction coefficient KLAF is calculated by the use of the following equation (4):
  • limit-checking of the PID correction coefficient KLAF is carried out at steps S309 to S312. More specifically, if the PID correction coefficient KLAF is larger than the upper limit value O2LMTH, the KLAF value is set to the upper limit value O2LMTH at the steps S311 and S312. On the other hand, if the KLAF value is smaller than the lower limit value O2LMTL, the KLAF value is set to the lower limit value O2LMTL at the steps S309 and S310. If the KLAF value is in the range between the upper and lower limit values O2LMTH and O2LMTL, the program is terminated with the KLAF value being maintained as it is.
  • FIG. 7 shows the construction of the block B17 in FIG. 2, i.e. the self-tuning regulator (hereinafter referred to as the STR) block.
  • the STR block is comprised of a STR controller for setting the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR such that the actual equivalent ratio KACT(k) becomes equal to the desired air-fuel ratio coefficient (desired equivalent ratio) KCMD(k), and an adaptive parameter-adjusting mechanism for setting adaptive parameters to be used by the STR controller.
  • Known adjustment laws (mechanisms) for adaptive control include a parameter adjustment law proposed by Landau et al. This method is described, e.g. in Computrole No. 27, CORONA PUBLISHING CO., LTD., Japan, pp. 28-41, Automatic control handbook OHM, LTD., Japan, pp. 703-707, A Survey of Model Reference Adaptive Techniques--Theory and Application, I.D. LANDAU Automatic Vol. 10, pp. 353-379, 1974, Unification of Discrete Time Explicit Model Reference Adaptive Control Designs, I.D. LANDAU et al. Automatic Vol. 17, No. 4, pp.
  • D(Z -1 ) in the equation (11) is an asymptotically stable polynomial which can be defined by a system designer as desired to determine the convergence of the system. ##EQU3##
  • tr ⁇ (0) is a trace function of the matrix ⁇ (0), and specifically, it is a sum (scalar) of diagonal components of the matrix ⁇ (0).
  • the STR controller and the adaptive parameter-adjusting mechanism are arranged outside the fuel injection amount-calculating system, and operate to calculate the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR(k) such that the actual equivalent ratio KACT(k) becomes equal to a desired equivalent ratio KCMD(k-d') in an adaptive manner, where d' represents a dead time which is a delay time elapsed before the desired equivalent ratio KCMD is actually reflected on the actual equivalent ratio KACT.
  • the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR(k) and the actual equivalent ratio KACT(k) are determined, which are input to the adaptive parameter-adjusting mechanism, where the adaptive parameter ⁇ (k) is calculated to be input to the STR controller.
  • the STR controller is also supplied with the desired equivalent ratio KCMD(k) and calculates the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR(k) such that the actual equivalent ratio KACT(k) becomes equal to the desired equivalent ratio KCMD(k), by using the following recurrence formula (13): ##EQU4##
  • the actual equivalent ratio KACT(k) after the normalization can be expressed by the following equation (15): ##EQU5##
  • the formula (14) can be transformed into the following formula (16).
  • the formula (16) can be solved with respect to the value u(k), to obtain an equation (17). Further, if the value u(k) obtained from the equation (17) is applied to the equation (15) to obtain the transfer function of the adaptive control system KACT(k)/KCMD(k), the following equation (18) is obtained: ##EQU6##
  • the adaptive parameters b 0 , s 0 , and r 1 to r 3 which change in an adaptive manner, by the use of a computer installed in an automotive vehicle.
  • conditional expression (20) is changed to a stricter conditional expression by setting a second stableness determination parameter CHAPAR2 to a value
  • OKSTR2 represents a second determination threshold value, which is set, e.g. to 0.3.
  • the equation for calculating the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR actually employed in the present embodiment will be described.
  • the above equations (8) to (13) are applied to a case where the control cycle and the repetition period of calculation of the KSTR value (repetition period of generation of TDC signal pulses) coincide with each other and the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR thus calculated is commonly used for all the cylinders.
  • the control cycle is as long as four TDC signal pulses corresponding to the number of cylinders, whereby the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR is determined cylinder by cylinder.
  • FIG. 8 shows a subroutine for calculating the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR, which is executed at the step S205 in FIG. 5.
  • an initialization parameter KSTRST for use at a step S415 is set to a learned value KREF1 of the feedback correction coefficient KFB calculated in the off-idling condition at a step S403. Further, the actual equivalent ratio KACT is forcibly set to "1.0" irrespective of the output from the LAF sensor 17 at a step S406, followed by the program proceeding to the step S415.
  • an initial value table shown in FIG. 11 is retrieved according to an initialization parameter KSTRST, to determine initial values boINI, s 0 INI, r 1 INI, r 2 INI, and r 3 INI, of the respective adaptive parameters b 0 , s 0 , and r 1 to r 3 , and values of the respective adaptive parameters obtained in the present loop to values obtained four loops before (b 0 (k) to b 0 (k-4), s 0 (k) to s 0 (k-4), r 1 (k) to r 1 (k-4), r 2 (k) to r 2 (k-4), and r 3 (k) to r 3 (k-4)) are all set to the respective initial values set above.
  • table values are set to values empirically determined so as to carry out stable adaptive control when used as the initial values, i.e. set to such values that a steady state error between the desired equivalent ratio KCMD and the actual equivalent ratio KACT is equal to zero in a steady condition of the engine
  • the table values of the respective initial values are decreased as the initialization parameter KSTRST increases.
  • step S401 determines whether or not the adaptive control flag FSTRFB assumed "1" in the last loop of execution of the present routine.
  • the initialization parameter KSTRST is set to a last value KFB (k-1) of the feedback correction coefficient KFB, and the steps S406 and S415 are executed to initialize the adaptive parameters b 0 , s 0 , and r 1 to r 3 , followed by the program proceeding to the step S421.
  • an adaptive parameter-calculating process shown in FIG. 10, is executed at a step S407 to calculate the adaptive parameters b 0 , s 0 , and r 1 to r 3 .
  • the calculation of the value ⁇ (k), i.e. the adaptive parameters b 0 , s 0 , and r 1 to r 3 by using the equation (26) is carried out once per four TDC periods (a period four times as long as the time interval between adjacent TDC signal pulses). Therefore, it is determined at a step S431 in FIG. 10 whether or not four TDC periods have elapsed from the last calculation of the adaptive parameters using the formula (26). If it is determined that four TDC periods have elapsed, a calculations are made of the adaptive parameters b 0 , s 0 , and r 1 to r 3 at a step S432.
  • the adaptive parameters b 0 (k), s 0 (k), and r 1 (k) to r 3 (k) are set to the last values b 0 (k-1), s 0 (k-1), and r 1 (k-1) to r 3 (k-1), respectively, at a step S433.
  • moving average values b 0 AV, s 0 AV, r 1 AV, r 2 AV and r 3 AV of the respective adaptive parameters b 0 , s 0 , and r 1 to r 3 over the four-TDC pulse period are calculated by the use of the following equations (31A) to (31E), respectively, at a step S434, followed by terminating the present routine:
  • the first and second stableness determination parameters CHAPAR1 and CHAPAR2 are calculated by the use of the following equations (32) and (33), respectively (see equations (23) and (24) ):
  • step S409 and S410 it is determined at steps S409 and S410 whether or not the first and second stableness parameters CHAPAR1 and CHAPAR2 are smaller than the first and second determination threshold values OKSTR1 and OKSTR2, respectively. If CHAPAR1 ⁇ OKSTR1 and CHAPAR2 ⁇ OKSTR2 hold, it is determined that the adaptive control is being stably carried out, and then a down-counting timer nSTRCHK, referred to at the following step S412, is set to a predetermined value NSTRCHK (e.g. 2) at a step S411, followed by the program proceeding to the step S421.
  • NSTRCHK e.g. 2
  • the initialization parameter KSTRST is set to the immediately preceding value KFB(k-1) of the feedback correction coefficient KFB at a step S414, and the adaptive parameters b 0 , s 0 , and r 1 to r 3 are initialized at the step S415, followed by the program proceeding to the step S421.
  • the identification rate or speed of these parameters is set to a rather small value as employed during idling.
  • the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR is calculated by applying the moving average values b 0 AV, s 0 AV, and r 1 AV to r 3 AV of the adaptive parameters calculated at the step S434 in the FIG. 10 subroutine to the above equation (30).
  • the reason why the moving average values of the adaptive parameters b 0 , s 0 , and r 1 to r 3 are used is that the adaptive parameters b 0 , s 0 , and r 1 to r 3 are updated once per four TDC periods, and unstableness of the adaptive control due to the low-pass characteristic of the LAF sensor 17 is to be avoided.
  • the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR thus calculated is limit-checked. More specifically, if the adaptive control correction coefficient KSTR is larger than the upper limit value O2LMTH, the KSTR value is set to the upper limit value O2LMTH at the steps S422 and S423, whereas if the KSTR value is smaller than the lower limit value O2LMTL, the KSTR value is set to the lower limit vale O2LMTL at the steps S424 and S425. On the other hand, if the KSTR value is in the range between the upper and lower limit values O2LMTH and O2LMTL, the program is immediately terminated with the KSTR value being maintained as it is.
  • the adaptive parameters b 0 , s 0 , and r 1 to r 3 are initialized according to the learned value KREF1 of the air-fuel ratio correction coefficient KFB or the last value of the feedback correction coefficient KFB, i.e.
  • the adaptive parameters are suitably set, to thereby avoid degraded controllability of the air-fuel ratio and a sudden change in the air-fuel ratio.
  • the adaptive parameters b 0 , s 0 , and r 1 to r 3 are suitably initialized, to thereby prevent unstable adaptive control and a sudden change in the air-fuel ratio.

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US6687597B2 (en) 2002-03-28 2004-02-03 Saskatchewan Research Council Neural control system and method for alternatively fueled engines
US20050131620A1 (en) * 2002-01-31 2005-06-16 Cambridge Consultants Limited Control system
US20060185655A1 (en) * 2003-04-22 2006-08-24 Noritake Mitsutani Air/fuel ratio control device for internal combustion engine
EP2135627A1 (en) 2003-08-14 2009-12-23 Tyco Healthcare Group Lp Heterogeneous yarns for surgical articles
EP3045703A1 (en) * 2015-01-14 2016-07-20 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Control device for internal combustion engine
US10914246B2 (en) 2017-03-14 2021-02-09 General Electric Company Air-fuel ratio regulation for internal combustion engines

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JPH08291747A (ja) * 1995-02-25 1996-11-05 Honda Motor Co Ltd 内燃機関の燃料噴射制御装置
US5636621A (en) * 1994-12-30 1997-06-10 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Fuel metering control system for internal combustion engine

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US5558075A (en) * 1994-08-12 1996-09-24 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Fuel metering control system for internal combustion engine
US5636621A (en) * 1994-12-30 1997-06-10 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Fuel metering control system for internal combustion engine
JPH08291747A (ja) * 1995-02-25 1996-11-05 Honda Motor Co Ltd 内燃機関の燃料噴射制御装置

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US20050131620A1 (en) * 2002-01-31 2005-06-16 Cambridge Consultants Limited Control system
US7016779B2 (en) * 2002-01-31 2006-03-21 Cambridge Consultants Limited Control system
US6687597B2 (en) 2002-03-28 2004-02-03 Saskatchewan Research Council Neural control system and method for alternatively fueled engines
US20060185655A1 (en) * 2003-04-22 2006-08-24 Noritake Mitsutani Air/fuel ratio control device for internal combustion engine
US7270119B2 (en) * 2003-04-22 2007-09-18 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Air/fuel ratio control device for internal combustion engine
EP2135627A1 (en) 2003-08-14 2009-12-23 Tyco Healthcare Group Lp Heterogeneous yarns for surgical articles
EP3045703A1 (en) * 2015-01-14 2016-07-20 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Control device for internal combustion engine
CN105781763A (zh) * 2015-01-14 2016-07-20 丰田自动车株式会社 用于内燃机的控制设备
US10161337B2 (en) 2015-01-14 2018-12-25 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Control device for internal combustion engine
CN105781763B (zh) * 2015-01-14 2019-03-12 丰田自动车株式会社 用于内燃机的控制设备
US10914246B2 (en) 2017-03-14 2021-02-09 General Electric Company Air-fuel ratio regulation for internal combustion engines

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