US5978063A - Smart spacers for active matrix liquid crystal projection light valves - Google Patents
Smart spacers for active matrix liquid crystal projection light valves Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5978063A US5978063A US08/842,586 US84258697A US5978063A US 5978063 A US5978063 A US 5978063A US 84258697 A US84258697 A US 84258697A US 5978063 A US5978063 A US 5978063A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- spacing elements
- display cell
- axis
- liquid crystal
- substrate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 title description 69
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 title description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 29
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000002858 crystal cell Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001410 Microfiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002457 flexible plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003658 microfiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006298 saran Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1339—Gaskets; Spacers; Sealing of cells
- G02F1/13394—Gaskets; Spacers; Sealing of cells spacers regularly patterned on the cell subtrate, e.g. walls, pillars
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
- G02F1/13378—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers by treatment of the surface, e.g. embossing, rubbing or light irradiation
- G02F1/133784—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers by treatment of the surface, e.g. embossing, rubbing or light irradiation by rubbing
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to displays and more particularly concerns an active matrix liquid crystal display cell in which smart spacers are provided having an anisotropic shape.
- AM LCD Active matrix liquid crystal displays
- the AM LCD is generally constructed using a rear glass layer with an addressing element and pixel ITO electrodes, a liquid crystal layer, and a front glass layer with addressing elements and pixel ITO electrodes.
- the cell gap spacing between the front and rear glass layers should remain uniform for consistent light propagation through the AM LCD.
- Several conventional ways are known to assemble AM LCDs and achieve uniform cell gap spacing within desired tolerance levels.
- FIG. 2 shows a conventional vacuum sealed plastic bag technique of assembling a liquid crystal display cell similar to the vacuum chuck or vacuum press method.
- the liquid crystal display cell includes a bottom substrate 12, a top substrate 14, a seal 16, liquid crystal material 18 and many randomly placed spacers 20.
- a vacuumed sealed plastic bag exerts the pressing force 24 on the liquid crystal display cell.
- the seal 16 is cured using either ultraviolet light or heat depending on the type of seal 16.
- FIG. 3 shows a conventional balloon method of assembly a liquid crystal display cell.
- the liquid crystal display cell includes a bottom substrate 12, a top substrate 14, a seal 16, liquid crystal material 18 and many randomly placed spacers 20.
- a balloon 30 and a thermal chuck hot plate 32 exert the pressing force 24 and cure the seal 16.
- the seal 16 is therefore thermally cured.
- the thermal chuck hot plate 32 may be replaced with glass and the liquid crystal display cell may be back irradiated with the ultraviolet light.
- FIG. 4 shows a top view of a liquid crystal display cell assembled using any one of the vacuum chuck method, the vacuum sealed plastic bag method or the balloon method.
- a nine pixel arrangement is shown merely for illustrative purposes even though the actual number of pixels will be much greater.
- the liquid crystal display cell is divided into an active aperture area 34 and a non-active area 36 with the spacers 20 randomly distributed throughout both the active aperture area 34 and the non-active area 36.
- the above-described conventional methods produce liquid crystal display cells with uniform cell thicknesses having acceptable tolerances.
- problems tend to occur as the size of the active aperture area 34 diminishes.
- the size of the active aperture area 34 may be of the same order of magnitude as the spacers 20.
- the spacers 20 overlap or rest on the active aperture area 34, they may occupy approximately 15% of the active aperture area 34, which significantly disrupts the performance of the liquid crystal display cell and degrades the resulting image.
- the spacers 20 disturb the liquid crystal profile around the spacers 20 which further degrades the resulting image, (i.e., reduces the brightness and contrast).
- the randomly placed spacers 20 may not be merely removed to leave the spacers 20 in the seal 16 as shown in FIG. 5 because the pressing force 24 results in a bend in the top substrate 14 that distorts the entire liquid crystal display cell and results in unacceptable image quality.
- the spacers may also be engineered to be highly anisotropic in shape so as to be compatible with the aggressive mechanical rubbing process of the LCD assembly.
- the distribution and number of the spacers may also be precisely controlled.
- the positioning of the spacers may be decided and controlled by a mask design using photolithography techniques. Further, the spacers may be very narrow so that their influence on the liquid crystal director-field can be contained in non-active areas to avoid projecting defect regions on the screen. Precise thickness control may be achieved using spin coating techniques or CVD technologies.
- the smart spacers may be fabricated on either the active matrix plate or on the cover plate.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of one method of assembling a liquid crystal display cell
- FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of another method of assembling a liquid crystal display cell
- FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of another method of assembling a liquid crystal display cell
- FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of yet another method of assembling a liquid crystal display cell
- FIG. 6 shows a top view of a bottom substrate
- FIG. 7 shows a side view of one spacer of the present invention
- FIG. 8 shows a top view of one spacer according to the present invention.
- FIG. 9 shows a rubbing process according to the present invention.
- FIGS. 10a-10c show various placements of spacers
- FIG. 11 shows a top view of one spacer on a substrate according to the present invention.
- FIG. 12 shows a side view of a liquid crystal display cell with a conventional spacer showing a disrupted region.
- spacers are photolithographically formed in non-active areas 36 of the bottom substrate 12.
- the spacers 54 may be photolithographically formed from a deposited dielectric such as CVD oxide, nitride and/or oxy/nitride.
- the spacers of the present invention do not overlap into the active areas 34.
- the spacers are anisotropic in shape to withstand the LCD assembly processes including the mechanical rubbing. Their shape is also optimized to be outside of the active areas 34 so that the influence they have on the liquid crystal director-field is contained within the non-active area 36.
- the spacer distribution and count is precisely controlled based on a mask design for well known photolithography techniques as is well known to one skilled in the art.
- FIG. 7 shows a side view of a spacer 54 of the present invention that may be formed using a mask and the negative photoreactive polyimide.
- Spacer 54 is anisotropic in shape as it includes first side 56 along an X direction (also known as the long axis) and a second side 58 along a Y direction (not shown in FIG. 7).
- the anisotropic shape of spacer 54 refers to a longer side along the X direction compared to the shorter side along the Y direction.
- the spacer 54 is preferably 12 ⁇ m along the X direction and 4 ⁇ m along the Y direction. However, these dimensions are variable depending on the display pixel design.
- the positioning of the spacer 54 is decided by a mask design as is well known to one skilled in the art. By controlling the mask design, the spacer distribution and count may also be controlled. Further, the spacers 54 can be made of sufficient size that their influence in the liquid crystal director field can be contained in non-active areas 36 to avoid projecting defect regions onto the screen. The precise thickness of the spacer 54 in the Z direction can be achieved by spin coating techniques or CVD technology as is well known to one skilled in the art.
- the cell gap of Z-height is on the order of 5 ⁇ m for LC materials with an optical anisotrophy, ⁇ n, of 0.09-0.1.
- the Z-height strongly depends on the ⁇ n of the LC being used.
- FIG. 8 shows a top view of spacer 54 in which corner sides 60 are provided between each of the first sides 56 and second sides 58.
- This provides a shape that enables spacers 54 to withstand the rubbing process and control their influence in the liquid crystal director field.
- the corner sides 60 solve interference problems of the prior art caused by the closeness of the spacers with the active areas 34.
- the corner sides 60 may also be rounded or curved.
- FIG. 9 shows a conventional LCD rubbing process using a roller 50 that rolls along the X direction (long axis) of the spacers 54.
- the spacers of the present invention withstand the rubbing process due to their anisotropic shape.
- Prior art spacers that are post-like are easily destroyed by the rubbing process.
- the top substrate 14 may be applied in conventional ways to form the complete liquid crystal cell.
- the spacers position depends on the mask design that is used to selectively position the spacers.
- spacers 54 may be placed at the intersection of the data lines 57 and the scan lines 59 of the LCD so that they are hidden from and therefore contained only in the non-active areas 36. Due to the anisotropic shape, the spacers 54 are not provided in the active areas 34.
- FIG. 10a shows an embodiment in which spacers 54 are provided at the intersection of each data line 57 and scan line 59.
- FIG. 10b shows an embodiment in which spacers 54 are provided at every fourth intersections.
- FIG. 10c shows an embodiment in which spacers 54 are randomly distributed throughout the substrate 12.
- Other mask designs provide spacers at every sixteen intersections or every thirty-two intersections. Again, the spacer distribution and count is precisely controlled based on the mask design. Ideally, the number of spacers 54 is minimized to ensure optimal optical performance.
- FIG. 11 shows four active areas 34 and one spacer element 54 provided within the intersection of the data line 57 and scan line 59.
- the spacer 54 includes both first sides 56 along the X direction (long axis), second sides 58 along the Y direction (short axis) and corner sides 60 between the first and second sides.
- the width of the spacer in the Y direction is preferably 3-5 micrometers.
- each respective corner side 60 is provided at least 11/2 micrometers away from each active area 34.
- the spacer 54 of the present invention is constructed to be narrow and anisotropic so that the liquid crystal director field has ample distance to maintain its optimal twisted form in the active pixel areas 34 and in addition is compatible with the LCD assembly process.
- the spacer 54 may also be fabricated onto the top surface 14.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (20)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/842,586 US5978063A (en) | 1997-04-15 | 1997-04-15 | Smart spacers for active matrix liquid crystal projection light valves |
JP10281098A JP4530437B2 (en) | 1997-04-15 | 1998-04-14 | Flat display |
JP2009006064A JP2009104166A (en) | 1997-04-15 | 2009-01-14 | Display cell and manufacturing method thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/842,586 US5978063A (en) | 1997-04-15 | 1997-04-15 | Smart spacers for active matrix liquid crystal projection light valves |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US5978063A true US5978063A (en) | 1999-11-02 |
Family
ID=25287722
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US08/842,586 Expired - Lifetime US5978063A (en) | 1997-04-15 | 1997-04-15 | Smart spacers for active matrix liquid crystal projection light valves |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5978063A (en) |
JP (2) | JP4530437B2 (en) |
Cited By (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6275277B1 (en) * | 1999-05-17 | 2001-08-14 | Colorado Microdisplay, Inc. | Micro liquid crystal displays having a circular cover glass and a viewing area free of spacers |
EP1154308A1 (en) | 2000-05-12 | 2001-11-14 | Sony Corporation | Liquid crystal display device |
US6465268B2 (en) * | 1997-05-22 | 2002-10-15 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Method of manufacturing an electro-optical device |
US20030160930A1 (en) * | 2002-02-26 | 2003-08-28 | Ling-Yuan Tseng | Method for forming spacers of micro-displays |
US20030173567A1 (en) * | 1999-05-14 | 2003-09-18 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device and method of fabricating the same |
US6638781B1 (en) | 1999-07-06 | 2003-10-28 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device and method of fabricating the same |
US6642987B2 (en) * | 2001-09-19 | 2003-11-04 | Intel Corporation | Built-in spacers for liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) devices |
US6655788B1 (en) | 2002-05-17 | 2003-12-02 | Viztec Inc. | Composite structure for enhanced flexibility of electro-optic displays with sliding layers |
US6667790B2 (en) * | 1999-02-05 | 2003-12-23 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display having particular spacer |
US20040169793A1 (en) * | 2002-04-04 | 2004-09-02 | Masumitsu Ino | Liquid crystal display |
US6816224B1 (en) * | 1999-03-04 | 2004-11-09 | National Semiconductor Corporation | Single metal pixel array for light valve utilizing lateral sublithographic spacer isolation |
KR100480694B1 (en) * | 2001-09-29 | 2005-04-06 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | Reflective type Liquid Crystal Display Device |
US20050156174A1 (en) * | 1999-05-14 | 2005-07-21 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Capacitor, semiconductor device, and manufacturing method thereof |
US7002659B1 (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2006-02-21 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal panel and liquid crystal projector |
US20060220021A1 (en) * | 2000-01-20 | 2006-10-05 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Method of manufacturing a semiconductor device |
US8530896B2 (en) | 1999-07-06 | 2013-09-10 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device comprising a pixel unit including an auxiliary capacitor |
CN103576373A (en) * | 2012-08-02 | 2014-02-12 | 瀚宇彩晶股份有限公司 | Liquid crystal display panel |
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US3863332A (en) * | 1973-06-28 | 1975-02-04 | Hughes Aircraft Co | Method of fabricating back panel for liquid crystal display |
US3978580A (en) * | 1973-06-28 | 1976-09-07 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Method of fabricating a liquid crystal display |
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JPH04240622A (en) * | 1991-01-24 | 1992-08-27 | Seiko Epson Corp | Liquid crystal electrooptical element |
JP3391485B2 (en) * | 1992-12-10 | 2003-03-31 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Manufacturing method of liquid crystal element |
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1997
- 1997-04-15 US US08/842,586 patent/US5978063A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-04-14 JP JP10281098A patent/JP4530437B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2009
- 2009-01-14 JP JP2009006064A patent/JP2009104166A/en active Pending
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US5739882A (en) * | 1991-11-18 | 1998-04-14 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | LCD polymerized column spacer formed on a modified substrate, from an acrylic resin, on a surface having hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions, or at regular spacings |
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Cited By (54)
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US8045125B2 (en) | 1997-05-22 | 2011-10-25 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device having a gap retaining member made of resin formed directly over the driver circuit |
US8854593B2 (en) | 1997-05-22 | 2014-10-07 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Electro-optical device |
US6465268B2 (en) * | 1997-05-22 | 2002-10-15 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Method of manufacturing an electro-optical device |
US20040218112A1 (en) * | 1997-05-22 | 2004-11-04 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Electro-optical device |
US20040207789A1 (en) * | 1997-05-22 | 2004-10-21 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Electro-optical device |
US6743650B2 (en) | 1997-05-22 | 2004-06-01 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Method of manufacturing an electro-optical device |
US20050157238A1 (en) * | 1999-02-05 | 2005-07-21 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display |
US20070206145A1 (en) * | 1999-02-05 | 2007-09-06 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display having particular electrodes and particular common line |
US6667790B2 (en) * | 1999-02-05 | 2003-12-23 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display having particular spacer |
US20040046922A1 (en) * | 1999-02-05 | 2004-03-11 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display |
US7030953B2 (en) | 1999-02-05 | 2006-04-18 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display with gate lines and an edge of the black matrix elongated parallel to an initial orientation direction |
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US20090122249A1 (en) * | 1999-02-05 | 2009-05-14 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display having particular electrodes and a spacer |
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US6816224B1 (en) * | 1999-03-04 | 2004-11-09 | National Semiconductor Corporation | Single metal pixel array for light valve utilizing lateral sublithographic spacer isolation |
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US7696514B2 (en) | 1999-05-14 | 2010-04-13 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Active matrix display device having a column-like spacer |
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US6825909B2 (en) * | 1999-05-17 | 2004-11-30 | Brillian Corporation | Micro liquid crystal displays |
US6275277B1 (en) * | 1999-05-17 | 2001-08-14 | Colorado Microdisplay, Inc. | Micro liquid crystal displays having a circular cover glass and a viewing area free of spacers |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2009104166A (en) | 2009-05-14 |
JPH10319413A (en) | 1998-12-04 |
JP4530437B2 (en) | 2010-08-25 |
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