US5686372A - Photocatalyst with modified alkyl silicate ester support and process for production thereof - Google Patents

Photocatalyst with modified alkyl silicate ester support and process for production thereof Download PDF

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US5686372A
US5686372A US08/451,650 US45165095A US5686372A US 5686372 A US5686372 A US 5686372A US 45165095 A US45165095 A US 45165095A US 5686372 A US5686372 A US 5686372A
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photocatalyst
silica
tio
support material
compound
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Cooper H. Langford
Giuseppe P. Lepore
Lalchan Persaud
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UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGIES Inc
University Technologies International Inc
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University Technologies International Inc
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Assigned to UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGIES INC. reassignment UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGIES INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LEPORE, GIUSEPPE P., PERSAUD, LALCHAN, LANGFORD, COOPER H.
Priority to CA 2222499 priority patent/CA2222499C/en
Priority to PCT/CA1996/000329 priority patent/WO1996037300A1/en
Priority to JP53522796A priority patent/JPH11505760A/ja
Priority to EP19960914828 priority patent/EP0846028B1/de
Priority to AT96914828T priority patent/ATE181854T1/de
Priority to DE69603192T priority patent/DE69603192T2/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0201—Oxygen-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0211—Oxygen-containing compounds with a metal-oxygen link
    • B01J31/0212—Alkoxylates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0272—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing elements other than those covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0255
    • B01J31/0274—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing elements other than those covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0255 containing silicon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B01J35/39—Photocatalytic properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • B01J21/08—Silica
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/0201—Impregnation
    • B01J37/0209—Impregnation involving a reaction between the support and a fluid
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
    • Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a photocatalyst compound and to a process for production thereof.
  • TiO 2 as a photocatalyst, is a superior material for the destruction of noxious contaminants contained in fluids such as water.
  • Most investigations to date have used this material in the form of a slurry ( ⁇ 0.1%) in a small static reactor (less than a few liters).
  • the slurry is exposed to electromagnetic radiation which results in catalytic destruction or decomposition of the pollutants in the fluid.
  • radiation having a wavelength of less than or equal to about 380 nm would result in catalytic destruction or decomposition of the pollutants in the fluid.
  • the use of a slurry in this manner is problematic and can give rise to problems of separation when scaling up to an industrial level, i.e. where volumes greater than 100 liters are commonly needed.
  • a disadvantage of the work done to date is that, with most of the supported TiO 2 photocatalysts, there is a drop-off in the photoactivity of the photocatalysts compared to the photoactivity of unsupported TiO 2 photocatalyst.
  • the present invention provides a photocatalyst compound comprising a silica-based support material having bound thereto a photocatalyst selected from the group consisting of TiO 2 , WO 3 and mixtures thereof, the photocatalyst compound having a modified surface consisting essentially of an alkyl silicate ester and a photocatalyst substantially free of ester groups.
  • the present invention provides a process for producing a photocatalyst compound comprising the steps of:
  • the present inventors have discovered that it is possible to enhance the adsorption and/or photocatalytic activity of a silica-based support material loaded with a photocatalyst if the loaded support material is further treated with an alcohol and thereafter selectively oxidized to produce a photocatalyst compound.
  • the present photocatalyst compound acts as a hydrophobic adsorbent rendering it ideal for use in aqueous fluids containing organic pollutants.
  • the present photocatalyst compound is characterized by having a modified surface consisting essentially of: (i) an alkyl silicate ester, and (ii) a photocatalyst substantially free of ester groups.
  • the principal advantage accruing from the present photocatalyst compounds is an improvement in the adsorption properties of the photocatalyst compound compared with conventional silica-based support materials which are unloaded or loaded with a photocatalyst.
  • esters when used in the context of the present photocatalyst compound, are intended to encompass the product of a condensation reaction between inorganic acid and an alcohol with the concurrent loss of a stoichiometric mount of water.
  • the inorganic acid is in the form of, for example, --Si(O)(OH)-- in the silica-based support material and --Ti(O)(OH)-- in the photocatalyst.
  • FIGS. 1-3 are graphs plotting percent 2,4-dichlorophenol removed versus time using photocatalyst compounds in accordance with the present invention.
  • an aspect of the present invention relates to a photocatalyst compound comprising a silica-based support material having bound thereto a photocatalyst selected from the group consisting of TiO 2 , WO 3 and mixtures thereof, the photocatalyst compound having a modified surface consisting essentially of an alkyl silicate ester and a photocatalyst substantially free of ester groups.
  • the photocatalyst is TiO 2 .
  • at least a portion of the TiO 2 is present in a non-crystalline form.
  • TiO 2 can exist in the following crystalline forms: anatase, rutile and brookite, as well as in an amorphous (i.e. non-crystalline) form.
  • the crystalline form be the anatase form.
  • the TiO 2 is present in an amount of from about 0.5% to about 10%, more preferably from about 2% to about 8%, most preferably from about 2% to about 6% by weight of the photocatalyst compound.
  • the precise amount of TiO 2 present in a given photocatalyst compound is best assessed by dissolution of the entire sample in a suitable acid and determination of Ti by well known techniques. In the case of insoluble supports the amount of TiO 2 can be approximated using conventional indirect techniques known to those of skill in the art.
  • the process for producing the photocatalyst compound comprises the steps of:
  • silica-based support material is intended to have a broad meaning and encompasses materials such as silica gel, silica beads, high silicon aluminosilicates (i.e. aluminosilicates having an Si/Al ratio of at least 10/1), sol-gel matrices and the like.
  • the silica-based support material is a silica gel or a silica bead, more preferably a silica gel.
  • the silica-based support material is a silica bead
  • the bead may be suitably pre-treated prior to loading of the TiO 2 , WO 3 and mixtures thereof to enhance loading of the TiO 2 on to the bead.
  • the silica-based support material has bound thereto a photocatalyst selected from the group consisting of TiO 2 , WO 3 and mixtures thereof.
  • a photocatalyst selected from the group consisting of TiO 2 , WO 3 and mixtures thereof.
  • the manner by which this loading is accomplished is not particularly restricted.
  • such a loaded silica-based support material may be obtained by a process comprising the steps of:
  • the colloidal suspension has an average particle size of from about 20 ⁇ to about 100 ⁇ , more preferably in the range of from about 20 ⁇ to about 75 ⁇ .
  • This suspension may be considered as a sol. More information on the preparation of sols may be found in J. Membrane Sci., 1988, 39, 243(Anderson et al.), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the silica-based support material may be obtained by a process comprising the steps of:
  • the impregnated support is heated to bond metal oxide and produce the silica-based support material.
  • the conditions of heating are not particularly restricted and are generally within the purview of a person skilled in the art.
  • heating is conducted at a temperature in the range of from about 250° to about 500° C. for a period of from about 4 to about 24 hours, preferably from about 10 to about 14 hours, more preferably about 12 hours.
  • the non-ionic titanium compound is selected from the group consisting of TiCl 4 , Ti(OR') 4 and mixtures thereof, wherein R' is a C 1 -C 10 alkyl group.
  • the preferred group for R' is propyl.
  • the silica-based support material may be obtained by a process comprising the steps of:
  • the silica-based support material having bound thereto the photocatalyst i.e. TiO 2 , WO 3 or mixtures thereof
  • an alcohol compound i.e. TiO 2 , WO 3 or mixtures thereof
  • the alcohol compound has the formula
  • R is the member selected from the group consisting of a C 1 -C 15 alkyl group, a C 6 -C 9 aryl group and a C 6 -C 15 alkylaryl group.
  • R is a C 1 -C 15 alkyl group, more preferably a C 4 -C 15 alkyl group.
  • R is selected from n-octyl and n-butyl, i.e. the alcohol is selected from n-octanol and n-butanol.
  • the contacting is done with mixing such as mixing with an impeller or, more preferably, with ultrasonic mixing. While the duration of contact between the silica-based support material having bound thereto the photocatalyst and the alcohol is not particularly restricted, it is preferred that the duration of contact be at least about one hour.
  • the temperature of the slurry is maintained above the boiling point of the slurry.
  • the temperature of the slurry should be at least 195° C., more preferably at least about 210° C., most preferably at least about 220° C.
  • the resulting substance can be removed from the slurry using conventional physical separation techniques such as gravity filtration, vacuum filtration and the like. Thereafter, the substance is subjected to selective oxidation to oxidize the esterified photocatalyst thereby producing a modified surface consisting essentially of an alkyl silicate ester and a non-esterified photocatalyst.
  • the oxidation is selective in that only esterified photocatalyst is oxidized to produce TiO 2 , WO 3 or mixtures thereof (i.e. non-esterified) while the alkyl silicate ester groups are unaffected.
  • a preferred form of selective oxidation is photolysis of a slurry of the substance in the present of a suitable oxidizing agent such as oxygen (e.g. neat or in the form of air).
  • a suitable oxidizing agent such as oxygen (e.g. neat or in the form of air).
  • photolysis is conducted at radiation wavelengths in the ultraviolet or near-ultraviolet regions. Practically, this includes conducted photolysis at wavelengths of less than about 380 nm.
  • the period of photolysis is not particularly restricted. It has been found that a period of 3 to 4 hours is sufficient to oxidize substantially all of the ester groups on the photocatalyst while leaving the alkyl silicate ester groups unaffected.
  • the present photocatalytic compound is hydrophobic in nature and is characterized by having a surface consisting essentially of: (i) an alkyl silicate ester, and (ii) a photocatalyst substantially free of ester groups.
  • R and R' are as defined above.
  • the presence of the alkyl silicate esters can be confirmed by conducting a conventional carbon/hydrogen elemental analysis.
  • the presence of photocatalyst substantially free of ester groups can be confirmed by assessing whether the product of the present process compound exhibits photocatalytic activity. Specifically, an esterified photocatalyst will be relatively non-photocatalytic.
  • a tungstate compound preferably a metatungstate compound, more preferably ammonium metatungstate ((NH 4 ) 6 H 2 W 12 O 40 ). This results in impregnation of the support material, which can then be separated, dried, and heated as described above.
  • the present photocatalyst compound is useful in the treatment fluids containing, inter alia, organic pollutants.
  • the photocatalyst compound can be used to catalyze photooxidation of the pollutants. This can be done by disposing the photocatalyst compound in the fluid to be treated and irradiating the fluid with radiation of a suitable wavelength.
  • the treatment process can be continuous or batchwise.
  • the design of a suitable fluid treatment system incorporating the present photocatalyst compound is within the purview of those of skill in the art.
  • Acetone spectroscopic grade, commercially available from ACP
  • Titanium dioxide p-25, 75% anatase form commercially available from Degussa Corporation;
  • Titanium (IV) isopropoxide, 97% pure, commercially available from Aldrich.
  • Tri-n-octylphosphine oxide commercially available from Terochem. Laboratories Ltd.
  • Substrate concentrations and product yields were monitored with a Varian 5000 Liquid Chromatograph instrument coupled with a UV-Vis variable/detector (set at 228 nm) and a 100 ⁇ L loop injector.
  • the instrument was interfaced to a Varian CDS 401 data station (Vista Series).
  • a Varian MicroPak MCH-10 reverse phase column (30 cm long ⁇ 4 mm I.D. ⁇ 0.25 in. O.D.) with 10 ⁇ m particle size was used.
  • An isocratic elution was performed with a mobile phase mixture of 50% deionized distilled water, 35% methanol and 15% acetonitrile. Samples for this instrumental analysis were filtered through an HVLP 0.45 ⁇ m pore size Millipore filter.
  • Photoactivity of the photocatalysts was evaluated in two Photochemical Reactors.
  • Photochemical Reactor 1 (hereinafter referred to as PR-1) was suited to evaluate powder samples having a particle diameter less than 1 min.
  • Photochemical Reactor 2 (hereinafter referred to as PR-2) was constructed to evaluate materials having a particle diameter in the range of 2 to 8 mm to model dynamic flow through reactors.
  • PR-1 was a static, thermostated 100 mL cylindrical PyrexTM cell equipped with a quartz glass window.
  • the reactor was covered entirely with aluminum foil leaving an aperture of approximately 3 cm 2 exposed to radiation at the face of the quartz window.
  • the light source was a PTI 200W xenon-mercury lamp powered by an LPS-250 PTI (Photon Technology International) power supply.
  • a water filter was placed at the front of the reactor to remove the infrared radiation fraction emitted by the light source.
  • the light intensity of the light incident inside the photoreactor geometry was measured with a potassium ferdoxalate actinometer using the protocol set out by Pitts et al., Photochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., New York, pg. 783-785 (1966), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • PR-2 was a non-static, long PyrexTM 22 cm ⁇ 8 cm glass tube having a dead volume of 35 mL.
  • the fluid being treated was continuously recirculated in the reactor zone from a 100 mL reservoir.
  • the effluent was periodically monitored from a 1 cm flow cell set in a UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
  • the absorption spectrum of the fluid being treated was scanned in the range of from 200 nm to 800 nm.
  • Photolysis was carried out in a high intensity RayonetTM photochemical reactor (The Southern New England Ultraviolet Co., Hamden, Conn.) equipped with eight 350 nm lamps.
  • Silica gel 100 was used in this Example.
  • the silica gel had particle diameters ranging from 0.063 to 0.200 mm, a mean pore diameter of 100 ⁇ , a specific surface area of 420 m 2 /g and a pore volume of 1.05 mL/g.
  • the pH of a 10% aqueous suspension of the silica gel was determined to be 7.0-7.5.
  • the silica gel was pre-treated with a warm solution (60° to 80° C.) of 0.1M HCl for 8 hours to remove any impurities.
  • the pretreated silica gel was then washed several times with distilled water, filtered on Whatman hardened ashless 541 filter paper (for coarse and gelatinous precipitates) and thereafter dried in an oven overnight at 105° C.
  • the TiO 2 loading in the material was determined using a classical colorimetric method that was highly selective and sensitive to titanium--see J. P. Young et al., Anal. Chem., 31, pgs. 393-397 (1959), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the method involved the dissolution of TiO 2 in acidic solution and the formation of an extractable titanium-thiocyanate complex which had a high molar extinction coefficient (4.10 ⁇ 10 4 M -1 cm -1 ) in the visible region (422 nm).
  • a standard curve of absorbance versus TiO 2 level was produced from analysis of a series of standard samples having a known TiO 2 loading. The standard curve was then used to assess the TiO 2 loading level in the material made in this Example. It was found that the TiO 2 loaded material had a TiO 2 loading level of 0.08% by weight of the sample.
  • a sample of the TiO 2 loaded material was heated to approximately 200° C. and then placed in a 50 mL TeflonTM tube containing n-octanol.
  • the tube was then autoclaved at a temperature of approximately 215° C. (i.e. approximately 20° C. above the boiling point of n-octanol) for 12 hours. Thereafter, the solid was removed from the tube, and washed with hexane, acetone and then methanol. The solid was then photolyzed in methanol for 3 to 4 hours to oxidize any esters surface bound to the TiO 2 .
  • Example 1 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated with the exception that the procedure ended with isolation of the TiO 2 loaded material. In other words, the material was not further reacted with n-octanol. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the Example is for comparative purposes only as a non-ester standard.
  • Coarse silica gel 58 was washed several times with distilled water and dried at 200° C.
  • the material had a specific surface area of 300 m 2 /g, a mean pore diameter of 140 ⁇ , a pore volume of 1.15 mL/g and a particle size in the range of from 4 to 8 mm.
  • the silica gel was placed in a flask and an excess amount of titanium (IV) isopropoxide was added to completely cover the silica gel in the flask.
  • the flask was stoppered and the mixture was allowed to equilibrate for 24 hours. Thereafter, excess titanium (IV) isopropoxide was decanted and the solid material remaining was left to stand for seven days to allow slow hydrolysis thereof to occur.
  • the solid material was immersed in distilled water to complete hydrolysis thereof.
  • Example 3 The procedure of Example 3 was repeated with the exception that the procedure ended with isolation of the TiO 2 loaded material. In other words, the heated material was not further reacted with n-octanol. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the Example is for comparative purposes only, as a non-ester standard.
  • TiO 2 p25, Degussa
  • silica gel 100 which had been pretreated as described in Example 1. Loading was effected successively using a loading level of 3 wt/wt % TiO 2 to silica gel. Specifically, a TiO 2 aqueous slurry (pH ⁇ 2.5) was initially sonicated for 20 minutes in a beaker. Thereafter, the silica gel was added to the beaker and the contents were sonicated for an additional 20 minute period. Most of the solvent was then evaporated by direct heating of the beaker and thereafter by placement in an oven maintained at 110° C. The dry powder was further heated at a temperature of 300° C.
  • Example 1 The dry powder was then was washed and filtered using the methodology described in Example 1. Using mass differential techniques, the final loading level of TiO 2 in the material was estimated to be 16.8% by weight. The TiO 2 /silica gel solid was then reacted with n-octanol and subsequently irradiated using the procedure of Example 1.
  • Example 5 The procedure of Example 5 was repeated with the exception that the procedure ended with isolation of the TiO 2 /silica gel solid. In other words, the TiO 2 loaded material was not further reacted with n-octanol. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the Example is for comparative purposes only, as a non-ester standard.
  • Example 5 The procedure of Example 5 was repeated except the silica gel used was silica gel 58. Prior to reaction with n-octanol, the TiO 2 /silica gel solid was estimated to have a TiO 2 content of 0.12% by weight.
  • Example 7 The procedure of Example 7 was repeated with the exception that the procedure ended with isolation of the TiO 2 /silica gel solid. In other words, the TiO 2 /silica gel solid was not further reacted with n-octanol. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, this Example is for comparative purposes only, as a non-ester standard.
  • Example 5 The procedure of Example 5 was repeated except, in place of silica gel, was used non-porous glass beads (3-4 mm in diameter) which were etched prior to use by immersion in a 1.4M NH 4 .HF solution. Prior to reaction with n-octanol, the TiO 2 /glass bead solid had TiO 2 content of 0.2% by weight.
  • Example 9 The procedure of Example 9 was repeated with the exception that the procedure ended with isolation of the TiO 2 /glass bead solid. In other words, the TiO 2 /glass bead solid was not further reacted with n-octanol. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, this Example is for comparative purposes only, as a non-ester standard.
  • the adsorption and photocatalytic activity properties of several of the photocatalyst materials prepared above were assessed with 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) as a model organic pollutant.
  • This substrate was selected for its notoriety as an environmental pollutant that is resistant to biodegradation.
  • PR-1 was used initially in this Example. The reactor was equipped with a lamp that emitted wavelengths greater than 320 nm with maximum emissions at 350 nm.
  • a 319.0 ⁇ M 2,4-DCP aqueous solution was prepared.
  • the pH of the solution was 5.4.
  • Direct photolysis showed negligible changes in concentration of 2,4-DCP after 5 hours, thus the lamps and the substrate were suitable for the photocatalysis investigation (i.e. 2,4-DCP did not degrade to any appreciable degree upon exposure to radiation only).
  • a slurry was prepared containing 0.300 g of the photocatalyst compound produced in Example 1 above and 100.0 mL of the 2,4-DCP aqueous solution.
  • the slurry was placed in PR-1.
  • the dark adsorption from the slurry was initially assessed for a period of 75 minutes.
  • the results are provided in FIG. 1.
  • the equilibrium dark sorption of 2,4-DCP was approximately 23%.
  • the irradiation lamp in PR-1 was turned on and the photoactivity of the slurry was assessed over a period of 125 minutes.
  • the results are provided in FIG. 1 and illustrate the removal of 2,4-DCP. Specifically, using photocatalyst compound of Example 1, it was possible to remove approximately 37% of the 2,4-DCP.
  • Example 1 From an industrial viewpoint, the relatively high adsorption and photocatalytic activity of this slurry would enable one to have the option to remove solid from the slurry after adsorption with a view to conducting photocatalysis in a different site.
  • the material produced in Example 1 can be considered an adsorptive photocatalyst compound.
  • a 3.00 g sample of the photocatalyst compound produced in Example 3 above was used in the study of the adsorption and photocatalytic activity of the sample in a 2,4-DCP aqueous solution.
  • the sample of photocatalyst compound was loaded into PR-2.
  • the dark adsorption of the slurry was initially assessed for a period of 100 minutes.
  • the results are provided in FIG. 2.
  • the equilibrium dark sorption of 2,4-DCP was approximately 55%.
  • the irradiation lamp in PR-2 was turned on and the photoactivity of the sample was assessed over a period of 140 minutes. Again, the results are provided in FIG. 2 and illustrate enhanced removal of 2,4-DCP.
  • this material is similar to the one produced in Example 1 in that both materials can be considered an adsorptive photocatalyst compound.
  • a slurry was prepared containing 0.300 g of the photocatalyst compound produced in Example 5 above and 100.0 mL of the 2,4-DCP aqueous solution.
  • the slurry was placed in PR-1.
  • the dark adsorption of the slurry was initially assessed for a period of 60 minutes.
  • the results are provided in FIG. 3.
  • the equilibrium dark sorption of 2,4-DCP was approximately 26%.
  • radiation lamp in PR-1 was turned on and the photoactivity of the slurry was assessed over a period of 240 minutes.
  • the results are provided in FIG. 3 and illustrate enhanced removal of 2,4-DCP. Specifically, using photocatalyst compound of Example 5, it was possible to remove approximately 52% of the 2,4-DCP.
  • this material is similar to the one produced in Examples 1 and 3 in that both materials can be considered an adsorptive photocatalyst compound.

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US08/451,650 1995-05-26 1995-05-26 Photocatalyst with modified alkyl silicate ester support and process for production thereof Expired - Fee Related US5686372A (en)

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US08/451,650 US5686372A (en) 1995-05-26 1995-05-26 Photocatalyst with modified alkyl silicate ester support and process for production thereof
EP19960914828 EP0846028B1 (de) 1995-05-26 1996-05-24 Photokatalysator und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
PCT/CA1996/000329 WO1996037300A1 (en) 1995-05-26 1996-05-24 Photocatalyst compound and process for production thereof
JP53522796A JPH11505760A (ja) 1995-05-26 1996-05-24 光触媒組成物およびその製法
CA 2222499 CA2222499C (en) 1995-05-26 1996-05-24 Photocatalyst compound and process for production thereof
AT96914828T ATE181854T1 (de) 1995-05-26 1996-05-24 Photokatalysator und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
DE69603192T DE69603192T2 (de) 1995-05-26 1996-05-24 Photokatalysator und verfahren zu seiner herstellung

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US6340711B1 (en) * 1996-08-30 2002-01-22 Showa Denko K.K. Particles aqueous dispersion and film of titanium oxide and preparation thereof
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US20040092393A1 (en) * 2002-11-08 2004-05-13 Claire Bygott Photocatalytic rutile titanium dioxide
US20040224145A1 (en) * 2003-05-05 2004-11-11 Weir John Douglas Self-decontaminating or self-cleaning coating for protection against hazardous bio-pathogens and toxic chemical agents
US20070119762A1 (en) * 2005-11-30 2007-05-31 Industrial Technology Research Institute Filtration device
US20090075067A1 (en) * 2007-09-14 2009-03-19 Cardinal Cg Company Low-maintenance coating technology
US7862910B2 (en) 2006-04-11 2011-01-04 Cardinal Cg Company Photocatalytic coatings having improved low-maintenance properties
USRE43817E1 (en) 2004-07-12 2012-11-20 Cardinal Cg Company Low-maintenance coatings
US9738967B2 (en) 2006-07-12 2017-08-22 Cardinal Cg Company Sputtering apparatus including target mounting and control
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KR101891512B1 (ko) * 2012-12-20 2018-08-24 오오오 ˝크라스노에 포레˝ 공기 및 수 정화 소독용 광촉매성 요소 및 이의 제조 방법

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US5981426A (en) * 1995-03-02 1999-11-09 University Technologies International Inc. Photocatalyst having an x-ray diffraction pattern which is substanially free of characteristic reflections associated with crystalline TiO2
US6340711B1 (en) * 1996-08-30 2002-01-22 Showa Denko K.K. Particles aqueous dispersion and film of titanium oxide and preparation thereof
US6479031B2 (en) 1996-08-30 2002-11-12 Showa Denko Kk Particles, aqueous dispersion and film of titanium oxide, and preparation thereof
US20040146740A1 (en) * 1996-08-30 2004-07-29 Showa Denko K.K. Particles, aqueous dispersion and film of titanium oxide, and preparation thereof
US6774147B2 (en) 1996-08-30 2004-08-10 Showa Denko K.K. Particles, aqueous dispersion and film of titanium oxide, and preparation thereof
US20070116954A1 (en) * 1996-08-30 2007-05-24 Showa Denko K.K. Particles, aqueous dispersion and film of titanium oxide, and preparation thereof
US7368183B2 (en) 1996-08-30 2008-05-06 Showa Denko K.K. Particles, aqueous dispersion and film of titanium oxide, and preparation thereof
US6265341B1 (en) * 1996-09-20 2001-07-24 Teruo Komatsu Highly functional base material and a method of manufacturing the same
US6414213B2 (en) * 1999-01-07 2002-07-02 Showa Denko K.K. Titanium oxide particle-coated interior member or indoor equipment
US7521039B2 (en) 2002-11-08 2009-04-21 Millennium Inorganic Chemicals, Inc. Photocatalytic rutile titanium dioxide
US20040092393A1 (en) * 2002-11-08 2004-05-13 Claire Bygott Photocatalytic rutile titanium dioxide
US20040224145A1 (en) * 2003-05-05 2004-11-11 Weir John Douglas Self-decontaminating or self-cleaning coating for protection against hazardous bio-pathogens and toxic chemical agents
USRE43817E1 (en) 2004-07-12 2012-11-20 Cardinal Cg Company Low-maintenance coatings
USRE44155E1 (en) 2004-07-12 2013-04-16 Cardinal Cg Company Low-maintenance coatings
US20070119762A1 (en) * 2005-11-30 2007-05-31 Industrial Technology Research Institute Filtration device
US7862910B2 (en) 2006-04-11 2011-01-04 Cardinal Cg Company Photocatalytic coatings having improved low-maintenance properties
US9738967B2 (en) 2006-07-12 2017-08-22 Cardinal Cg Company Sputtering apparatus including target mounting and control
US20090075069A1 (en) * 2007-09-14 2009-03-19 Myli Kari B Low-Maintenance Coatings, and Methods for Producing Low-Maintenance Coatings
US20090075067A1 (en) * 2007-09-14 2009-03-19 Cardinal Cg Company Low-maintenance coating technology
US7820296B2 (en) 2007-09-14 2010-10-26 Cardinal Cg Company Low-maintenance coating technology
US7820309B2 (en) 2007-09-14 2010-10-26 Cardinal Cg Company Low-maintenance coatings, and methods for producing low-maintenance coatings
US8506768B2 (en) 2007-09-14 2013-08-13 Cardinal Cg Company Low-maintenance coatings, and methods for producing low-maintenance coatings
US8696879B2 (en) 2007-09-14 2014-04-15 Cardinal Cg Company Low-maintenance coating technology
US10604442B2 (en) 2016-11-17 2020-03-31 Cardinal Cg Company Static-dissipative coating technology
US11325859B2 (en) 2016-11-17 2022-05-10 Cardinal Cg Company Static-dissipative coating technology

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CA2222499C (en) 2001-07-24
CA2222499A1 (en) 1996-11-28
WO1996037300A1 (en) 1996-11-28
DE69603192T2 (de) 2000-03-09
DE69603192D1 (de) 1999-08-12
JPH11505760A (ja) 1999-05-25
EP0846028B1 (de) 1999-07-07
ATE181854T1 (de) 1999-07-15

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