US5663142A - Protein S deletion variants deficient in C4BP binding activity, but having APC cofactor activity, compositions and therapeutic methods - Google Patents

Protein S deletion variants deficient in C4BP binding activity, but having APC cofactor activity, compositions and therapeutic methods Download PDF

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US5663142A
US5663142A US08/267,387 US26738794A US5663142A US 5663142 A US5663142 A US 5663142A US 26738794 A US26738794 A US 26738794A US 5663142 A US5663142 A US 5663142A
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protein
amino acid
sequence
deletion
c4bp
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Bonno Nammen Bouma
Rogier Maria Bertina
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Universiteit Leiden
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/745—Blood coagulation or fibrinolysis factors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to various functional variants of recombinant protein S (PS) that do not significantly bind C4b binding protein (C4BP) and uses of the variants as a therapeutic reagent.
  • PS recombinant protein S
  • C4BP C4b binding protein
  • Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent protein of 75,000 molecular weight with 635 amino acid residues. DiScipio et al., Biochem., 18:899 (1979); Lundwall et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83:6716-6720 (1986); Hoskins et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84:394-353 (1987). Human plasma contains 346 nM PS of which 62% is complexed with the ⁇ chain subunit of complement protein, C4b binding protein (C4BP), and 38% is not complexed to C4BP and considered "free PS".
  • C4b binding protein C4b binding protein
  • PS exhibits anticoagulant activity in in vitro clotting assays.
  • PS demonstrates anticoagulant cofactor activity for activated protein C (APC), an anticoagulant serine protease enzyme.
  • APC activated protein C
  • PS demonstrates anticoagulant cofactor activity for activated protein C (APC), an anticoagulant serine protease enzyme.
  • APC activated protein C
  • PS demonstrates anticoagulant cofactor activity for activated protein C (APC), an anticoagulant serine protease enzyme.
  • PS has also been shown to be an anticoagulant factor in the absence of APC as it can inhibit prothrombinase activity in assays free of APC (Mitchell et al., Thromb. Haemost., 60:298-304, 1988), and binds to Factor Va or Factor Xa and functions as an anticoagulant without APC. Heeb et al., Circulation, 86:3238a, 1992; and Heeb et al., Circulation, 86:1040a, 1992. In plasma, PS reversibly associates with C4BP with high affinity (dissociation constant of about 1-5 nanomolar).
  • PS is physiologically a very important antithrombotic factor since hereditary or acquired deficiencies of PS are associated with venous and arterial thrombotic disease. Allaart et al., Thromb. Haemost., 64:206 (1990); Sie et al., Thromb. Haemost., 62:1040 (1989); Engesser et al., Ann. Intern. Med., 106-677 (1987); Mannucci et al., Thromb. Haemost., 55:44(1986); and Schwartz et al., Blood, 74:213 (1989).
  • Forms of PS that have reduced affinity for C4BP would provide useful therapeutic agents since they could be administered without risk of loss of activity associated with binding to C4BP.
  • the E-variant has a deletion of the third epidermal growth factor like domain (deletion of exon VII corresponding to amino acid residues Asp-160-Asp-202) and expresses normal APC cofactor activity in a plasma system. This activity could be inhibited by the addition of purified C4BP, the binding affinity was similar to that exhibited by wild type.
  • the second variant which has a deletion of the C-terminal loop of the sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)-like domain (deletion of exon XV, corresponding to amino acid residues Asp-583 to Ser-635) also expresses normal APC cofactor activity in plasma. This indicates that the third EGF-like domain and the C-terminal part of the SHBG-like domain of protein S are not involved in the expression of the APC cofactor activity of protein S.
  • SHBG sex hormone binding globulin
  • the L-variant however shows reduced affinity for binding to C4BP. Due to the failure of monoclonal antibody S12 which recognizes a region close to Ser 460 to bind to the nondenatured L-variant and the recognition of S12 by denatured L-variant, indicating the presence of the S12-epitope on the mutant, it is suggested by Chang that deletion of the C-terminal terminal loop could induce a conformational change that results in a loss of binding affinity for C4BP at a binding site located outside the C-terminal loop of the protein S molecule and that loss of C4BP binding activity does not automatically imply that the C-terminal loop in particular Asp-583 to Serine 635 of the SHBG-like domain of protein S is involved in the interaction with C4BP.
  • the numbering of the residues used by Chang is based on the numbering allocated in Dahlback, B., Lundwall, ⁇ ., and Stenflo, J. (1986), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 78:2512-2516; Lundwall, ⁇ ., Dackowski, W., Cohen, E. Shaffer, M. Marh, A., Dahlback, B. Stenflo, J. and Wydro, R. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83:6716-6720; Hoskins, J., Norman, D. K., Beckman, R. J. and Long, G. L. (1987) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • deletion mutant lacking at least the postulated C4BP binding domain from residues 401-457 and the C4BP binding domain from 583-635 lacks C4BP binding activity but maintained APC cofactor activity.
  • deletion of the complete C-terminal region known as the SHBG-like domain i.e. deletion of approximately 2/3 of the wild type protein S without concomitant loss of APC cofactor activity of the resulting deletion mutant has been obtained.
  • Residues 243-635 were removed without destroying the APC cofactor activity of the resulting mini protein S comprising residues 1-242 of the wild type protein S.
  • the subject invention is directed at a deletion mutant of protein S, having cofactor activity toward APC and lacking at least the two C4BP binding domains of the SHBG-like domain of the corresponding mature wild type protein S.
  • the activity towards APC of the mutant protein S is no less than 95% of the activity illustrated by the corresponding mature wild type protein S from which the deletion mutant is derived.
  • the deletion mutant is derived from human protein S.
  • sequence id listing 1 the amino acid sequence of wild type human protein S is given.
  • residues 1-37 comprise the Gla domain
  • residues 38-45 comprise the hydrophobic region
  • residues 46-75 comprise the thrombin sensitive domain
  • residues 76-242 comprise the 4 epidermal growth factor like domains
  • residues 243-635 comprise the SHBG like domain.
  • the invention is therefore in a particular embodiment directed at a deletion mutant human protein S lacking at least amino acid residues 408-434 and 600-625 of the corresponding mature wild type human protein S.
  • a deletion mutant according to the invention can therefore have the amino acid sequence of sequence listing id 1, minus the deleted regions just indicated.
  • a deletion mutant according to the invention it is also possible for a deletion mutant according to the invention to not just miss the two small regions themselves but also to have a deletion of some or all of the interconnecting amino acid sequence.
  • Even more surprisingly it has been discovered that even a deletion of the complete SHBG like domain leads to a deletion mutant that still possesses activity toward APC cofactor. Such a mutant in fact still possesses more than 95% of the activity toward APC that the mature wild type protein S possesses. This is extraordinary as the SHBG-like domain comprises two thirds of the mature wild type protein S and it is generally not expected that such a large deletion will not lead to conformational changes in the rest of the protein leading to inactivation.
  • the invention is therefore directed at a deletion mutant protein S that has at least a deletion of the C4BP domains and can also comprise further deletions of any size in the amino acid sequence of the SHBG like domain, including deletion of the complete SHBG like domain.
  • the invention describes a modified deletion mutant protein S, a mini protein S designated dPs, which has the desirable properties of:
  • C4BP C4b binding protein
  • anticoagulant activity is meant that the dPS has the ability to increase the clotting time of protein S deficient plasma in standard in vitro APC cofactor assays, preferably by at least 5%, more preferably by at least 10%, and still more preferably by at least from about 20 to 50%.
  • standard in vitro APC cofactor assays preferably by at least 5%, more preferably by at least 10%, and still more preferably by at least from about 20 to 50%.
  • dPs of this invention to bind C4BP is measured in comparison to PS purified from human plasma, or PS produced by recombinant DNA methods, that is, wild-type PS.
  • Preparation of plasma-purified PS has been described by Dahlback et al., Biochem. J., 209:2007-2010 (1983), and by Schwartz et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,901. (The teachings of all references cited are hereby incorporated by reference).
  • Recombinant PS can be produced as described by Chang et al., Thrombos. Haemost., 67:526-532 (1992), or as described herein.
  • a reduced ability of dPS to bind C4BP when compared to wild-type human mature PS binding to C4BP can be any measurable decrease in binding in order to be useful according to this invention, because that reduced binding ability (expressed, for example, as a binding constant) translates into an increased resistance to neutralization by C4BP, an increased plasma level of free protein S, and therefore an effective increase in potency per unit weight of protein.
  • a preferred reduction in binding ability of C4BP is at least about 50%, preferably at least about 80%, and preferably at least about a 90 to 100% reduction in binding capacity, when measured in direct binding and expressed as a decrease in binding.
  • dPs has less than about 50%, preferably less than 20% to 0% of the C4BP binding capacity of wild-type human mature PS when compared in equivalent C4BP binding assays. Binding of dPS can be measured by a variety of means known to a person skilled in the art.
  • a dPS of this invention is preferably substantially homologous to the corresponding part of the amino acid sequence encoding wild-type mature PS.
  • dPS is to be used, at least in one embodiment, in methods of treatment in vivo, it is important to present to the patient a protein substantially homologous to the native (wild-type) human PS as to limit possible deleterious immune responses to the protein.
  • substantially homologous is meant at least 95%, preferably at least 98%, and more preferably at least 99%, of the amino acid residues are the same as in wild-type human mature PS of the corresponding part of the amino acid sequence encoding wild type human mature PS, thereby minimizing the overall differences of the dPS relative to wild-type PS when viewed by the immune system.
  • Mature PS refers to the protein after cleavage and removal of the leader polypeptide and signal sequence.
  • mutant protein S having the characteristics of dPS which are derived from other mammals, including cow, rat, rabbit, mouse, pig, primates, and the like.
  • the invention is therefore also preferably directed at deletion mutants in the various embodiments just described further comprising at least one mutation in the thrombin sensitive loop region of the Gla domain of the corresponding mature wild type protein S, said mutation rendering the deletion mutant thrombin resistant.
  • PS can be mutated at certain arginine residues, namely residues 49, 60 and 70 of wild-type PS, to reduce or eliminate the susceptibility of PS to proteolytic cleavages by thrombin which cause loss of anticoagulant activity.
  • Thrombin-sensitive cleavage sites on PS have been identified to reside at residue positions 49, 60 and 70 in the thrombin sensitive loop region, or T-loop region.
  • substitutions in this region define a class of mutations referred to as T-loop mutations that form a modified PS.
  • the subject invention is also directed at a deletion mutant of human protein S as described in the previous paragraph further comprising at least one mutation in the thrombin sensitive loop located in the region defined by residues 46 to 75 of the corresponding mature wild type human protein S.
  • the mutation in the thrombin sensitive loop is a substitution mutation.
  • Suitable mutation locations in the thrombin sensitive loop are residues at position 49, 60 and 70 of the amino acid sequence of the corresponding wild type mature human protein S.
  • the invention contemplates in another embodiment, a deletion mutant PS in which a further mutation comprises substitution of one or more of PS amino acid residue position numbers 49, 60 or 70.
  • substitutions are those selected from the group consisting of R49L, R60L and R70I.
  • Particularly preferred substitutions are selected from the group consisting of R49L/R60L, R49L/R70I, R60L/R70I and R49L/R60L/R70I.
  • the triple mutant is most preferred.
  • a preferred dPS of this invention has a sequence comprising both (1) deletions of the regions responsible for C4BP binding, e.g., amino acid residue positions 401-457 and 583-635 or a deletion of residues 243-C terminal residue, and (2) substitutions in the T-loop region as recited herein.
  • a preferred dPS has one or more substitutions in the thrombin sensitive loop, in addition to at least the deletions of the C4BP binding regions as defined herein.
  • Another embodiment of the subject invention comprises a further mutation, said further mutation being located in the region comprising epidermal growth factor like domains 3 and 4 in the corresponding wild type mature protein S, preferably in human protein S.
  • a mutation can be a substitution or deletion mutant. It is known from Dahlback et al. 1990c (Dahlback, B., Hildebrand, B., Malm J., Characterization of functionally important domains in human vitamin K-dependent protein S using monoclonal antibodies, J. Biol. Chem. 1990c; 265:8127-8135) that EGF1 and EGF2 are required for APC cofactor activity. As EGF3 and EGF4 are not required it is possible in addition to the previously mentioned embodiments of the invention to include deletion mutants also lacking the EGF3 and EGF4 domains, i.e. in the region comprised in residues 160-242.
  • deletion mutants according to the invention just described can also undergo any further modifications, i.e. additions, deletions or substitutions that do not decrease the APC cofactor activity.
  • additions, deletions or substitutions that do not decrease the APC cofactor activity.
  • a deletion mutant protein S (dPS) according to the present invention is used, as discussed further herein, in a variety of therapeutic methods.
  • a dPS can be formulated in pharmaceutical compositions, and can be administered to inhibit coagulation and other PS-mediated processes.
  • the invention is also directed at a synthetic or recombinant nucleotide sequence encoding an embodiment of a deletion mutant according to the invention and also covers a recombinant vector comprising such a nucleotide sequence, said vector preferably being capable of expressing said nucleotide sequence.
  • the invention also covers a host cell comprising such a nucleotide sequence and/or comprising such a recombinant vector, said host cell preferably being capable of secreting the expression product encoded on said nucleotide sequence or on said vector.
  • a nucleotide sequence of the present invention is characterized as including a DNA sequence that encodes a deletion mutant protein S (dPS) according to the present invention. That is, a DNA segment of the present invention is characterized by the presence of a dPS structural gene. Preferably the gene is present as an uninterrupted linear series of codons where each codon codes for an amino acid residue found in the dPS protein, i.e. a gene free of introns.
  • dPS deletion mutant protein S
  • One preferred embodiment is a nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid residue sequence that defines a dPS corresponding in sequence to a wild-type PS protein except that the amino acid residue sequence has at least two deletions of the amino acid sequence comprising the two C4BP binding sites, residues 401-457 and 583-635 and preferably a deletion of residues 243-C terminal residue, said nucleotide sequence preferably being capable of expressing a dPS.
  • a preferred nucleotide sequence codes for an amino acid residue sequence consisting essentially of the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 2 in which the aforementioned deletions of 401-457 and 583-635 are not present.
  • a DNA sequence corresponding to amino acid sequence id2 is sequence id1.
  • the PS nucleotide sequence id1 is also listed in Gen Bank having accession number Y00692. After post translation processing the corresponding amino acid sequence id2 is obtained. This amino acid residue sequence is also listed in Gen Bank having the accession number A26157.
  • such a nucleotide sequence further contains at least one of the substitutions selected from the group consisting of R49L, R60L and R70I, and the nucleotide sequence is capable of expressing a dPS.
  • a particularly preferred nucleotide sequence includes nucleotide sequences that code for a dPS having substitutions selected from the group consisting of R49L/R60L, R49L/R70I, R60L/R70I and R49L/R60L/R70I.
  • a nucleotide sequence codes for a dPS having deletions of at least both the C4BP binding domains and substitutions in the T-loop, as described herein.
  • Homologous DNA and RNA sequences that encode the above dPS are also contemplated.
  • DNA segments i.e. synthetic oligonucleotides
  • DNA segments that encode dPS proteins can easily be synthesized by chemical techniques, for example, the phosphotriester method of Matteucci, et al., (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103:3185-3191, 1981) or using automated synthesis methods.
  • larger DNA segments can readily be prepared by well known methods, such as synthesis of a group of oligonucleotides that define the DNA segment, followed by hybridization and ligation of oligonucleotides to build the complete segment.
  • the invention contemplates a recombinant DNA molecule (rDNA) comprising at least a nucleotide sequence of this invention.
  • rDNA can be produced by operatively linking a vector to a nucleotide sequence of the present invention.
  • vector refers to a DNA molecule capable of autonomous replication in a cell and to which another nucleotide sequence can be operatively linked so as to bring about replication of the attached segment.
  • a vector capable of directing the expression of a dPS gene is referred to herein as an "expression vector".
  • DNA segment of the present invention is operatively linked depends directly, as is well known in the art, on the functional properties desired, e.g., protein expression, and the host cell to be transformed, these being limitations inherent in the art of constructing recombinant DNA molecules.
  • Those vectors that include a procaryotic replicon can also include a procaryotic promoter capable of directing the expression (transcription and translation) of the dPS gene in a bacterial host cell, such as E. coli, transformed therewith.
  • Promoter sequences compatible with bacterial hosts are typically provided in plasmid vectors containing convenient restriction sites for insertion of a DNA segment of the present invention.
  • Typical of such vector plasmids are pUC8, pUC9, pBR322 and pBR329 available from Biorad Laboratories, (Richmond, Calif.) and pPL and pKK223 available from Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.
  • Expression vectors compatible with eucaryotic cells can also be used to form the recombinant DNA molecules of the present invention.
  • Eucaryotic cell expression vectors are well known in the art and are available from several commercial sources. Typically, such vectors are provided containing convenient restriction sites for insertion of the desired DNA segment.
  • Typical of such vectors are pSVL and pKSV-10 (Pharmacia), pBPV-1/pML2d (International Biotechnologies, Inc.), pXT1 available from Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.), pJ5E ⁇ available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Rockville, Md.) as accession number ATCC 37722, pTDT1 (ATCC 31255), and the like eucaryotic expression vectors.
  • the invention also contemplates a host cell transformed with a recombinant DNA molecule of the present invention.
  • the host cell can be either procaryotic of eucaryotic, although eucaryotic cells are preferred.
  • Eucaryotic cells useful for expression of a dPS protein are not limited, so long as the cell line is compatible with cell culture methods and compatible with the propagation of the expression vector and expression of the dPS gene product.
  • Preferred eucaryotic host cells include yeast and mammalian cells, preferably vertebrate cells such as those from a mouse, rat, monkey or human fibroblastic cell line.
  • Preferred eucaryotic host cells include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells available from the ATCC as CCL61, NIH Swiss mouse embryo cells NIH/3T3 available from the ATCC as CRL 1658, baby hamster kidney cells (BHK), and the like eucaryotic tissue culture cell lines.
  • Particularly preferred and exemplary is the mouse mammary tumor cell line C127I described by Howley et al., J. Virol., 26:291-298 (1978), and available from the ATCC as ATCC CRL 1616.
  • Transformation of appropriate cell hosts with a recombinant DNA molecule of the present invention is accomplished by well known methods that typically depend on the type of vector used. With regard to transformation of procaryotic host cells, see, for example, Cohen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 69:2110 (1972); and Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Mammal, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982).
  • Successfully transformed cells i.e., cells that contain a rDNA molecule of the present invention, can be identified by well known techniques, such as that described by Southern, J. Mol. Biol., 98:503 (1975) or Berent et al., Biotech., 3:208 (1985).
  • the present invention also contemplates a culture of those cells, preferably a monoclonal (clonally homogeneous) culture, or a culture derived from a monoclonal culture, in a nutrient medium.
  • the culture also contains a protein displaying dPS antigenicity or biological activity.
  • Nutrient media useful for culturing transformed host cells are well known in the art and can be obtained from several commercial sources.
  • a "serum-free" medium can be used. Preferred are the culturing conditions described herein.
  • Deletion mutant human protein S (dPS) of this invention can be produced by a variety of means, and such production means are not to be considered as limiting.
  • Preparation of a dPS typically comprises the steps of: providing a DNA segment that codes a dPS protein of this invention; introduction of the provided DNA segment into an expression vector; introduction of the vector into a compatible host cell; culturing the host cell under conditions sufficient for expression of the dPS protein; and harvesting the expressed dPS protein from the host cell.
  • the purification of dPS can be conducted by a variety of art-recognized procedures for preparing purified PS from cell culture.
  • a dPS protein is prepared using a nucleotide sequence as described herein.
  • a variety of dPS proteins can be produced by the present methods. Additional substitutions (mutations) or deletions other than those described specifically herein can be readily designed to form a dPS having the disclosed biological activities.
  • the mutations can be introduced by any of a variety of procedures, such as in vitro site-directed mutagenesis using preselected oligonucleotides.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a deletion mutant protein S according to the invention as active component.
  • a deletion mutant protein S according to the invention as such or as a pharmaceutical composition for treatment of any of the following: a patient at risk for acute thrombosis, protein S deficiency, sepis, inflammation and cancer also fall within the scope of the invention.
  • a deletion mutant human protein S (dPS) of the invention is typically provided in one or more of a variety of compositional forms suitable for the contemplated use. Although dPS retains its biological activity in a variety of buffers and solutions, it is preferred to be formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Particularly preferred are compositions which afford maximum stability and biological activity of the dPS in the composition. Such compositions are generally well known in the art.
  • a composition can further contain a therapeutically effective amount of a second active ingredient that is effective as an anticoagulant or thrombolytic agent.
  • compositions further contain divalent calcium cations, typically in a physiological amount.
  • compositions of the present invention contain a physiologically tolerable carrier together with at least one species of dPS as described herein, dissolved or dispersed therein as an active ingredient.
  • the therapeutic composition is not immunogenic when administered to a human patient for therapeutic purposes.
  • compositions, carriers, diluents and reagents are used interchangeably and represent that the materials are capable of administration to or upon a human without the production of undesirable physiological effects such as nausea, dizziness, gastric upset and the like.
  • a therapeutic composition is preferably pyrogen free, i.e., incapable of inducing a pyrogenic response when assayed in conventional assays for pyrogens.
  • compositions that contains active ingredients dissolved or dispersed therein are well understood in the art.
  • compositions are prepared as sterile injectables either as liquid solutions or suspensions, aqueous or non-aqueous, however, solid forms suitable for solution, or suspensions, in liquid prior to use can also be prepared.
  • the preparation can also be emulsified.
  • a therapeutic amount of dPS can be present in an ointment or on a diffusible patch, such as a bandage, as to afford local delivery of the agent.
  • composition can contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like which enhance the effectiveness of the active ingredient.
  • auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like which enhance the effectiveness of the active ingredient.
  • the therapeutic composition of the present invention can include pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the components therein.
  • Physiologically tolerable carriers are well known in the art.
  • Exemplary of liquid carriers are sterile aqueous solutions that contain no materials in addition to the active ingredients and water, or contain a buffer such as sodium phosphate at physiological pH value, physiological saline or both, such as phosphate-buffered saline.
  • aqueous carriers can contain more than one buffer salt, as well as salts such as sodium and potassium chlorides, dextrose, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and other solutes.
  • Liquid compositions can also contain liquid phases in addition to and to the exclusion of water, as described herein.
  • a therapeutic composition contains an effective amount of dPS of the present invention, typically an amount of at least 0.1 weight percent of active protein per weight of total therapeutic composition.
  • a weight percent is a ratio by weight of dPS protein to total composition.
  • a dPS of this invention has the ability to function as a useful anticoagulant with increased plasma levels of free PS due to its relative inability to be inactivated by C4BP.
  • a dPS of this invention can be used therapeutically in place of wild-type protein S (PS) where PS might be used therapeutically.
  • PS wild-type protein S
  • Typical applications for PS, and particularly a dPS of this invention include coagulative processes in which PS can function to inhibit coagulation, and particularly those processes where C4BP would be present to inhibit PS.
  • a representative patient for practicing the present methods is any human at risk for thrombosis, inflammation or other deleterious biological processes in which wild-type PS would provide an ameliorative effect.
  • Exemplary coagulative processes of particular therapeutic importance for a therapeutic method using dPS include acute thrombosis (both venous and/or arterial), hereditary or acquired protein S deficiency, sepsis, inflammation processes, and cancer.
  • the use of PS in arterial and venous thrombosis is particularly preferred, as indicated by several studies; Green, et al., Neurology, 42:1029 (1992); T Subscriben, et al., Schenlz.med Wschr., 119:493-499 (1989); Wiesel, et al., Thromb. Res., 58:461-468 (1990).
  • the method comprises contacting a tissue, organ, body fluid sample such as blood, plasma or serum, or the circulatory system of a patient, in vivo or in vitro, with a composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of a dPS of this invention.
  • a composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of a dPS of this invention.
  • the contacting in vivo is accomplished by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a physiologically tolerable composition containing a dPS of this invention to a patient.
  • the present invention describes in one embodiment a method for inhibiting coagulation in a human comprising administering to the human a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a dPS of this invention.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a dPS is a predetermined amount calculated to achieve the desired effect, i.e., to reduce the coagulation time in the body fluid sample of the circulation of the patient, and thereby decrease the likelihood of coagulation.
  • an effective amount can be measured by improvements in one or more symptoms associated with coagulation, inflammation, sepsis or protein S deficiency.
  • the dosage ranges for the administration of a dPS of the invention are those large enough to produce the desired effect in which the symptoms of coagulation are ameliorated or the likelihood of coagulation is decreased.
  • the dosage should not be so large as to cause adverse side effects, such as hyperviscosity syndromes, pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure, and the like.
  • the dosage will vary with the age, condition, sex and extent of the disease in the patient and can be determined by one of skill in the art.
  • the dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician in the event of any complication.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of an dPS of this invention is typically an amount such that when administered in a physiologically tolerable composition is sufficient to achieve a plasma or local concentration of from about 1 nanomolar (nM) to 1 micromolar (uM), preferably about 10 to 500 nM, and most preferably about 50 to 200 nM.
  • nM nanomolar
  • uM micromolar
  • the dPS of the invention can be administered parenterally by injection or by gradual infusion over time.
  • the dPS of the invention can be administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intracavitally, transdermally, dermally, and can be delivered by peristaltic means. Because coagulation and inflammation are preferred targets for the present methods, intravenous administration to the circulation is a particularly preferred route.
  • the invention contemplates the use of dPS in combination with other anticoagulation therapies.
  • a preferred embodiment utilizes dPS therapeutic compositions in combination with therapeutically effective amounts of protein C (PC) zymogen or APC.
  • PC is known to be converted in vivo to APC, and can therefore be used in place of or in combination with APC in in vivo methods. Therefore, in one embodiment the invention contemplates a method of inhibiting coagulation comprising the administration of both a therapeutically effective amount of dPS and a therapeutically effective amount of PC, APC or both, each in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • a representative procedure using native PS and APC is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,901 to Schwarz et al., as is the preparation of purified APC suitable for therapeutic use.
  • a recombinant human protein S molecule that lacks the human sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) like domain was constructed.
  • the truncated molecule was expressed in a mammalian cell expression system, purified from the cell culture medium and characterized.
  • mini protein S was probed with a panel of anti-protein S monoclonal antibodies.
  • mini protein S did not interact with C4b-binding protein (C4BP) in a system using purified proteins, suggesting the binding site for C4BP to be localized in the SHBG-like domain.
  • C4BP C4b-binding protein
  • C4BP and anti-C4BP monoclonal antibodies 8C11, directed against the ⁇ -chain of C4BP was prepared as described (Hessing, M., Vlooswijk, R. A. A., hackeng, T., Kanters, D. and Bouma, B. N. (1990) J. Immunol. 144, 204-208).
  • Rabbit anti human protein S IgG conjugated to peroxidase were from Dakopatts (Glostrup, Denmark).
  • Monoclonal antibodies were prepared as described (Hackeng, T.
  • the following 36-mer was used as primer: 5'-CAG AAG AGT TaT GAG TAA GTT TCA GTG TGC CTT CCC-3 to hybridize with the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence between residues 238-249.
  • the codon TAA at position 243 is a stop codon, therefore the recombinant protein is 242 amino acids long. Underlined nucleotides were altered. Site directed mutagenesis was performed according to Kunkel (Kunkel, T. A. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 488-492).
  • the M13mp19 clone carrying the protein S insert was infected into CJ236 (dut - ung - ) cells and uracil-containing single stranded phage DNA was isolated and used as template. After second strand synthesis with T7 DNA Polymerase and ligation with T4 DNA Ligase competent XL-I blue (dut + ung + ) cells were transformed. Single stranded DNA from individual resultant plaques was isolated and sequenced by the dideoxy chain termination method (Sanger, F., Nicklen, S. and Coulson, A. R. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 5463-5467) to confirm the sequence was as expected.
  • Double-stranded phage DNA was isolated from bacterial cells and the protein S insert isolated, after Hind III and Xba I digestion and recloned into pMSVPS.
  • the BPV-1 genome was isolated after BamH I digestion of pTZX-BPV as described before (Chang, G. T. G., Ploos van Amstel, H. K., Hessing, M., Reitsma, P. H., Bertina, R. M. and Bouma, B. N. (1992) Thromb. Haemost. 67, 526-532) and cloned into pMSVPS.
  • the resulting plasmid was purified by polyethylene glycol precipitation and deposited at the CBS in Baarn, the Netherlands on Jun. 24, 1993 under accession number 36193 in accordance with the Budapest Treaty.
  • the conditioned medium containing recombinant protein S was harvested after 48 h of expression in the presence of vitamin K 1 (Konakion, Roche, 5 ⁇ g/ml).
  • Recombinant protein S was purified on an anion exchange column (Fast Flow Q resin, Pharmacia) as described (Chang, G. T. G., Ploos van Amstel, H. K., Hassing, M., Reitsma, P. H., Bertina, R. M. and Bouma, B. N. (1992) Thromb. Haemost. 67, 526-532).
  • Protein S Assays--Protein S antigen was determined using a specific monoclonal antibody ELISA, IgG of two independent anti-protein S monoclonal antibodies (13 and 3D9, 5 ⁇ g/ml each) were coated in 50 mM NaHCO 3 , pH 9.6 overnight at 4° C. on to polyvinyl microtiter plates (Costar, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.).
  • APC cofactor activity was determined in a clotting assay as described by Chang, G. T. G., Ploos van Amstel, H. K., Hessing, M., Retisma, P. H., Bertina, R. M. and Bouma, B. N. (1992) Thromb. Haemost. 67, 526-532).
  • mini protein S (residues 1-242) was constructed and was expressed in C127 cells. Foci producing recombinant mini protein S as determined by an ELISA were isolated and subcloned using 1 cell/well. The highest protein S producing clone was used for large-scale production of mini protein S. Mini protein S was purified from the culture medium using a Fast Flow Q column. On reduced SDS gels mini protein S had lower apparent molecular masses of 30 and 20 kD (FIG. 1). The upper band represented mature protein S (residues 1-242) and could be converted into the lower band by thrombin (residues 71-242).
  • FIG. 2 demonstrates that mini protein S possesses cofactor activity to APC, which could be inhibited by thrombin.
  • the cofactor activity was two-fold lower compared to wild type protein S on a molar basis. This could be due to the amount of cleaved material in the mini protein S preparation.
  • mini protein S contained 80% cleaved material, whereas wild type protein S contained 50% (FIG. 1).
  • FIG. 3 Binding of mini protein S to C4BP in the presence of calcium (FIG. 3) shows that the mini protein S does not bind to C4BP as the wild type recombinant protein S. This suggests that the SHBG-like domain contains the binding site for C4BP. It further suggests that the SHBG-like domain is probably not involved in the anticoagulant system, but more in the complement system.
  • antibody 18 recognized mini protein S equally well as wild type, whereas S7 did not recognize mini protein S.
  • Monoclonal antibody 18 is directed against an epitope in the EGF3 and EGF4 region, whereas monoclonal antibody S7 is directed against an epitope in the SHBG region close to amino acid 460.
  • FIG. 1 SDS/PAGE analysis of immunoblotted protein S. Aliquota (100 ng) of recombinant protein S (lane 1) or mini protein S (lane 2) were separated on a 12.5% SDS gel under reducing conditions and immunoblotted onto immobilon membranes. Bound proteins were detected using rabbit anti-protein S polyclonal antibodies conjugated to peroxidase.
  • FIG. 2 Protein S cofactor activity to APC: effect of thrombin.
  • the protein S dependent prolongation of the clotting time was measured in an activated partial thromboplastin time system using protein S and C4BP depleted plasma, APC, kaolin and cephalin. Increasing amounts of recombinant protein S (circles), or mini protein S (squares) treated without (open symbols) or with (closed symbols) thrombin were added. Clotting was initiated by the addition of CaCl 2 and the clotting time was measured. The experiment was performed in duplicate.
  • FIG. 3 Binding of mini protein S to C4BP.
  • Anti-C4BP monoclonal antibody 8C11 IgG was coated onto mtcrotitre wells to catch C4BP (1 ⁇ g/ml).
  • Recombinant protein S (circles) or mini protein S (squares) were added in increasing amounts in the presence of calcium. Binding to C4BP was for 18 h at room temperature. Bound protein S was detected with anti-protein S 18 IgG conjugated to biotin (0.5 ⁇ g/ml). The experiment was performed in duplicate.
  • FIG. 4 Binding of mini protein S to different monoclonal antibodies.
  • Microtiter plates were coated with a fixed amount of wild type recombinant (rec) ([], 0) or mini protein S (mini) ( ⁇ , V) and increasing amounts of different monoclonal antibodies S7 ([], V) or 18 (0, ⁇ ) were added for 2 h at room temperature. Bound antibodies were measured using rabbit anti-mouse antibodies conjugated to peroxidase as described in "Experimental Procedures".
  • FIG. 5 Primary structure of human protein S. Amino acid sequence (one-letter code) for human prepro protein S and location of the 14 introns (A--N), indicated by solid arrows.
  • the prepro leader sequence includes residues -41 to -1. Solid bars are disulfide bonds; ⁇ , ⁇ , carboxyglutamic acid (GLA); ⁇ , ⁇ -hydroxyaspartic acid or ⁇ -hydroxyasparagine; *, thrombin-cleavage site in the thrombin-sensitive domain; o, aromatic amino acid residues in the aromatic stack domain; open diamonds indicate potential carbohydrate attachment sites of the Asn-X-Ser/Tyr type. Large numbers denote orders of four epidermal growth factor-like domains, which are followed by the sex hormone binding globulin-like domain.

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WO2004092735A2 (en) * 2003-04-18 2004-10-28 Novartis Ag Methods and compositions targeting tyrosine kinases for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis
WO2004030619A3 (en) * 2002-09-30 2005-06-02 Socratech L L C Protein s protects the nervous system from injury
US20070142272A1 (en) * 2003-01-24 2007-06-21 Zlokovic Berislav V Neuroprotective activity of activated protein c independent of its anticoagulant activity
US20080305100A1 (en) * 2004-07-23 2008-12-11 Zlokovic Berislav V Activated Protein C Inhibits Undesirable Effects of Plasminogen Activator in the Brain

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US5863896A (en) 1995-11-09 1999-01-26 Immuno Ag Evaluation of substances for altering and for increasing APC response
SE9604378D0 (sv) * 1996-11-27 1996-11-27 Tac Ab Methods and reagents for determining protein S
SE9701228D0 (sv) * 1997-04-03 1997-04-03 Bjoern Dahlbaeck Rekombinanta protein-C-och protein-S-varianter
MX2015011873A (es) * 2013-03-15 2016-01-25 Bayer Healthcare Llc Dominios gla como agentes de direccionamiento.
AU2018328223A1 (en) 2017-09-05 2020-03-12 GLAdiator Biosciences, Inc. Delivery of payloads to stem cells

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004030619A3 (en) * 2002-09-30 2005-06-02 Socratech L L C Protein s protects the nervous system from injury
US20060052281A1 (en) * 2002-09-30 2006-03-09 Zlokovic Berislav V Protein s protects the nervous system from injury
US7968515B2 (en) 2002-09-30 2011-06-28 Socratech L.L.C. Protein S protects the nervous system from injury
US20070142272A1 (en) * 2003-01-24 2007-06-21 Zlokovic Berislav V Neuroprotective activity of activated protein c independent of its anticoagulant activity
WO2004092735A2 (en) * 2003-04-18 2004-10-28 Novartis Ag Methods and compositions targeting tyrosine kinases for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis
WO2004092735A3 (en) * 2003-04-18 2005-03-17 Novartis Ag Methods and compositions targeting tyrosine kinases for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis
US20080305100A1 (en) * 2004-07-23 2008-12-11 Zlokovic Berislav V Activated Protein C Inhibits Undesirable Effects of Plasminogen Activator in the Brain

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