US4983148A - Mechanical component consisting of anti-static material - Google Patents
Mechanical component consisting of anti-static material Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4983148A US4983148A US07/444,691 US44469189A US4983148A US 4983148 A US4983148 A US 4983148A US 44469189 A US44469189 A US 44469189A US 4983148 A US4983148 A US 4983148A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- mechanical component
- carbon fibers
- synthetic resin
- component
- paper
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/65—Apparatus which relate to the handling of copy material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
- C08K7/02—Fibres or whiskers
- C08K7/04—Fibres or whiskers inorganic
- C08K7/06—Elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
- C08K9/02—Ingredients treated with inorganic substances
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/04—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for exposing, i.e. imagewise exposure by optically projecting the original image on a photoconductive recording material
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/00362—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes relating to the copy medium handling
- G03G2215/00367—The feeding path segment where particular handling of the copy medium occurs, segments being adjacent and non-overlapping. Each segment is identified by the most downstream point in the segment, so that for instance the segment labelled "Fixing device" is referring to the path between the "Transfer device" and the "Fixing device"
- G03G2215/00371—General use over the entire feeding path
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/00362—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes relating to the copy medium handling
- G03G2215/00535—Stable handling of copy medium
- G03G2215/00679—Conveying means details, e.g. roller
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/00362—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes relating to the copy medium handling
- G03G2215/00535—Stable handling of copy medium
- G03G2215/00679—Conveying means details, e.g. roller
- G03G2215/00683—Chemical properties
Definitions
- This invention relates to a mechanical component consisting of anti-static material used for equipment, such as a copying machine, a facsimile machine, and an electrostatic plotter, which make copies or draw charts by means of static electricity, laser, or the like.
- Mechanical components such as a drive belt and a driven belt including a V-belt and a timing belt, a roller and a flat belt for feeding paper, and a light carriages of a copying machine, need some elasticity and they are made of synthetic resin such as silicon rubber, hard rubber, or the like. Yet, since these synthetic resin mechanical components are insulating materials, they become charged with static electricity caused by friction. In order to prevent static electricity, these mechanical components contain conductive filler such as carbon black and metallic particles. However, these mechanical components endowed with conductivity by conductive filler have the following problems.
- metallic particles when metallic particles are mixed in synthetic resin, the, metallic particles are apt to be randomly, or non-uniformly, dispersed because the specific gravity of the metallic particles is different from that of the synthetic resin. Therefore, mechanical components including metallic particles as a conductive filler have inconsistent electric resistivity.
- This object is achieved by this invention, which provides a mechanical component including conductive filler mixed in synthetic resin.
- the carbon fiber, as conductive filler is made of hydrocarbon by means of vapor-phase system where the hydrocarbon is pyrolyzed, and has hyperfine powder of high-melting metal and/or its compound as nuclei.
- FIG. 1 is an illustration of mechanical components embodying this invention.
- a mechanical component of this invention consists of anti-static compound material of synthetic resin and carbon fiber.
- the present carbon fiber has a shape like a whisker, a small diameter, and a superior affinity for polymeric materials compared with other conductive fillers. Therefore, the carbon fiber is dispersed and kept throughout the synthetic resin base material.
- the carbon fiber has desirable mechanical properties such as high tensile strength.
- the carbon fiber endows the mechanical component with high conductivity and also improves the mechanical properties of the components. The degree of conductivity or electric resistivity depends upon the content of the carbon fiber. Consequently, an appropriate amount of the carbon fiber is contained in each mechanical component according to its purpose.
- Metals used for nuclei of the carbon fiber of this invention must not be vaporized between 950° C. and 1300° C., where hydrocarbon is pyrolyzed.
- Preferable metals are Ti and Zr in IVB group; V, Nb and Ta in VB group, Cr and Mo in VIB group; Mn in VIIB group; and Fe, Co and Ni in VIII group. Fe, Co, Ni, V, Nb, Ta, Ti, and Zr are most preferable.
- Compounds of these metals are their oxides, nitrides, and salts.
- FIG. 1 is an illustration of paper-feeding mechanism including paper-feed cylinders 2 and 14, auxiliary paper-feed rollers 4 and 10, a first belt 8, and a second belt 12.
- the paper-feed cylinder 2 is located opposite to the several ring-shaped auxiliary paper-feed rollers 4 on a shaft 3.
- the first belt 8 transmitting rotation of a motor 6 rotates the first paper-feed cylinder 2.
- a paper P is carried along the periphery of the first paper-feed cylinder 2.
- the first paper-feed cylinder 2 moves a second belt 12 and the second belt 12 rotates the several ring-shaped auxiliary paper-feed rollers 10 via a shaft 9. Consequently, the paper P is carried upward between the auxiliary paper-feed rollers 10 and the second paper-feed cylinder 14.
- the first paper-feed cylinder 2, the auxiliary paper-feed feed rollers 4 and 10, and the second paper-feed cylinder 14 are made of silicon rubber containing 8% by volume of carbon fiber, as described below. Siloxane polymer with comparatively high degree of polymerization is appropriately crosslinked in the silicon rubber and the silicon rubber is formed into a cylinder or a ring.
- the carbon fiber is generated from nuclei of iron powder in a furnace between 950° C. and 1300° C. where benzene is pyrolyzed.
- the grain diameter of the iron powder is between 0.02 micron and 0.03 micron.
- the carbon fiber has a grain diameter between 0.1 micron and 0.5 micron and a length between 0.1 mm and 1 mm.
- the carbon fiber is bestowed with the following properties:
- the carbon fiber has a specific gravity of 1.86, and also has superior affinity for a variety of synthetic rubbers including silicon rubber compared with metallic fillers or carbon powder. Since the first paper-feed cylinder 2, the auxiliary paper-feed rollers 10, the auxiliary paper-feed rollers 4, and the second paper-feed cylinder 14 are made of silicon rubber with uniformly dispersed carbon fiber, these cylinders 2 and 14 and rollers 4 and 10 have uniform electric resistivity of 1 ⁇ 10 5 ohm.cm. The surfaces of these cylinders and rollers with low and uniform resistivity can effectively and reliably prevent static electricity.
- the paper P is free from problems caused by static electricity, such as sticking to the first paper-feed cylinder 2 or the like. Further, an electrostatic latent image formed on the paper P by a not-shown charged body or a not-shown photosensitive drum is not damaged while the paper P is fed. Moreover, toner adsorbed on the electrostatic latent image on the paper P by static electricity is not detached from the paper P. In brief, the paper-feed cylinders 2 and 14 and the paper-feed rollers 4 and 10 prevent the copying quality from deteriorating.
- the first belt 8 and the second belt 12, which rotate the first paper-feed cylinder 2 and the auxiliary paper-feed rollers 10 respectively, are used as timing belts and contain neoprene rubber as main components.
- the neoprene rubber contains 5% by volume of carbon fiber. Therefore, these timing belts can prevent static electricity as effectively as the cylinders and the rollers.
- the first paper-feed cylinder 2, the second paper-feed cylinder 14, the auxiliary paper-feed rollers 5 and 10, the first belt 8, and the second belt 12 are endowed with mechanical properties superior to prior-art components with carbon black mixed in.
- These cylinders, rollers, and especially belts to which a fixed tension is consistently given, have more prominent durability.
- the frequency of linkage of carbon black particles is not proportional to the amount of the carbon black particles, it is difficult to produce synthetic resin material containing carbon black with the optimum electric resistivity.
- the frequency of linkage of carbon fiber is almost proportional to the amount of the carbon fiber because each carbon fiber is equivalent to some quantity of carbon black particles.
- the synthetic resin containing carbon fiber can acquire a fixed electric resistivity.
- the synthetic resin with carbon fiber can be easily endowed with the optimum electric resistivity by regulating the amount of the carton fiber contained therein.
- test pieces of the configuration designated as tension test piece no. 3 of the Japanese Industrial Standard that is having a dumbbell-shape with end sections 40 mm long and 25 mm wide with an arc-like taper (radius 25 mm) from each edge to a center section 20 mm long, 5 mm wide and 3 mm or less thick, having an organization identical to that of the first paper-feed cylinder 2, the second paper-feed cylinder 14, the auxiliary paper-feed rollers 4 and 10, the first belt 8, and the second belt 12.
- the test pieces were measured by means of a constant-speed tensile testing machine at the tensile speed of 500 mm/min in a temperature controlled room of 20° C.
- the experiment shows that the optimum content of carbon fiber is between 3% by volume and 40% by volume, and more preferably it is between 5% by volume and 30% by volume.
- the mechanical component consisting anti-static material of this invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiment.
- the component can be applied to a light carriage for a copying machine, V-belt, or the like.
- the carbon fiber is dispersed throughout the silicon rubber base material of the components in this embodiment, the carbon fiber can be alternatively dispersed on the outer surface of the components.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Delivering By Means Of Belts And Rollers (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
- Handling Of Cut Paper (AREA)
- Devices For Conveying Motion By Means Of Endless Flexible Members (AREA)
- Rolls And Other Rotary Bodies (AREA)
- Paper Feeding For Electrophotography (AREA)
- Electrophotography Configuration And Component (AREA)
Abstract
Description
TABLE __________________________________________________________________________ ITEM VOLUME CONTENT *1 TEARING STRENGTH TENSILE STRENGTH EXTENSION RESISTIVITY SAMPLE (VOLUME %) (Kg/cm) (Kg/cm.sup.2) (%) (ohm · __________________________________________________________________________ cm) ROLLER OF 8 32 145 325 1 × 10.sup.5 THIS EMBODIMENT ROLLER OF 0 30 150 350 .sup. 6 × 10.sup.14 PRIOR ART BELT OF 10 26 60 200 5 × 10.sup.5 THIS EMBODIMENT __________________________________________________________________________ *1 CONTENT OF CARBON FIBER OR CARBON BLACK *2 BASE MATERIAL: NEOPRENE
Claims (17)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP63-314461 | 1988-12-12 | ||
JP63314461A JPH0777088B2 (en) | 1988-12-12 | 1988-12-12 | Conductive mechanical parts |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US4983148A true US4983148A (en) | 1991-01-08 |
Family
ID=18053620
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US07/444,691 Expired - Lifetime US4983148A (en) | 1988-12-12 | 1989-12-01 | Mechanical component consisting of anti-static material |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4983148A (en) |
JP (1) | JPH0777088B2 (en) |
DE (1) | DE3939908A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2225785B (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5501899A (en) * | 1994-05-20 | 1996-03-26 | Larkin; William J. | Static eliminator and method |
US6201876B1 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 2001-03-13 | Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd. | Device for protecting a microphone from external disturbances |
US6403696B1 (en) * | 1986-06-06 | 2002-06-11 | Hyperion Catalysis International, Inc. | Fibril-filled elastomer compositions |
US6516940B1 (en) * | 1998-07-31 | 2003-02-11 | Shuttleworth, Inc. | Low electrostatic discharge conveyor |
US20050128877A1 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2005-06-16 | Morinobu Endo | Alarm electronic timepiece and conductive spring |
WO2015084956A1 (en) * | 2013-12-03 | 2015-06-11 | Continental Structural Plastics, Inc. | In-line plasma source for introducing pieces of spread carbon fiber tow into molding compositions on a compounding production line |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH03205232A (en) * | 1989-12-29 | 1991-09-06 | Canon Inc | Transport device |
JPH074358Y2 (en) * | 1990-10-18 | 1995-02-01 | ユニッタ株式会社 | Toothed belt |
JPH06260017A (en) * | 1993-03-04 | 1994-09-16 | Otsuka Chem Co Ltd | Conductive thermoplastic resin composition |
DE102008034766A1 (en) | 2008-07-25 | 2010-01-28 | Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Ag | Sheet guiding element made of antistatic plastic |
DE102008048848A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 | 2009-02-19 | Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Ag | Element used in a machine processing printed material comprises a support with a first layer having a structure surface and a second layer with particles and fibers |
DE102009050658A1 (en) | 2009-10-26 | 2011-04-28 | Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Ag | Printing substrate contacting element e.g. paper guiding cylinder jacket, for use in e.g. post press machine, has layer arranged on another layer and exhibiting surface, where former layer exhibits particles, fibers and casings |
JP5707931B2 (en) * | 2010-12-24 | 2015-04-30 | 株式会社リコー | Plate removal apparatus and stencil printing apparatus |
US9125310B2 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2015-09-01 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Electrostatic dissipative composites |
Citations (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2318441A (en) * | 1941-05-21 | 1943-05-04 | Boston Woven Hose & Rubber Com | Nonstatic belting |
US3406126A (en) * | 1966-12-07 | 1968-10-15 | Avco Corp | Conductive synthetic resin composition containing carbon filaments |
GB1166253A (en) * | 1966-07-26 | 1969-10-08 | Nat Res Dev | Carbon Fibre/Synthetic Resin Based Load Bearing Components. |
GB1336128A (en) * | 1969-11-10 | 1973-11-07 | Tac Construction Materials Ltd | Plastics material reinforced with carbon and other fibres |
GB1357378A (en) * | 1970-06-18 | 1974-06-19 | Kureha Chemical Ind Co Ltd | Anti-friction member for inclusion in a tape or film cassette |
GB1432216A (en) * | 1972-10-23 | 1976-04-14 | Toyo Boseki | Process for preparing carbon fibre-reinforced polyamide resins |
GB2063889A (en) * | 1979-11-30 | 1981-06-10 | Skf Kugellagerfabriken Gmbh | Fibre reinforced plastics |
EP0094773A2 (en) * | 1982-05-17 | 1983-11-23 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Polyamide resin composition |
US4559164A (en) * | 1982-03-09 | 1985-12-17 | General Electric Company | Electrically conductive poly(butylene terephthalate) moldings and compositions therefor |
JPS6112753A (en) * | 1984-06-27 | 1986-01-21 | Tokai Carbon Co Ltd | Conductive resin composition |
US4579902A (en) * | 1984-12-05 | 1986-04-01 | Celanese Corporation | Permanently antistatic thermoplastic molding composition |
EP0233729A2 (en) * | 1986-02-10 | 1987-08-26 | Polyplastics Co. Ltd. | Rotary parts |
US4752415A (en) * | 1982-03-16 | 1988-06-21 | American Cyanamid Co. | Compositions convertible to reinforced conductive components and articles incorporating same |
EP0284300A2 (en) * | 1987-03-25 | 1988-09-28 | Polyplastics Co. Ltd. | Reinforced molding resin composition |
US4810419A (en) * | 1985-05-17 | 1989-03-07 | Ube Industries Ltd. | Shaped electroconductive aromatic imide polymer article and process for producing |
US4823942A (en) * | 1983-01-13 | 1989-04-25 | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company | Electrically conductive document transport belt |
US4832870A (en) * | 1988-06-20 | 1989-05-23 | The United States Department Of Energy | Electrically conductive composite material |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH02105885A (en) * | 1988-10-14 | 1990-04-18 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | Conductive gasket composition |
JPH02107690A (en) * | 1988-10-17 | 1990-04-19 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | Composition for electrically conductive gasket |
JPH0712119B2 (en) * | 1988-11-04 | 1995-02-08 | 北川工業株式会社 | Materials for housing electronic components |
-
1988
- 1988-12-12 JP JP63314461A patent/JPH0777088B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-12-01 US US07/444,691 patent/US4983148A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-12-02 DE DE3939908A patent/DE3939908A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1989-12-11 GB GB8927949A patent/GB2225785B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2318441A (en) * | 1941-05-21 | 1943-05-04 | Boston Woven Hose & Rubber Com | Nonstatic belting |
GB1166253A (en) * | 1966-07-26 | 1969-10-08 | Nat Res Dev | Carbon Fibre/Synthetic Resin Based Load Bearing Components. |
US3406126A (en) * | 1966-12-07 | 1968-10-15 | Avco Corp | Conductive synthetic resin composition containing carbon filaments |
GB1336128A (en) * | 1969-11-10 | 1973-11-07 | Tac Construction Materials Ltd | Plastics material reinforced with carbon and other fibres |
GB1357378A (en) * | 1970-06-18 | 1974-06-19 | Kureha Chemical Ind Co Ltd | Anti-friction member for inclusion in a tape or film cassette |
GB1432216A (en) * | 1972-10-23 | 1976-04-14 | Toyo Boseki | Process for preparing carbon fibre-reinforced polyamide resins |
GB2063889A (en) * | 1979-11-30 | 1981-06-10 | Skf Kugellagerfabriken Gmbh | Fibre reinforced plastics |
US4559164A (en) * | 1982-03-09 | 1985-12-17 | General Electric Company | Electrically conductive poly(butylene terephthalate) moldings and compositions therefor |
US4752415A (en) * | 1982-03-16 | 1988-06-21 | American Cyanamid Co. | Compositions convertible to reinforced conductive components and articles incorporating same |
EP0094773A2 (en) * | 1982-05-17 | 1983-11-23 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Polyamide resin composition |
US4823942A (en) * | 1983-01-13 | 1989-04-25 | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company | Electrically conductive document transport belt |
JPS6112753A (en) * | 1984-06-27 | 1986-01-21 | Tokai Carbon Co Ltd | Conductive resin composition |
US4579902A (en) * | 1984-12-05 | 1986-04-01 | Celanese Corporation | Permanently antistatic thermoplastic molding composition |
EP0184444A2 (en) * | 1984-12-05 | 1986-06-11 | Celanese Corporation | Permanently antistatic thermoplastic molding composition |
US4810419A (en) * | 1985-05-17 | 1989-03-07 | Ube Industries Ltd. | Shaped electroconductive aromatic imide polymer article and process for producing |
EP0233729A2 (en) * | 1986-02-10 | 1987-08-26 | Polyplastics Co. Ltd. | Rotary parts |
EP0284300A2 (en) * | 1987-03-25 | 1988-09-28 | Polyplastics Co. Ltd. | Reinforced molding resin composition |
US4832870A (en) * | 1988-06-20 | 1989-05-23 | The United States Department Of Energy | Electrically conductive composite material |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6403696B1 (en) * | 1986-06-06 | 2002-06-11 | Hyperion Catalysis International, Inc. | Fibril-filled elastomer compositions |
US5501899A (en) * | 1994-05-20 | 1996-03-26 | Larkin; William J. | Static eliminator and method |
US5690014A (en) * | 1994-05-20 | 1997-11-25 | Larkin; William J. | Small diameter ionizing cord for removing static charge |
US5740006A (en) * | 1994-05-20 | 1998-04-14 | Larkin; William J. | Ionizing machine part for static elimination |
US6201876B1 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 2001-03-13 | Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd. | Device for protecting a microphone from external disturbances |
US6516940B1 (en) * | 1998-07-31 | 2003-02-11 | Shuttleworth, Inc. | Low electrostatic discharge conveyor |
US7328785B2 (en) | 1998-07-31 | 2008-02-12 | Shuttleworth, Inc. | Low electrostatic discharge conveyor |
US20050128877A1 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2005-06-16 | Morinobu Endo | Alarm electronic timepiece and conductive spring |
WO2015084956A1 (en) * | 2013-12-03 | 2015-06-11 | Continental Structural Plastics, Inc. | In-line plasma source for introducing pieces of spread carbon fiber tow into molding compositions on a compounding production line |
US10131098B2 (en) | 2013-12-03 | 2018-11-20 | Continental Structural Plastics, Inc. | In-line plasma source for introducing pieces of spread carbon fiber tow into molding compositions on a compounding production line |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB2225785A (en) | 1990-06-13 |
JPH0777088B2 (en) | 1995-08-16 |
DE3939908A1 (en) | 1990-06-13 |
GB8927949D0 (en) | 1990-02-14 |
GB2225785B (en) | 1992-08-12 |
JPH02160308A (en) | 1990-06-20 |
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