US4912941A - Method and apparatus for extracting and utilizing geothermal energy - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for extracting and utilizing geothermal energy Download PDF

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Publication number
US4912941A
US4912941A US07/153,247 US15324788A US4912941A US 4912941 A US4912941 A US 4912941A US 15324788 A US15324788 A US 15324788A US 4912941 A US4912941 A US 4912941A
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heat
bore hole
passages
bore
transmission medium
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Expired - Fee Related
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US07/153,247
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English (en)
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Hans F. Buchi
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24T—GEOTHERMAL COLLECTORS; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
    • F24T10/00—Geothermal collectors
    • F24T10/10—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
    • E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
    • E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices or the like
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24T—GEOTHERMAL COLLECTORS; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
    • F24T10/00—Geothermal collectors
    • F24T10/10—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground
    • F24T10/13—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground using tube assemblies suitable for insertion into boreholes in the ground, e.g. geothermal probes
    • F24T10/17—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground using tube assemblies suitable for insertion into boreholes in the ground, e.g. geothermal probes using tubes closed at one end, i.e. return-type tubes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24T—GEOTHERMAL COLLECTORS; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
    • F24T10/00—Geothermal collectors
    • F24T2010/50—Component parts, details or accessories
    • F24T2010/56—Control arrangements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/10—Geothermal energy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of extracting and utilizing thermal energy present in the earth's interior, and to a geothermal plant for practicing the method.
  • geothermal heat plants extract heat from deep in the earth in the form of hot water or steam which has flowed through geological rock formations containing geothermal heat, i.e., natural hot water or steam present in the ground. This sometimes produces a very toxic condensate which poses serious environmental problems.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide an improved method of extracting and utilizing geothermal energy.
  • Another object is to provide such a method which is considerably more efficient than the methods presently known.
  • a further object is to provide a geothermal plant for performing this method.
  • the method involves drilling a bore hole into the earth. In the bottom zone of the hole, passages are formed outwardly from the hole and penetrate into the surrounding rock. A heat-conducting substance is then injected into these passages from the bottom zone. A supply line and a return line for a heat transmission medium are provided in the bore hole, between the earth's surface and the bottom zone. The heat transmission medium is conveyed, in a closed circuit, to a heat exchanger at or near the bottom of the bore hole to extract part of its heat before recycling.
  • the bore hole is drilled more than 1,500 meters into the earth. Preferably, it is drilled at least 5,000 meters into the earth.
  • penetrating passages are formed and extend outwardly into the rock, in the shape of large and small clefts and rifts, etc.
  • Penetrating passages are then formed in a region 1,500 meters to 2,000 meters long in the bottom portion of the bore hole by blasting, rock fracturing with high pressure liquids, gases or grouts, or other methods. These passages are then present in addition to those which exist naturally.
  • the surrounding rock is alternately broken up by blasting and then flushed out. This is done in stages up from the bottom, after each one of which the hole is redrilled.
  • the passages are then filled with a heat-conducting substance.
  • the heat-conducting substance is preferably made up of water and cement as a base, and incorporates one or more of a siliceous gel and finely divided metal powder, preferably silver and/or copper and/or aluminum powder. This substance, in fluid form, is used for pressure grouting. After injection it is left to solidify.
  • a closed-bottom casing is then inserted into the bore hole and bonded thermally to the heat-conducting substance.
  • the bottom zone may be blasted or reamed to a greater diameter than the casing in order to form a roughly cylindrical underground chamber.
  • the casing is then grouted to the surrounding rock (where the heat-conducting substance fills the penetrating passages) with a contact matrix, preferably cement with a strongly heat-conductive admixture of metal and/or a silicate.
  • the casing forms the outer surface for a heat exchanger.
  • a heat transmission medium return line in the form of an inner pipe is inserted into the supply pipe.
  • the inner pipe is open at the bottom.
  • the heat transmission medium is driven downward between the walls of the supply pipe and the return line where it absorbs heat, owing to the temperature difference between the medium and the rock in the bottom zone of the bore hole, with its enhanced heat conveyance capacity.
  • the return pipe is, at least in its upper reaches, thermally insulated.
  • the heat transmission medium may be water, for the sake of convenience. If necessary it contains corrosion inhibiting ingredients. Absorbed heat is transported by way of steam, or hot water, to the surface of the earth where it may be used in one f several well-known methods. When the steam has condensed, the water is re-introduced into the closed circuit and led to the bore hole.
  • heat transmission medium may be alternately fed into and withdrawn from at least two separate bore holes of the type previously described. This results in a pulsating flow of the heat transmission medium.
  • the heat transmission medium circulates in a closed circuit in one bore hole while it is temporarily not used for heat extraction. Its temperature rises to the level required for profitable heat extraction. In the meantime the energy is extracted from the heat transmission medium circulating in another bore hole.
  • the pressure in the heat transmission medium (circulating in the idle bore hole) is preferably used as a criterion for deciding when to cut it into active heat extraction operation.
  • FIGS. 1a-1c illustrate schematically in three steps, according to the requirements of the invention, the establishment of a bore hole driven into the earth's interior and penetrating passages formed outwardly from its bottom zone;
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a schematically enlarged representation of a bore hole, fitted out according to the requirements of the invention with penetrating passages grouted with appropriate heat-conducting substance;
  • FIG. 3 illustrates schematically the insertion of a closed bottom casing into the bore hole, according to the requirements of the invention
  • FIG. 4 illustrates schematically a bore hole, its treatment completed by a method as shown in FIGS. 1-3, and with the addition of a heat transmission return line, according to the requirements of the invention
  • FIG. 5 illustrates schematically a geothermal plant with several bore holes, according to the invention, where the heat to be extracted from the different bore holes is regulated as required for obtaining an approximately continuous yield.
  • a deep bore hole 3 is driven into the bedrock 1 considerably deeper than 1,500 meters, preferably from 5,000 meters up to 10,000 meters. Then, as seen in FIG. 1b, the surrounding rock in the bottom zone 5 of the bore hole 3 is provided with penetrating passages 7, consisting of clefts, rifts, capillary cracks, etc., preferably by blasting or fluid pressure rock fracturing in bottom zone 5.
  • the blasting may be performed by slow delayed blasting or, e.g., by the Bristar method. It is preferably followed by washing with chemicals, especially an acid.
  • the heat conducting substance is injected as a fluid, preferably using water as a carrier.
  • the substance is introduced from above into the penetrating passages 7, i.e, clefts, pores, etc.
  • the substance preferably comprises a siliceous gel and metal powder in the form of finely divided silver, and/or aluminum, and/or copper.
  • the more-or-less solid, heat-conducting substance S remains in the connecting passages 7 and in the clearance between the wall surface of the bore hole's bottom zone 5 and the external face of the casing tube, spreading sponge-like into the bedrock.
  • the contact surface AF between the bore hole and the surrounding ground is enlarged and the rate at which heat can be extracted is drastically increased.
  • a first, closed-end casing 9 is inserted into the bore hole 3 which, as previously discussed, is already treated with the heat-conducting substance S.
  • This casing 9 has to be highly heat-conducting in its lower section, e.g., metallic.
  • the exterior face of the casing 9, in bottom zone 5 is then brought into close contact thermally with the rock of bottom zone 5 and with the heat-conducting substance S.
  • the compound M should contain mainly cement and/or a siliceous substance, interspersed with metal powder, metal fibers, etc. This substance M is injected under pressure along the exterior face of casing 9 as schematically depicted in FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 4 shows the completed bore hole prepared according to the requirements of the invention.
  • the heat transmission medium W is driven down between the interior wall of the casing 9 and the exterior face of the return pipe 11, and rises again in return pipe 11 for the transportation of heat from the earth's interior to the surface of the earth, as depicted. Because of the large contact surface, enhanced by penetrating passages 7 spreading outwardly, a considerable quantity of heat is fed from natural rock, the heat-conducting substance S and the heat-conducting contact substance M to the heat transmission medium W.
  • the recirculation of the heat transmission medium and the extraction of heat at the surface of the earth is performed by one of the well-known methods, e.g., in steam power plants, district heating, etc.
  • the heat transmission medium consists of water or other low-boiling liquids that evaporate in the bottom zone 5, condense after extraction of the exploitable heat, and flow in closed circuit through the bore hole.
  • the bore hole prepared and fitted out according to the requirements of the invention with the aforedescribed devices, forms a geothermal "furnace", with a high efficiency. It is possible to extract a considerable quantity of heat from the earth, per unit of time, owing to a contact surface that is much larger than the cylindrical surface of the bore hole casing 9 itself, and the resulting greater heat inflow from the bedrock to the transmission fluid which carries heat to the surface.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a further alternate layout of a geothermal plant, according to the requirements of the invention. It comprises, e.g., three geothermal exploitation bore holes 13a-13c, each preferably constructed as depicted in FIGS. 1-4. These bore holes can be hydraulically connected or operated separately.
  • bore holes may be situated in locations where Karstic formation is expected, at depths favorable for heat exploitation and/or preferably in rocks of high thermal conductivity, such as granite.
  • heat transmission medium return pipes 15a-15c are linked, through control valves 17a-17c, to heat utilization units 19a and 19b, or are coupled in closed circuit to feed pipes 21a-21c for returning the heat transmission medium directly to bore holes 13a-13c.
  • Valves 17a-17c are connected to a control unit 23 so that some of the born holes can be operated in closed circuit without being looped to extraction units 19b and 19c.
  • control unit 23 can be temperature controlled and/or pressure controlled.
  • the pressure, and/or the temperature is sensed in the pipes conducting heated liquid from the respective bore holes and connection to extraction units 19a and 19b is established when the pressure and/or temperature, has risen to a predetermined level.
  • the increase of thermal conductivity of the rock mass through injection of metals in natural openings intercepted by the bore holes, or created by blasting the rock in place, may be roughly determined by cursory calculations, depending on the kind of rock.
  • the increase in natural conductance amounts to approximately 2-10 fold in basalt, and 2-6 fold in granite.
  • the lower value corresponds to using aluminum as the metal for injections, the higher values for copper or silver.
  • These multipliers can be achieved, or exceeded, near the bore hole walls, and diminish more or less rapidly with increasing distance from the bore hole, depending on ground conditions.
  • Geothermal plants built on this principle are as innocuous as existing hydroelectric or thermo-electric power stations, yet far more ecologically beneficial than the latter.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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US07/153,247 1987-07-22 1988-02-08 Method and apparatus for extracting and utilizing geothermal energy Expired - Fee Related US4912941A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP63183391A JPH0733819B2 (ja) 1987-07-22 1988-07-22 地熱エネルギを抽出して利用する方法

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CH2785/87A CH677698A5 (fr) 1987-07-22 1987-07-22
CH2785/87 1987-07-22

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EP0457416A1 (fr) * 1990-05-18 1991-11-21 Diego Horten Dispositif pour l'utilisation de l'énergie géothermique
US5992507A (en) * 1998-03-20 1999-11-30 Phillips Petroleum Company Geothermal community loop field
US6250371B1 (en) 1995-09-12 2001-06-26 Enlink Geoenergy Services, Inc. Energy transfer systems
US6251179B1 (en) 1999-03-23 2001-06-26 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy Thermally conductive cementitious grout for geothermal heat pump systems
US6267172B1 (en) 2000-02-15 2001-07-31 Mcclung, Iii Guy L. Heat exchange systems
US6276438B1 (en) 1995-09-12 2001-08-21 Thomas R. Amerman Energy systems
US6585047B2 (en) 2000-02-15 2003-07-01 Mcclung, Iii Guy L. System for heat exchange with earth loops
US6585036B2 (en) 1995-09-12 2003-07-01 Enlink Geoenergy Services, Inc. Energy systems
US20030209340A1 (en) * 2000-02-15 2003-11-13 Mcclung Guy L. Microorganism enhancement with earth loop heat exchange systems
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US6672371B1 (en) * 1995-09-12 2004-01-06 Enlink Geoenergy Services, Inc. Earth heat exchange system
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US6694766B1 (en) 2002-08-21 2004-02-24 Enlink Geoenergy Services, Inc. Power generation systems with earth heat transfer
WO2005003648A1 (fr) * 2003-07-03 2005-01-13 Enlink Geoenergy Services, Inc. Procede de construction d'un echangeur thermique geothermique
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US6860320B2 (en) 1995-09-12 2005-03-01 Enlink Geoenergy Services, Inc. Bottom member and heat loops
US20070056285A1 (en) * 2005-09-12 2007-03-15 Brewington Doyle W Monocoque turbo-generator
US20080169084A1 (en) * 2007-01-16 2008-07-17 Bullivant Roger A Geothermal energy system
EP1978314A1 (fr) * 2007-04-03 2008-10-08 Iride S.r.l. Sonde géothermique
US7438501B2 (en) 2006-05-16 2008-10-21 Layne Christensen Company Ground freezing installation accommodating thermal contraction of metal feed pipes
US20090101303A1 (en) * 2006-04-24 2009-04-23 Michael Henze Artificial Underground Water Heat Accumulator
US20090126923A1 (en) * 2007-11-16 2009-05-21 Conocophillips Company Closed loop energy production from geothermal reservoirs
WO2009151649A2 (fr) 2008-06-13 2009-12-17 Parrella Michael J Système et procédé de capture de chaleur géothermique provenant de l’intérieur d’un puits foré afin de générer de l’électricité
WO2010016921A2 (fr) * 2008-08-05 2010-02-11 Parrella Michael J Système et procédé pour optimiser la conductibilité thermique et augmenter la résistance aux agents caustiques d'un lait de ciment
US20100269501A1 (en) * 2008-08-05 2010-10-28 Parrella Michael J Control system to manage and optimize a geothermal electric generation system from one or more wells that individually produce heat
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US7938904B1 (en) 2005-02-28 2011-05-10 B. Ryland Wiggs Cementitious grout and methods of using same
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ITCO20110024A1 (it) * 2011-07-08 2013-01-09 Sergio Bonfiglio Nanofluido per infiltrazioni termicamente conduttive
ITCO20110023A1 (it) * 2011-07-08 2013-01-09 Sergio Bonfiglio Metodo di preparazione di campi geotermali
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ITMI20120116A1 (it) * 2012-01-31 2013-08-01 Stefano Michele Gasparini Sistema di sfruttamento dell'energia geotermica a impatto ambientale nullo
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WO2015066764A1 (fr) * 2013-11-06 2015-05-14 Controlled Thermal Technologies Pty Ltd Échangeur de chaleur enterré à boucle géothermique pour extraction d'énergie
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WO2015159188A3 (fr) * 2014-04-14 2015-12-30 Ozols Ojars Procédé d'agencement de trou de forage pour l'extraction d'énergie géothermique
US9518787B2 (en) 2012-11-01 2016-12-13 Skanska Svergie Ab Thermal energy storage system comprising a combined heating and cooling machine and a method for using the thermal energy storage system
US9791217B2 (en) 2012-11-01 2017-10-17 Skanska Sverige Ab Energy storage arrangement having tunnels configured as an inner helix and as an outer helix
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CN108332440A (zh) * 2018-03-22 2018-07-27 吉林大学 一种中深层地热地下增强型换热系统及换热方法
PL422353A1 (pl) * 2017-07-25 2019-01-28 Żakiewicz Bohdan Maciej Sposób i układ do poboru energii cieplnej z formacji geologicznych
US20190093641A1 (en) * 2017-09-28 2019-03-28 Hmfsf Ip Holdings, Llc Systems and methods of generating electricity using heat from within the earth
CN110234872A (zh) * 2017-01-17 2019-09-13 海普赛尔斯公司 用于钻孔的声导航的系统
RU2701029C1 (ru) * 2018-07-04 2019-09-24 федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Северо-Кавказский федеральный университет" Способ извлечения петротермального тепла
JP2020518767A (ja) * 2017-05-04 2020-06-25 ヴェス エナジー エス アール エルＶｅｓ Ｅｎｅｒｇｙ Ｓ．Ｒ．Ｌ． 地中熱源および関連するプラントからの、非従来的な電力の生産のためのシステム
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Cited By (102)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0457416A1 (fr) * 1990-05-18 1991-11-21 Diego Horten Dispositif pour l'utilisation de l'énergie géothermique
WO1991018205A1 (fr) * 1990-05-18 1991-11-28 Diego Horten Dispositif pour l'exploitation de l'energie geothermique
US5203173A (en) * 1990-05-18 1993-04-20 Diego Horton Device for utilization of geothermal energy
US20040031585A1 (en) * 1995-09-12 2004-02-19 Johnson Howard E. Earth loop energy systems
US6585036B2 (en) 1995-09-12 2003-07-01 Enlink Geoenergy Services, Inc. Energy systems
US7017650B2 (en) 1995-09-12 2006-03-28 Enlink Geoenergy Services, Inc. Earth loop energy systems
US6250371B1 (en) 1995-09-12 2001-06-26 Enlink Geoenergy Services, Inc. Energy transfer systems
US6276438B1 (en) 1995-09-12 2001-08-21 Thomas R. Amerman Energy systems
US6860320B2 (en) 1995-09-12 2005-03-01 Enlink Geoenergy Services, Inc. Bottom member and heat loops
US6672371B1 (en) * 1995-09-12 2004-01-06 Enlink Geoenergy Services, Inc. Earth heat exchange system
US5992507A (en) * 1998-03-20 1999-11-30 Phillips Petroleum Company Geothermal community loop field
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