US4697884A - Liquid crystal display having degree of twist and thickness for improved multiplexing - Google Patents
Liquid crystal display having degree of twist and thickness for improved multiplexing Download PDFInfo
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- US4697884A US4697884A US06/908,667 US90866786A US4697884A US 4697884 A US4697884 A US 4697884A US 90866786 A US90866786 A US 90866786A US 4697884 A US4697884 A US 4697884A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/17—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on variable-absorption elements not provided for in groups G02F1/015 - G02F1/169
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
- G02F1/139—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent
- G02F1/1396—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent the liquid crystal being selectively controlled between a twisted state and a non-twisted state, e.g. TN-LC cell
- G02F1/1397—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent the liquid crystal being selectively controlled between a twisted state and a non-twisted state, e.g. TN-LC cell the twist being substantially higher than 90°, e.g. STN-, SBE-, OMI-LC cells
Definitions
- This invention relates to a liquid crystal display including a nematic liquid crystal with positive dielectric anisotropy and twisted configuration and having as well chiral addition, and at least a polarizer, wherein the support plates of the display cell exhibit orientation layers, of which at least one produces in the adjacent liquid crystal layer a tilt angle of more than 5°.
- Such a display is known from J. App. Phys. 53, December 1982, 8599-8606 (corresponding to GB-A 2,087,583).
- the liquid crystal in the known display is twisted 360° and the tilt angle is about 35°.
- By the great twist a bistability effect is achieved so that for an applied holding voltage two differently twisted liquid crystal configurations exist. Switching from one configuration to the other occurs by momentary raising or lowering of the withstand voltage. Changing of the optical properties is made visible by means of crossed polarizers by use of the Schadt-Helfrich effect (Appl. Phys. Lett.
- the orientation directions of the orientation layers are either parallel or perpendicular to the vibrational direction of the polarizers, and the product of liquid crystal layer thickness d and birefringence ⁇ n is great in comparison with the wavelength of light.
- the chiral doping is so selected that a ratio of layer thickness d to pitch p of the twist of about 0.98 results.
- the main interest is in range 0.95 to 1.10. Above 1.15 the bistability disappears and below 0.95 the switching times become too long.
- Layer thickness d is 15 ⁇ m.
- This known display is controlled so that it is written by the line. Since it must be continuously renewed, only a few lines can be written. This means that the degree of multiplexing is low and a large dot matrix display is not achievable.
- the objects of this invention are to provide a new and improved liquid crystal display, which can be controlled according to a conventional multiplexing process (preferably according to IEEE Trans. El. Dev. ED-21, pp 146-155) with a high degree of multiplexing, and which has a great viewing angle range with high contrast.
- a conventional multiplexing process preferably according to IEEE Trans. El. Dev. ED-21, pp 146-155
- the twist ⁇ of the liquid crystal is equal to or greater than 180° and less than 360°;
- the layer thickness d of the liquid crystal is less than 10 ⁇ m
- the vibrational direction at least of the front polarizer forms with orientation direction of the front orientation layer such an angle that the originally linear polarized light by twist ⁇ and birefringence ⁇ n of the liquid crystal, depending on the applied operating voltage, is differently ellipitically polarized, and the contrast of the display is optimized;
- spacers are distributed over the visible face of the display.
- This invention is based above all on the knowledge that the bistability effect, described in the above mentioned publication, is narrowed in regard to its voltage range by reducing twist ⁇ in combination with a suitable reduction of the ratio d/p and the tilt angle, so that with control voltages outside this range a very high degree of multiplexing can be obtained.
- the invention is based on the idea of making the optical changes of the display visible by use of the birefringence of the liquid crystal.
- elliptically polarized light being produced by the particular orientation of the input polarizer, light which after its passage through the liquid crystal, depending on the applied operating voltage, exhibits a different polarization state, which then can be detected with particular sensitivity. Since the polarization state is based on the interference of the two light sources which are produced on entrance, the spacers distributed over the visual surface must provide a very constant layer thickness of the liquid crystal.
- Displays according to the invention exhibit very steep characteristic curves and very high multiplex rates with high contrast, and a great angle of view range as well as fast switching times can be obtained. Thus, displays according to the invention are eminently suitable for large dot matrix displays.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the display according to the invention.
- FIG. 1a is a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display including an internal reflector
- FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating curves with the total twist angle ⁇ of the liquid crystal as a parameter with the operating voltage U and the tilt angle ⁇ in the middle of the layer as variables;
- FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating contrast curves for a reflective display cell including two polarizers
- FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective the schematic view of the polarizers in a liquid crystal display according to FIG. 1 for a first mode of operation (yellow mode);
- FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective schematic view of the polarizers in a liquid crystal display according to FIG. 1 for a second mode of operation (blue mode);
- FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the measured contrast ratio CR as a function of the polarizer orientation in an arrangement according to FIG. 4;
- FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the results corresponding to FIG. 6 for an arrangement according to FIG. 5;
- FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the computed curves of constant contrast ratio as a function of the polarizer orientation and the product ⁇ n ⁇ d for an arrangement with one polarizer and one reflector;
- FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the curves corresponding to FIG. 8 for an arrangement according to FIG. 5;
- FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating the curves corresponding to FIG. 8 for an arrangement according to FIG. 4.
- the liquid crystal display shown in FIG. 1 consists of two glass support plates 1 and 2 which form a cell with a border 3.
- the border 3 as usual, consists of an epoxy cement which contains glass fiber spacers 4. Additional spacers 4 are randomly distributed between the support plates 1 and 2 over the entire viewing area of the display.
- a nematic liquid crystal 5 with positive dielectric anisotropy containing a chiral additive is filled into the cell.
- the inner surfaces of each support plate 1 and 2 have parallel strips of In 2 O 3 electrode layers 6 and 7, whereby the direction of the strips on the one support plate 1 is perpendicular to the direction of the strips on the other support plate 2.
- a dot matrix display is formed.
- other electrode shapes are also possible, such as, e.g., the known seven-segment arrangement.
- Orientation layers 8 and 9 are applied over the electrode layers 6 and 7 and over the the spaces between these electrode layers.
- a linear sheet-type linear polarizer 10 is bonded to the outside of the front support plate 1.
- a linear polarizer 11 is also bonded to the outside of the rear support plate 2.
- a diffusely scattering, metallic, external reflector 12 is placed behind this polarizer 11 (indicated by the dashed line in FIG. 1).
- Such a reflector is known, e.g. from CH-B-618018.
- the polarizer 11 can also be left out. By this means the brightness is improved but the contrast ratio is lowered.
- FIG. 1a the situation is shown when, instead of an external reflector 12, an internal reflector 13 is used, as is known, e.g. from EP-B-060380. As the section shows, this reflector is placed between the electrode layer 7 and the orientation layer 9. Otherwise, except for the polarizer 11, the same elements are present as in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 2 represents, for a typical liquid crystal, the theoretical relation between the tilt angle ⁇ of the local optical axis (i.e. the director) of the liquid crystal in the middle of the layer and the applied operating voltage U.
- the angle ⁇ was measured in relation to the support plate.
- the tilt angle of the liquid crystal on the support plate in both cases amounts to 28°.
- the parameter ⁇ the total twist angle of the liquid crystal within the display cell, runs through the values 210° (curve I), 240° (curve II), 270° (curve III), 300° (curve IV), 330° (curve V) and 360° (curve VI).
- the pitch p is so chosen that the d/p ratio is described by the following formula:
- the values of 210°, 240°, 270°, 300°, 330° and 360° therefore correspond to a d/p ration of 0.58, 0.67, 0.75, 0.83, 0.91 and 1.0.
- the pitch p is defined in accordance with common usage as the characteristic amount of natural twist produced in the undisturbed nematic liquid crystal by the addition of a chiral additive. The pitch is counted as positive in a system with right-handed twist and negative in a system with left-handed twist.
- the magnitude of the ratio of layer thickness d to pitch p of the liquid crystal be in the range of 0.50 to 0.95, preferably between 0.65 and 0.85.
- the pitch p is adjusted by adding a specific weight percent of a chiral additive to the nematic liquid crystal. The weight percent depends on the type of liquid crystal and chiral additive and on the layer thickness d.
- the layer thickness d should be less than 10 ⁇ m and the total twist angle ⁇ within the display cell should be between 180° and 360°, preferably between 240° and 300°.
- the transfer characteristic of the display i.e. the transmission curve as a function of applied operating voltage
- the range of the bistable behavior is so narrowed that addressing can take place according to the usual multiplexing technique (cf., e.g., IEEE Trans. E1. Dev., Vol. ED-21, No. 2, February 1974, pages 146 to 155) with operating voltages outside this range. It was found that within this range the switching times are at least 100 times longer as outside this range.
- the transfer characteristic of the display has a similar shape to the curves in FIG. 2, except that the negative slope of the curves (here curves III to VI) should be replaced by a bistable region (hysteresis loop).
- the product of birefringence ⁇ n and layer thickness d of the liquid crystal lies within the range 0.6 ⁇ m to 1.4 ⁇ m, preferably between 0.8 ⁇ m and 1.2 ⁇ m.
- the operation of the liquid crystal display of this invention in transmission can now be explained as follows: the light linearly polarized by the linear polarizer 10 penetrates the support plate 1 and strikes the liquid crystal aligned on the orientation layer 8 at an angle. Because of the total twist ⁇ and the double refracting properties of the liquid crystal, the originally linearly polarized light is elliptically but variably polarized, depending upon the applied operating voltage.
- the orientation direction of the orientation layer 9 and the direction of vibration of the rear linear polarizer 11 also form a certain angle.
- orientation direction used here is understood to be the projection of the direction of the local optical axis of the liquid crystal immediately adjacent to the orientation layer onto the plane of the orientation layer.
- the direction of vibration of the polarizer is understood to refer to the vibration direction of the electric field vector of the polarized light.
- the elliptically polarized light leaving the liquid crystal is absorbed in the rear polarizer 11, either almost completely or hardly at all, depending upon whether the principal axis of the elliptically polarized light is perpendicular or parallel to the direction of vibration of the polarizer 11.
- An optimum contrast is achieved by suitable choice of the above-mentioned angle between the orientation layers 8 and 9 and of the polarizers 10 and 11. This angle has a magnitude lying between 20° and 70°, preferably between 30° and 60°, with the sense being either clockwise or counter-clockwise.
- the clockwise sense is defined with respect to the incident direction of the light and the angle is taken in reference to the orientation direction of the orientation layer.
- the operating principle is essentially the same as in the transmissive mode.
- the optimum contrast in a system with only one polarizer 10 is determined by appropriate choice of the angle between the direction of vibration of the front linear polarizer 10 and the orientation direction of the first orientation layer 8.
- FIGS. 4 and 5 show exploded, perspective representations of the arrangement of the polarizers 10 and 11, the orientation layers 8 and 9 as well as the liquid crystal layer 5 located between these layers.
- the total twist ⁇ of the liquid crystal in the layer is made clear by a chain of liquid crystal molecules which are schematically represented by small rectangular platelets. Support plates, border and possible reflectors have been left out for sake of clarity.
- the elements of the cell are arranged along an axis pointing along the propagation direction of the incident light.
- the direction of vibration of the polarizers 10 and 11 as well as the orientation direction of the orientation layers 8 and 9 are also indicated by arrows which lie in the corresponding planes perpendicular to the above-mentioned axis of the cell.
- This axis (incident direction of the light) defines a right-handed coordinate system in which angles are counted as positive in the clockwise sense and negative in the counter-clockwise sense.
- the examples of the liquid crystal molecules in the cases of FIGS. 4 and 5 therefore form a left-handed screw which has a twist angle ⁇ of -270° in going out from the front orientation layer 8.
- the vibration directions of the polarizers 10 and 11 are rotated from the orientation directions of the orientation layers 8 and 9, represented by the dashed lines in the polarizer planes, by the angles ⁇ and ⁇ .
- both angles ⁇ and ⁇ are positive.
- only ⁇ is positive, whereas ⁇ is negative.
- the angle specifications always refer to the rules laid down in FIGS. 4 and 5.
- the invention has especially proven to be useful in a reflective display cell with a layer thickness d of 7.6 ⁇ m and a total twist angle ⁇ of the liquid crystal of -270°.
- the d/p ratio in this case is -0.75.
- the first orientation layer 8 is produced by oblique vacuum deposition of SiO at an angle of 5° to the plate plane and aligns and adjoining liquid crystal molecules in such a way that the tilt angle between the local optical axis of the liquid crystal at the orientation layer and the projection of this optical axis on the plane plate, i.e. the orientation direction, amounts to 28°.
- the direction of vibration of the front polarizer 10 and the orientation direction of the orientation layer 8 form an angle of about 30°.
- the second orientation layer 9 is a rubbed polymer layer which gives a tilt angle of 1°.
- the liquid crystal 5 consists of the nematic mixture ZLI-1840 from the firm of Merck, FRG, with 2.05 percent by weight of the chiral additive cholesteryl nonanoate. This liquid crystal has a positive dielectic anisotropy of +12.2 and a birefringence of 0.15.
- the temperature range extends from 258 K. to 363 K., and the viscosity is 1.18 ⁇ 10 -4 m 2 /s at 273 K. and 3.1 ⁇ 10 -3 m 2 /s at 293 K.
- the operating voltages are 1.90 V for the non-selected state (dark) and 2.10 V for the selected state (bright).
- the display In the bright state, the display is completely achromatic, in the dark condition it is deep blue.
- an optical retardation plate such as, e.g., a ⁇ /4 plate, is used between the front linear polarizer 10 and the front support plate 1, the color of the display can be correspondingly changed. It has an excellent range of viewing angles independent of the direction of the illumination.
- the on and off switching times of the display are 0.4 s at 296 K.
- Another especially preferred embodiment of the invention consists of a reflective display cell with a 0.7 mm thick support plate 1 and a 0.5 mm thick support plate 2.
- the layer thickness is 6.5 ⁇ m.
- This display cell is provided with a front polarizer 10, a rear polarizer 11 and an external reflector 12.
- Both orientation layers 8 and 9 are prepared by oblique vacuum deposition of SiO at an angle of 50° to the plate plane. These layers orient the neighboring liquid crystal molecules in such a way that the optical axis of the liquid crystal forms a tilt angle of 28° with respect to the plate plane.
- the orientation layer 8 and 9 are arranged so that the total twist ⁇ makes a left-handed spiral of -250°.
- the nematic mixture ZLI-1840 with a chiral additive of 2.56 weight percent of cholesteryl nonanoate is filled into the cell.
- the angle ⁇ between the vibration direction of the front linear polarizer 10 and the orientation direction of its associated orientation layer 8 and the angle ⁇ between the vibration direction of the rear linear polarizer 11 and the orientation direction of its associated orientation layer 9 are ⁇ 45°. Contrast curves are given in FIG.
- V s and V ns are the usual select and non-select addressing voltages as given in the article appearing in IEEE Trans. El. Dev. that was already mentioned.
- the ratio V s /V ns is then 1.106 for a multiplex rate of 100:1.
- a liquid crystal mixture consisting of 95.6 wt. % ZLI-2392 (Merck), 2.5 wt. % S 811 (Merck) and 1.9 wt. % CB 15 (BDH) was used for these measurements.
- the total layer twist angle was -270°, the surface tilt angle 24°, the layer thickness 6.3 ⁇ m and the birefringence 0.15.
- FIG. 8 makes it clear that in the case of a cell operating in the reflective mode with one polarizer a maximal contrast ratio CR of about 3.6:1 is only then achieved if the angle ⁇ is about 20° and ⁇ n ⁇ d is approximately 1.13 ⁇ m. For this case a surface tilt angle of 28° was assumed.
- this invention makes possible a highly multiplexable, high contrast and fast liquid crystal display having a wide range of viewing angles, which in addition can be manufactured using the proven technology of the conventional TN (Twisted Nematic) display cells.
- FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of FIG. 3
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Abstract
Description
d/p=φ/360° (1)
______________________________________ curve A V.sub.s = 1.580 V contrast ratio = 19.8 V.sub.ns = 1.429 V curve B V.sub.s = 1.609 V contrast ratio = 11.8 V.sub.ns = 1.456 V ______________________________________
β+γ≅±90° (FIG. 4) (2)
β+γ≅0° (FIG. 5) (3)
Claims (15)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH3819/83 | 1983-07-12 | ||
CH381983A CH664027A5 (en) | 1983-07-12 | 1983-07-12 | LCD with twisted nematic crystal between support plates |
CH583583A CH665491A5 (en) | 1983-10-28 | 1983-10-28 | LCD with twisted nematic crystal between support plates |
CH5835/83 | 1983-10-28 |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US06/626,380 Continuation US4634229A (en) | 1983-07-12 | 1984-06-29 | Liquid crystal display |
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US4697884A true US4697884A (en) | 1987-10-06 |
US4697884B1 US4697884B1 (en) | 1990-08-28 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US06/626,380 Expired - Lifetime US4634229A (en) | 1983-07-12 | 1984-06-29 | Liquid crystal display |
US06/908,667 Expired - Lifetime US4697884A (en) | 1983-07-12 | 1986-09-17 | Liquid crystal display having degree of twist and thickness for improved multiplexing |
Family Applications Before (1)
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US06/626,380 Expired - Lifetime US4634229A (en) | 1983-07-12 | 1984-06-29 | Liquid crystal display |
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US (2) | US4634229A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0131216B1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR900008064B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA1242784A (en) |
DD (1) | DD222433A5 (en) |
DE (2) | DE3467044D1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2549268B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2143336B (en) |
HK (1) | HK54890A (en) |
IN (1) | IN161652B (en) |
NL (1) | NL8402189A (en) |
NO (1) | NO167241C (en) |
PH (1) | PH24617A (en) |
SG (1) | SG20690G (en) |
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US5696570A (en) * | 1992-04-16 | 1997-12-09 | Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung | TN cell having improved display of grey shades |
US5876626A (en) * | 1988-10-20 | 1999-03-02 | Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung | Supertwist liquid crystal display |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2549268B1 (en) | 1985-12-13 |
GB2143336B (en) | 1987-04-01 |
NL8402189A (en) | 1985-02-01 |
EP0131216A3 (en) | 1985-03-13 |
KR850001438A (en) | 1985-03-18 |
DD222433A5 (en) | 1985-05-15 |
GB2143336A (en) | 1985-02-06 |
PH24617A (en) | 1990-08-17 |
CA1242784A (en) | 1988-10-04 |
EP0131216A2 (en) | 1985-01-16 |
US4697884B1 (en) | 1990-08-28 |
NO167241B (en) | 1991-07-08 |
KR900008064B1 (en) | 1990-10-31 |
DE3467044D1 (en) | 1987-12-03 |
DE3423993A1 (en) | 1985-01-24 |
EP0131216B1 (en) | 1987-10-28 |
IN161652B (en) | 1988-01-09 |
FR2549268A1 (en) | 1985-01-18 |
NO842799L (en) | 1985-01-14 |
SG20690G (en) | 1990-07-06 |
HK54890A (en) | 1990-07-27 |
GB8417776D0 (en) | 1984-08-15 |
NO167241C (en) | 1991-10-16 |
US4634229A (en) | 1987-01-06 |
DE3423993C2 (en) | 1988-06-23 |
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