US4686069A - Air humidifier - Google Patents

Air humidifier Download PDF

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Publication number
US4686069A
US4686069A US06/875,264 US87526486A US4686069A US 4686069 A US4686069 A US 4686069A US 87526486 A US87526486 A US 87526486A US 4686069 A US4686069 A US 4686069A
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United States
Prior art keywords
individual electrodes
air
air humidifier
humidifier apparatus
voltage
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
US06/875,264
Inventor
Ernst A. Hahne
Hermann Kunzig
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Eltex Elektrostatik GmbH
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Eltex Elektrostatik GmbH
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Assigned to ELTEX-ELEKTROSTATIK GESELLSCHAFT MBH reassignment ELTEX-ELEKTROSTATIK GESELLSCHAFT MBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: HAHNE, ERNST A., KUNZIG, HERMANN
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Publication of US4686069A publication Critical patent/US4686069A/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F8/00—Treatment, e.g. purification, of air supplied to human living or working spaces otherwise than by heating, cooling, humidifying or drying
    • F24F8/10—Treatment, e.g. purification, of air supplied to human living or working spaces otherwise than by heating, cooling, humidifying or drying by separation, e.g. by filtering
    • F24F8/192—Treatment, e.g. purification, of air supplied to human living or working spaces otherwise than by heating, cooling, humidifying or drying by separation, e.g. by filtering by electrical means, e.g. by applying electrostatic fields or high voltages
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F6/00—Air-humidification, e.g. cooling by humidification
    • F24F6/02—Air-humidification, e.g. cooling by humidification by evaporation of water in the air
    • F24F6/06—Air-humidification, e.g. cooling by humidification by evaporation of water in the air using moving unheated wet elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F8/00—Treatment, e.g. purification, of air supplied to human living or working spaces otherwise than by heating, cooling, humidifying or drying
    • F24F8/30—Treatment, e.g. purification, of air supplied to human living or working spaces otherwise than by heating, cooling, humidifying or drying by ionisation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S261/00—Gas and liquid contact apparatus
    • Y10S261/80—Electrical treatment

Definitions

  • the invention concerns an air humidifier as in the preamble to the major claim.
  • An air humidifier of this type is known.
  • a plate that rotates continuously, that partly engages a tub of water, that is provided with a medium that releases moisture, and that is permeable to air is known thereby.
  • the current of air generated by a blower is blown through the plate, humidifying the air.
  • Air humidifiers of this type have on the whole been proven practical.
  • the object of the invention is to improve an air humidifier of the overall type to the extent that humid air can be ionized without leading to high concentrations of ozone.
  • the two preferably different high-voltage electrodes upstream and downstream of the plate generate an adequate and pleasant negative ionization of the air while operating surprisingly low in ozone.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-section through the air humidifier
  • FIG. 2 is a section along the line II--II in FIG. 1,
  • FIG. 3 is a section along the line III--III in FIG. 1,
  • FIG. 4 is a view in the direction indicated by the double-headed arrow IV--IV in FIG. 3, and
  • FIG. 5 is a view in the direction indicated by the double-headed arrow V--V in FIG. 3.
  • the air humidifier contains a tub of water 1.
  • a blower 2 in the form of a radial fan is positioned above the tub. Downstream of blower 2 is a plate with a medium that is permeable to air and that releases moisture, preferably a porous sponge, which is slowly rotated with its bottom immersed in water 1.
  • Electrode 4 Downstream of plate 3 is an electrostatically negatively charged electrode 4 and upstream of the plate another also electrostatically negatively charged electrode 5. Both electrodes are, as schematically illustrated, connected to a high-voltage generator 20 with a negative voltage of 4 to 10 and preferably 6 kV.
  • Rear electrode 4 has, as illustrated in FIG. 2, a number of individual electrodes in the form of parallel wires 21 that extend perpendicular to the current of air. Wires 21 are mounted and secured electrically insulated in a known way between two mounts 22.
  • Forward high-voltage electrode 5 consists of a number of individual electrodes 9, each with a very sharp point 10, positioned parallel to one another in three parallel rows 6, 7, and 8 in the form of printed-circuit boards. All of these are in one plane that extends perpendicular to the length of individual electrodes 9. The spaces between the electrodes 9 in one row 6 are opposite the electrodes 9 in the adjacent row 7 and vice versa.
  • Printed-circuit boards 6, 7, and 8 are provided with a schematically illustrated printed circuit 11 with points for soldering on the individual electrodes 9 that are mounted on them. All the electrodes in one row as well as the rows themselves are connected to an unillustrated source of negative high voltage.
  • the ratio of the free length 13 of an individual electrode 9 (FIG. 6) that extends beyond printed-circuit board 8 to the diameter of an individual electrode is at least 50:1.
  • Individual electrodes 9 are also separated by at least half their length and preferably by at least 2/3 of their length, which, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 2, projects perpendicularly over the longitudinal sides 14 of the whole rectangular boards 6, 7, and 8, specifically perpendicularly beyond longitudinal side 14.

Abstract

The air humidifier has a blower (2), the current of air that is generated by which is blown through a plate (3) with a medium that is permeable to air and that releases moisture in order to humidify the air. An electrostatically negatively charged high-voltage electrode (5) is positioned upstream and another (4) downstream of the plate (3).

Description

The invention concerns an air humidifier as in the preamble to the major claim.
An air humidifier of this type is known. A plate that rotates continuously, that partly engages a tub of water, that is provided with a medium that releases moisture, and that is permeable to air is known thereby. In operation, then, the current of air generated by a blower is blown through the plate, humidifying the air.
Air humidifiers of this type have on the whole been proven practical.
The object of the invention is to improve an air humidifier of the overall type to the extent that humid air can be ionized without leading to high concentrations of ozone.
This object is attained in an air humidifier of the overall type recited in the preamble to the major claim in accordance with the body of that claim.
The two preferably different high-voltage electrodes upstream and downstream of the plate generate an adequate and pleasant negative ionization of the air while operating surprisingly low in ozone.
Practical embodiments and developments of the invention are characterized in the subsidiary claims.
A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the drawings, wherein
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-section through the air humidifier,
FIG. 2 is a section along the line II--II in FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 is a section along the line III--III in FIG. 1,
FIG. 4 is a view in the direction indicated by the double-headed arrow IV--IV in FIG. 3, and
FIG. 5 is a view in the direction indicated by the double-headed arrow V--V in FIG. 3.
The air humidifier contains a tub of water 1. A blower 2 in the form of a radial fan is positioned above the tub. Downstream of blower 2 is a plate with a medium that is permeable to air and that releases moisture, preferably a porous sponge, which is slowly rotated with its bottom immersed in water 1.
Downstream of plate 3 is an electrostatically negatively charged electrode 4 and upstream of the plate another also electrostatically negatively charged electrode 5. Both electrodes are, as schematically illustrated, connected to a high-voltage generator 20 with a negative voltage of 4 to 10 and preferably 6 kV.
Rear electrode 4 has, as illustrated in FIG. 2, a number of individual electrodes in the form of parallel wires 21 that extend perpendicular to the current of air. Wires 21 are mounted and secured electrically insulated in a known way between two mounts 22.
Forward high-voltage electrode 5 consists of a number of individual electrodes 9, each with a very sharp point 10, positioned parallel to one another in three parallel rows 6, 7, and 8 in the form of printed-circuit boards. All of these are in one plane that extends perpendicular to the length of individual electrodes 9. The spaces between the electrodes 9 in one row 6 are opposite the electrodes 9 in the adjacent row 7 and vice versa. Printed- circuit boards 6, 7, and 8 are provided with a schematically illustrated printed circuit 11 with points for soldering on the individual electrodes 9 that are mounted on them. All the electrodes in one row as well as the rows themselves are connected to an unillustrated source of negative high voltage.
The ratio of the free length 13 of an individual electrode 9 (FIG. 6) that extends beyond printed-circuit board 8 to the diameter of an individual electrode is at least 50:1. Individual electrodes 9 are also separated by at least half their length and preferably by at least 2/3 of their length, which, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 2, projects perpendicularly over the longitudinal sides 14 of the whole rectangular boards 6, 7, and 8, specifically perpendicularly beyond longitudinal side 14.

Claims (15)

We claim:
1. Air humidifier apparatus comprising: an air permeable plate unit; means for moistening said plate unit; blower means forcing air through said unit for humidifying the air; and electrostatically-negatively charged high-voltage electrodes positioned in the air stream both upstream of and downstream of said unit.
2. Air humidifier apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein each high-voltage electrode is operated with a negative voltage from 4 to 10 kV.
3. Air humidifier apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein each high-voltage electrode is operated with a negative voltage of substantially 6 kV.
4. Air humidifier apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein each high-voltage electrode is different from the other electrode.
5. Air humidifier apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the downstream high-voltage electrode comprises a plurality of individual electrodes of mutually parallel wires positioned perpendicular to the air stream.
6. Air humidifier apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the upstream high-voltage electrode comprises a plurality of needle-shaped individual electrodes, each of said needle-shaped individual electrodes having a point.
7. Air humidifier apparatus as defined in claim 6, wherein all individual electrodes are non-potted, all individual electrodes having substantially identical shape and extending parallel to one another with their points in one plane, said individual electrodes having a free length and a diameter so that the ratio of the free length to the diameter is at least 50-1, said individual electrodes being arranged in similarly-shaped rows, individual electrodes in one row being positioned opposite spaces between individual electrodes in an adjacent row, said individual electrodes in said rows being spaced from each other by at least half said free length.
8. Air humidifier apparatus as defined in claim 7, wherein the ratio of said free length to said diameter of each individual electrode is between 80:1 and 120:1.
9. Air humidifier apparatus as defined in claim 8, wherein said individual electrodes are spaced apart by at least 2/3 of said length.
10. Air humidifier apparatus as defined in claim 7, including a board of electrically insulating material and being shaped as a substantially narrow rectangle, individual electrodes in one row being mounted on said board, the free length of the individual electrodes extending perpendicularly beyond a longitudinal side of said board.
11. Air humidifier apparatus as defined in claim 10, wherein said board comprises a printed-circuit board having soldering points, said individual electrodes being soldered to said soldering points.
12. Air humidifier apparatus as defined in claim 11, including a printed conductor connecting said soldering points.
13. Air humidifier apparatus as defined in claim 7, including a source of negative high voltage connected to said individual electrodes.
14. Air humidifier apparatus as defined in claim 7, wherein said plane extends perpendicular to an extension of said individual electrodes.
15. Air humidifier apparatus as defined in claim 7, wherein said points are positioned downstream with respect to said air stream and point along the direction of flow of said air stream.
US06/875,264 1985-06-26 1986-06-17 Air humidifier Expired - Fee Related US4686069A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3522882 1985-06-26
DE19853522882 DE3522882A1 (en) 1985-06-26 1985-06-26 HUMIDIFIER

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US4686069A true US4686069A (en) 1987-08-11

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ID=6274261

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US06/875,264 Expired - Fee Related US4686069A (en) 1985-06-26 1986-06-17 Air humidifier

Country Status (6)

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US (1) US4686069A (en)
EP (1) EP0206171A3 (en)
JP (1) JPS625028A (en)
CH (1) CH660569A5 (en)
DE (1) DE3522882A1 (en)
ES (1) ES8801025A1 (en)

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5464572A (en) * 1993-03-04 1995-11-07 Bonzi; Mario Device for humidifying and ionizing air
USD430928S (en) * 1998-09-09 2000-09-12 The Rival Company Air cleaner
US6126722A (en) * 1998-07-28 2000-10-03 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture Electrostatic reduction system for reducing airborne dust and microorganisms
USD433493S (en) * 1998-12-23 2000-11-07 The Rival Company Air cleaner
USD434127S (en) * 1998-12-23 2000-11-21 The Rival Company Humidifier
EP1420213A2 (en) * 2002-11-14 2004-05-19 Quality Health Group AG Curative air conditioner
US20070069404A1 (en) * 2005-09-27 2007-03-29 Chin-Hsia Chi Anionic purifier
US20080074824A1 (en) * 2004-08-20 2008-03-27 Kenji Furuhashi Air Conditioning Apparatus
US20080187458A1 (en) * 2007-02-06 2008-08-07 Mandish Theodore O Air purifying process
US20100224702A1 (en) * 2009-03-09 2010-09-09 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Pneumatic atomization nozzle for web moistening
US20100224122A1 (en) * 2009-03-09 2010-09-09 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Low pressure regulation for web moistening systems
US20100224703A1 (en) * 2009-03-09 2010-09-09 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Pneumatic Atomization Nozzle for Web Moistening
US20110005261A1 (en) * 2008-03-07 2011-01-13 Sunghwa Lee Air conditioner and air conditioning system
US20130313729A1 (en) * 2011-08-29 2013-11-28 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Humidifier
US8894046B2 (en) 2011-07-20 2014-11-25 Fka Distributing Co., Llc Humidifier having an anti-contamination system
DE102014204916A1 (en) 2014-03-17 2015-09-17 Annick Barbara Reiner Marine air conditioner
US20150266031A1 (en) * 2014-03-21 2015-09-24 Brookstone Purchasing, Inc. Combined ionic air filter and humidifier apparatus
US9186881B2 (en) 2009-03-09 2015-11-17 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Thermally isolated liquid supply for web moistening

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3830523C2 (en) * 1987-09-11 1999-06-24 Festo Ag & Co Device for cleaning and humidifying gases, in particular air
GB2232908A (en) * 1989-06-15 1991-01-02 Honeywell Control Syst Electrostatic fluid cleaner
HU9200004D0 (en) * 1992-01-02 1992-04-28 Geza Csaszar Process and apparatus for the providing of water from water reservires during maintenance
DE102005016715B4 (en) * 2005-03-10 2007-11-15 Heinz Buchner Device for cleaning and / or humidifying gases, in particular room air
BRPI0704230A2 (en) * 2007-11-26 2009-08-04 Abreu Carlos Donizetti air treatment equipment and system
DE202016104471U1 (en) 2016-08-12 2016-08-19 Cerberus Ag Device for humidifying room air
FR3083120A1 (en) * 2018-07-02 2020-01-03 Cp2N AIR PURIFICATION SYSTEM BY CONTROLLED HUMIDIFICATION AND IONIZATION, AND AERAULIC CIRCUIT EQUIPPED WITH SUCH A SYSTEM.

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US2001700A (en) * 1929-12-03 1935-05-21 Carrier Engineering Corp Humidification process and apparatus employing electrical attractive forces
US3730497A (en) * 1971-02-03 1973-05-01 West Bend Co Portable humidifier
SU485282A1 (en) * 1973-08-07 1975-09-25 Новочеркасский Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Политехнический Институт Им.С.Орджоникидзе Air conditioning device
SU596782A1 (en) * 1976-07-20 1978-03-05 Shabalkin Anatolij Z Air humidification device
SU620748A1 (en) * 1976-12-15 1978-08-25 Ленинградский зональный научно-исследовательский и проектный институт типового и экспериментального проектирования жилых и общественных зданий Air humidification device
US4133484A (en) * 1976-06-07 1979-01-09 Joseph Jannone Apparatus for spraying liquids in mono-dispersed form with capacity to control the quantity of spray
SU928136A1 (en) * 1980-09-04 1982-05-15 Литовский Научно-Исследовательский Институт Текстильной Промышленности Apparatus for heat-and-moisture treatment of air

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CH278136A (en) * 1949-08-19 1951-09-30 Blatter Max Apparatus for ozonizing the room air.
DE1094429B (en) * 1953-10-13 1960-12-08 Deutsche Telephonwerk Kabel Air purifiers, especially for living rooms
DE1679604A1 (en) * 1967-11-16 1971-07-15 Suhl Elektrogeraete Veb K Air conditioner
DE2431429A1 (en) * 1974-06-29 1976-01-15 Witte Haustechnik Gmbh Air moistener with internal blower system - has angled vaporising disc dipping into water container with basal groove
FR2360199A1 (en) * 1976-07-27 1978-02-24 Pellin Henri NEGATIVE IONIZER
DE3331803A1 (en) * 1983-09-02 1985-04-04 Gesellschaft für Ionentechnik mbH, 7032 Sindelfingen DEVICE FOR GENERATING A SURPLUS OF NEGATIVE IONS IN CLOSED SPACES OR. AN AIRFLOW

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2001700A (en) * 1929-12-03 1935-05-21 Carrier Engineering Corp Humidification process and apparatus employing electrical attractive forces
US3730497A (en) * 1971-02-03 1973-05-01 West Bend Co Portable humidifier
SU485282A1 (en) * 1973-08-07 1975-09-25 Новочеркасский Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Политехнический Институт Им.С.Орджоникидзе Air conditioning device
US4133484A (en) * 1976-06-07 1979-01-09 Joseph Jannone Apparatus for spraying liquids in mono-dispersed form with capacity to control the quantity of spray
SU596782A1 (en) * 1976-07-20 1978-03-05 Shabalkin Anatolij Z Air humidification device
SU620748A1 (en) * 1976-12-15 1978-08-25 Ленинградский зональный научно-исследовательский и проектный институт типового и экспериментального проектирования жилых и общественных зданий Air humidification device
SU928136A1 (en) * 1980-09-04 1982-05-15 Литовский Научно-Исследовательский Институт Текстильной Промышленности Apparatus for heat-and-moisture treatment of air

Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5464572A (en) * 1993-03-04 1995-11-07 Bonzi; Mario Device for humidifying and ionizing air
US6126722A (en) * 1998-07-28 2000-10-03 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture Electrostatic reduction system for reducing airborne dust and microorganisms
USD430928S (en) * 1998-09-09 2000-09-12 The Rival Company Air cleaner
USD433493S (en) * 1998-12-23 2000-11-07 The Rival Company Air cleaner
USD434127S (en) * 1998-12-23 2000-11-21 The Rival Company Humidifier
EP1420213A2 (en) * 2002-11-14 2004-05-19 Quality Health Group AG Curative air conditioner
EP1420213A3 (en) * 2002-11-14 2004-10-13 Quality Health Group AG Curative air conditioner
US20080074824A1 (en) * 2004-08-20 2008-03-27 Kenji Furuhashi Air Conditioning Apparatus
US7679879B2 (en) * 2004-08-20 2010-03-16 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Air conditioning apparatus
US20070069404A1 (en) * 2005-09-27 2007-03-29 Chin-Hsia Chi Anionic purifier
US20080187458A1 (en) * 2007-02-06 2008-08-07 Mandish Theodore O Air purifying process
US7618583B2 (en) 2007-02-06 2009-11-17 Mandish Theodore O Air purifying process
US8813517B2 (en) * 2008-03-07 2014-08-26 Lg Electronics Inc. Air conditioner and air conditioning system
US20110005261A1 (en) * 2008-03-07 2011-01-13 Sunghwa Lee Air conditioner and air conditioning system
US8979004B2 (en) 2009-03-09 2015-03-17 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Pneumatic atomization nozzle for web moistening
US20100224703A1 (en) * 2009-03-09 2010-09-09 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Pneumatic Atomization Nozzle for Web Moistening
US20100224123A1 (en) * 2009-03-09 2010-09-09 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Modular nozzle unit for web moistening
US9186881B2 (en) 2009-03-09 2015-11-17 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Thermally isolated liquid supply for web moistening
US20100224702A1 (en) * 2009-03-09 2010-09-09 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Pneumatic atomization nozzle for web moistening
US20100224122A1 (en) * 2009-03-09 2010-09-09 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Low pressure regulation for web moistening systems
US8894046B2 (en) 2011-07-20 2014-11-25 Fka Distributing Co., Llc Humidifier having an anti-contamination system
US20130313729A1 (en) * 2011-08-29 2013-11-28 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Humidifier
US9228752B2 (en) * 2011-08-29 2016-01-05 Mitsbuishi Electric Corporation Humidifier
DE102014204916A1 (en) 2014-03-17 2015-09-17 Annick Barbara Reiner Marine air conditioner
WO2015140143A1 (en) 2014-03-17 2015-09-24 Rsv Management Ag Seawater air-conditioning system
US20150266031A1 (en) * 2014-03-21 2015-09-24 Brookstone Purchasing, Inc. Combined ionic air filter and humidifier apparatus
US9440240B2 (en) * 2014-03-21 2016-09-13 Brookstone Purchasing, Inc. Combined ionic air filter and humidifier apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0206171A2 (en) 1986-12-30
DE3522882C2 (en) 1989-04-20
DE3522882A1 (en) 1987-01-08
JPS625028A (en) 1987-01-12
EP0206171A3 (en) 1988-07-13
CH660569A5 (en) 1987-05-15
ES556647A0 (en) 1987-12-01
ES8801025A1 (en) 1987-12-01

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