US4470072A - Method of band compression - Google Patents

Method of band compression Download PDF

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Publication number
US4470072A
US4470072A US06/416,175 US41617582A US4470072A US 4470072 A US4470072 A US 4470072A US 41617582 A US41617582 A US 41617582A US 4470072 A US4470072 A US 4470072A
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United States
Prior art keywords
picture elements
predicted
picture element
elements
reference picture
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US06/416,175
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English (en)
Inventor
Akiyoshi Tanaka
Kunio Sannomiya
Hiroaki Kotera
Kunio Yoshida
Yoshihiro Uno
Hiroaki Miwa
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Panasonic System Solutions Japan Co Ltd
Panasonic Holdings Corp
Original Assignee
Matsushita Graphic Communication Systems Inc
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
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Application filed by Matsushita Graphic Communication Systems Inc, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd filed Critical Matsushita Graphic Communication Systems Inc
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Publication of US4470072A publication Critical patent/US4470072A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/41—Bandwidth or redundancy reduction
    • H04N1/411—Bandwidth or redundancy reduction for the transmission or storage or reproduction of two-tone pictures, e.g. black and white pictures
    • H04N1/413—Systems or arrangements allowing the picture to be reproduced without loss or modification of picture-information
    • H04N1/417—Systems or arrangements allowing the picture to be reproduced without loss or modification of picture-information using predictive or differential encoding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/41—Bandwidth or redundancy reduction

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an improvement of a signal band compression method, which aims at decreasing the quantity of information required in telegraph or facsimile transmission or recording, by reducing the redundancy of image information.
  • An adaptive prediction method is one of the prior art band compression methods.
  • This method comprises a preliminary process in which the information value of a selected picture element is predicted by using peripheral picture elements thereof and converting their information into a signal expressing the predicted result, and comprises a means for coding this converted signal to telegraph-transmit or to record it.
  • the compression ratio is much dependent on the preliminary process.
  • This invention relates to a preliminary signal-processing method in the adaptive prediction system. Namely, the invention improves the band compression method using the adaptive prediction system, in order to realize a large band compression effect.
  • this system several picture elements (reference picture elements) are selected in order to predict the information value of a picture element (predicted picture element). It is not appropriate, from a practical viewpoint, to increase the number of reference picture elements in an unlimited fashion although a certain effect may be thereby expected.
  • an allowed number of reference picture elements are selected uniformly and continuously from the peripheral picture elements of the picture element to be predicted. In such a method, since there are a plurality of reference picture elements having a similar characteristic or picture information to that of the predicted picture element, insufficient band compression effect is obtained.
  • reference picture elements are selected not only from a group of picture elements adjacent to the predicted picture element (first order picture element), but also from a group of picture elements of higher than or equal to the third order (picture elements having no "shaded relation" from the predicted picture element) by excluding picture elements lying on extensions of the predicted picture element and the first order picture elements (picture elements having a "shaded relation" with the predicted picture element, which are hereinbelow called “shaded elements”). Therefore, even with a limited number of such reference picture elements, a large amount of information is obtained, which ensures more exact prediction of the value of a predicted picture element and gives a large effect of increasing the band compression ratio.
  • FIG. 1 shows an example of the arrangement of a predicted picture element and reference picture elements according to a prior-art adaptive prediction method.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an example of a facsimile transmitter to which this invention is applied.
  • FIG. 3 shows an arrangement of a predicted picture element and its peripheral picture elements.
  • FIGS. 4a to 4d show arrangements of a predicted picture element and selected reference picture elements as used in an adaptive prediction method according to this invention.
  • the read value of the picture element is defined as the color of the picture element.
  • a picture element which becomes an object of the present signal conversion for the purpose of suppression of redundancy is defined as a predicted picture element.
  • a picture element which is referred to as predicting the color of a predicted picture element and scanned prior to the predicted picture element is defined as a reference picture element.
  • the predicted picture element is defined as a zero-order picture element.
  • Picture elements which form a first loop (or group) and surround and contact with the zero order picture element either through a point or a line contact are defined as first-order picture elements.
  • Picture elements which form an n-th loop (or group) and surround and contact with a picture element of (n-1)th order either through a point or line contact are defined as picture elements of n-th order.
  • a means which has a higher redundancy suppression effect of image information than in a prior art, and hence, has a large band-compression characteristic.
  • FIG. 1 shows an example of the arrangement of reference picture elements according to the idea, where the reference numeral 11 denotes a predicted picture element while a part 12 shown by oblique lines denotes a group of reference picture elements.
  • the reference picture elements are selected from the picture elements, which contain information on the direction of the color boundary of an original image and which have no shaded relation with the predicted picture element, rather than selected continuously from the picture elements in the neighborhood of the predicted picture element, whereby the concidence rate of prediction is largely promoted.
  • FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of the circuit elements which are necessary for a facsimile transmitter to which the present invention is applied.
  • the image information in a character-picture manuscript 1 is illuminated by a scanning light point of a light source 2.
  • the reflected light is sent through a lens 3 to a photoelectric converter element 4, where it is converted into an electric signal depending on the light and shade (black and white) of the manuscript.
  • the electric signal for each picture element is encoded into a binary value of either "0" or "1" by a binary encoder 5, and stored in a memory 6 in a form corresponding to the array of picture elements.
  • Reference picture elements are selected from the picture or image signals stored in the memory to generate a prediction signal for a predicted picture element.
  • the binary-valued image signals are stored in the memory 6, while the signal of the predicted picture element is sent to the comparator.
  • the comparator 8 compares the received predicted value with the actual value, and generates a coincidence signal (e.g. "0") when the both values are equal, or generates a noncoincidence signal (e.g. "1") when the both values are not equal.
  • the coincidence or non-coincidence signal is sent to a coder 9.
  • the signal series of coincidence and non-coincidence generated in the comparator 8 is encoded in the coder 9, for which various coding systems may be used. For example, the publicly-known Huffman code may be used for coding.
  • the coded image signal is stored in a buffer memory temporarily, and sent through a modem to a receiver as occasion demands.
  • a modem to a receiver as occasion demands.
  • an inverse process to that of the transmitter is taken to reproduce the image signal, which then is sent to a printing means to reproduce a picture image.
  • FIG. 3 shows the periphery of a predicted picture element 21 shown by the mark x in the memory 6.
  • the arrow 20A denotes the main scanning direction while the arrow 20B denotes the sub-scanning direction.
  • reference picture elements 22I, 22J, 22K, 22L, 22M, 22P, 22Q, 22R, 22S, 22T, 22W and 22X are selected for the predicted picture element 21.
  • the elements 22I, 22K, 22M and 22W are in the shaded relation with the predicted picture element 21 due to the presence of the elements 22Q, 22R, 22S and 22X respectively.
  • the elements 22I and 22J, 22J and 22K, 22K and 22L, 22L and 22M are respectively in line contiguous relation to each other, while, for example, the elements 22I and 22A, 22I and 22C, 22I and 22O, 22I and 22Q are in point contiguous relation to each other, and that, for example, the elements 22A, 22I, 22J and 22R are adjacent or contiguous to each other and connected to the predicted picture element 21.
  • picture elements as having the shaded relation are not used for the reference picture elements, but the elements of the third order which have no shaded relation with the predicted picture element are used therefor, whereby the prediction coincidence rate is increased.
  • FIG. 4 shows embodiments of selecting such reference picture elements.
  • the number of reference picture elements is limited to twelve, and at least one reference picture element of the order not lower than the third order is used.
  • FIG. 4a shows a typical embodiment.
  • elements 22B, 22F, 22H, 22J, 22L, 22N, 22P, 22Q, 22R, 22S, 22T and 22X are used.
  • the reference picture elements, for example, 22B, 22F, 22H and 22N of the third order are positionally not in shaded relation with the predicted picture element 21, and yet they are contiguous to the elements 22B, 22J, 22L and 22R and to each other and thus are connected to the predicted picture element 21.
  • the compression ratio achieved by selecting such reference picture elements is significantly improved compared to that of the previous example using twelve reference picture elements according to the prior method.
  • FIG. 4b shows an embodiment where reference picture elements are selected within three scanning lines including the predicted picture element 21.
  • FIGS. 4c and 4d show modifications of FIG. 4a.
  • FIG. 4a shows a case when a picture element 22C is used instead of the element 22J
  • FIG. 4d shows a case when picture elements 22C and 22E are used instead of the elements 22J and 22L.
  • the reason for the increaase of prediction coincidence rate when the selected reference picture elements have no shaded relation is, for example in comparison of the element 22W and 22X, that the predicted value of the picture element 21 is influenced by the color of the reference picture element 22X much more than that of the element 22W, and further that the reference picture elements having no shaded relation contain color information concerning the direction of boundary of an original picture image.
  • this invention may also be applicable to a case where only reference picture elements of the order up to the second order are used, it is particularly preferred to apply this invention to a case where reference picture elements of higher order(s) not lower than the third order are used.
  • this invention relates to a band compression method according to an adaptive prediction system in which a predetermined number of picture elements existing in the vicinity or periphery of a picture element to be predicted are selectively referred to to determine a predicted value of the predicted picture element, and more particularly to a signal band compression method of an adaptive prediction system in which reference picture elements are selected from the picture elements which are adjacent to but not in shaded relation with the predicted picture element, particularly characterized in that the reference picture elements of higher order not less than the third order are selected from only picture elements having no shaded relation with the predicted picture element.
  • This invention ensures an improved adaptive prediction with an extremely high coincidence rate by using a limited constant number of reference picture elements, and with a large increase in the band compression ratio.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Compression, Expansion, Code Conversion, And Decoders (AREA)
  • Image Processing (AREA)
  • Reduction Or Emphasis Of Bandwidth Of Signals (AREA)
  • Compression Of Band Width Or Redundancy In Fax (AREA)
US06/416,175 1979-10-17 1982-09-09 Method of band compression Expired - Lifetime US4470072A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP13459579A JPS5658368A (en) 1979-10-17 1979-10-17 Band compressing method
JP54-134595 1979-10-17

Related Parent Applications (1)

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US06196335 Continuation 1980-10-14

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US4470072A true US4470072A (en) 1984-09-04

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US06/416,175 Expired - Lifetime US4470072A (en) 1979-10-17 1982-09-09 Method of band compression

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US (1) US4470072A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5658368A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE3038953C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE448045B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2159364A (en) * 1984-04-03 1985-11-27 Canon Kk Image signal processing method
WO1986005340A1 (en) * 1985-02-27 1986-09-12 Scientific Atlanta, Inc. Error detection and concealment using predicted signal values
US4633490A (en) * 1984-03-15 1986-12-30 International Business Machines Corporation Symmetrical optimized adaptive data compression/transfer/decompression system
US4633325A (en) * 1983-09-01 1986-12-30 Nec Corporation Adaptive predictive encoding and/or decoding apparatus
US4682869A (en) * 1983-12-28 1987-07-28 International Business Machines Corporation Image processing system and method
US4700234A (en) * 1983-08-30 1987-10-13 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image processing system
US4717956A (en) * 1985-08-20 1988-01-05 North Carolina State University Image-sequence compression using a motion-compensation technique
EP0238254A3 (en) * 1986-03-20 1988-03-16 American Telephone And Telegraph Company Data compression using block list transform
EP0717554A3 (en) * 1994-12-16 1996-11-13 Canon Kk Encoding and decoding device and method
US5923783A (en) * 1996-08-07 1999-07-13 Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. Image encoding apparatus and image decoding apparatus
US5986594A (en) * 1996-09-11 1999-11-16 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image compression by arithmetic coding with learning limit
US20150071354A1 (en) * 2006-09-01 2015-03-12 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image coding apparatus and image coding method

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8571306B2 (en) * 2011-08-10 2013-10-29 Qualcomm Incorporated Coding of feature location information

Citations (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2416728A1 (de) * 1974-04-05 1975-10-09 Licentia Gmbh Verfahren zur uebertragung von faksimilesignalen
US3937871A (en) * 1973-03-26 1976-02-10 International Publishing Corporation Limited Code communication
GB1443651A (en) * 1973-05-30 1976-07-21 Ibm System for compacting digital data
JPS54120521A (en) * 1978-03-11 1979-09-19 Ricoh Co Ltd Data compression system
GB2016872A (en) * 1978-02-23 1979-09-26 Nippon Electric Co Digital facsimile transmission system for screened pictures
US4213154A (en) * 1978-08-03 1980-07-15 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Facsimile communication system

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2326644C3 (de) * 1973-05-25 1981-10-01 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Verfahren zur Datenkompression von Nachrichtensignalen

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3937871A (en) * 1973-03-26 1976-02-10 International Publishing Corporation Limited Code communication
GB1443651A (en) * 1973-05-30 1976-07-21 Ibm System for compacting digital data
DE2416728A1 (de) * 1974-04-05 1975-10-09 Licentia Gmbh Verfahren zur uebertragung von faksimilesignalen
GB2016872A (en) * 1978-02-23 1979-09-26 Nippon Electric Co Digital facsimile transmission system for screened pictures
JPS54120521A (en) * 1978-03-11 1979-09-19 Ricoh Co Ltd Data compression system
US4213154A (en) * 1978-08-03 1980-07-15 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Facsimile communication system

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4700234A (en) * 1983-08-30 1987-10-13 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image processing system
US4633325A (en) * 1983-09-01 1986-12-30 Nec Corporation Adaptive predictive encoding and/or decoding apparatus
US4682869A (en) * 1983-12-28 1987-07-28 International Business Machines Corporation Image processing system and method
US4633490A (en) * 1984-03-15 1986-12-30 International Business Machines Corporation Symmetrical optimized adaptive data compression/transfer/decompression system
GB2159364A (en) * 1984-04-03 1985-11-27 Canon Kk Image signal processing method
US4719642A (en) * 1985-02-27 1988-01-12 Scientific Atlanta, Inc. Error detection and concealment using predicted signal values
WO1986005340A1 (en) * 1985-02-27 1986-09-12 Scientific Atlanta, Inc. Error detection and concealment using predicted signal values
US4717956A (en) * 1985-08-20 1988-01-05 North Carolina State University Image-sequence compression using a motion-compensation technique
EP0238254A3 (en) * 1986-03-20 1988-03-16 American Telephone And Telegraph Company Data compression using block list transform
EP0717554A3 (en) * 1994-12-16 1996-11-13 Canon Kk Encoding and decoding device and method
US5848194A (en) * 1994-12-16 1998-12-08 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Coding/decoding apparatus and coding/decoding method
US5923783A (en) * 1996-08-07 1999-07-13 Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. Image encoding apparatus and image decoding apparatus
US5986594A (en) * 1996-09-11 1999-11-16 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image compression by arithmetic coding with learning limit
US20150071354A1 (en) * 2006-09-01 2015-03-12 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image coding apparatus and image coding method
US9948944B2 (en) * 2006-09-01 2018-04-17 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image coding apparatus and image coding method

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3038953C2 (de) 1983-08-18
JPS5658368A (en) 1981-05-21
DE3038953A1 (de) 1981-04-30
SE8007257L (sv) 1981-04-18
SE448045B (sv) 1987-01-12
JPS6348227B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1988-09-28

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