US4320404A - Microwave phase shifter and its application to electronic scanning - Google Patents

Microwave phase shifter and its application to electronic scanning Download PDF

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Publication number
US4320404A
US4320404A US06/237,642 US23764281A US4320404A US 4320404 A US4320404 A US 4320404A US 23764281 A US23764281 A US 23764281A US 4320404 A US4320404 A US 4320404A
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diodes
conductors
guide
phase
wave
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US06/237,642
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English (en)
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Claude Chekroun
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D ETUDE DU RADANT Ste
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D ETUDE DU RADANT Ste
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/18—Phase-shifters
    • H01P1/185—Phase-shifters using a diode or a gas filled discharge tube
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
    • H01Q3/46—Active lenses or reflecting arrays

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electronically controlled microwave phase shifter.
  • phase shifters permitting the control of phase variations in a microwave signal.
  • phase shifters include diode phase shifters and ferrite phase shifters which work by the modification of magnetic permeability.
  • Diode phase shifters typically present a fundamental inconvenience in that the minimum difference between two phase values such shifters are able to obtain remains high. Typically, for technological reasons and cost, the minimum difference is greater than 22.5 degrees. In order to diminish this minimum difference, it would of course be possible to increase the number of diodes in the phase shifter, but this would lead, on the other hand, to inadmissible energy losses and to operation which is limited to a very narrow band of frequencies. Furthermore, diode phase shifters require the use of components of very advanced technology and of high costs especially when one wishes to operate above 8000 MHz.
  • ferrite phase shifters allow for continuous variation of the phase of a microwave signal. Practically, they permit all useful phase variations (up to 5 degrees) in present industrial applications. Nevertheless they present a number of inconveniences, arising from their principles of operation, namely: (a) complexity of drive circuitry necessary for the production of the variable magnetic field, (b) large switching time, and (c) non-reciprocity between transmission and reception. Furthermore, the reversibility of such systems has a high reversibility time of the order of 1 millisecond. Other inconveniences are caused by the use of ferrites which provoke burdensome problems of weight and problems of instability with temperature since the operation of ferrite depends on the ambient temperature or the temperature resulting from the microwave energy passed through them.
  • phase shifter of continuous or pseudo-continuous phase variation, which permits, as one will see, the avoidance of the inconveniences of known phase shifters.
  • the phase shifter of the present invention comprises a microwave line having a wave guide terminated by a short circuit; a plurality of metallic wire conductors fitted in shunt along said guide parallel to a electric field of an electromagnetic wave incident to said wave guide; and diodes in series and mounted in the same sense on at least selected ones of the conductors; the diodes, upon receipt of forward and reverse bias acting on the conduction of the diodes, rendering the wires on which the diodes are mounted continuous or sectioned depending on said bias.
  • the wires comprise wire conductors carrying the diodes mounted in series in the same sense and equally spaced, continuous wires without diodes, and additional wires cut into sections. All the wire conductors carrying diodes are preferably mounted in series in the same sense and equally spaced.
  • the wire conductors are distributed in one or more planes parallel to the sense of propagtion of the incident electromagnetic wave in the interior of the guide, these planes being symmetric with respect to the horizontal axis of the guide.
  • the wire conductors of each plane ideally carry corresponding diodes
  • the continuous wires and the additional wires are distributed in two planes parallel to the sense of propagation of the incident electromagnetic wave in the interior of said guide, and the planes are symmetric with respect to the axis of the guide and each wire of two corresponding diodes of the planes is placed at the same distance from the short circuit of the wave guide.
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of an assembled phase shifter constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is an illustration of an unassembled phase shifter of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a table of code commands for the phase shifter of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a three dimensional electronic scanning antenna
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram of the assembly of the antenna shown in FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 6 is another example of an electronic scanning antenna.
  • a phase shifter comprises a microwave line terminated by a short circuit.
  • the equivalent length of the line can be modified as desired.
  • the microwave line, of which one of the ends is terminated by a short circuit is composed of a wave guide in which metallic wire conductors carrying from one to several diodes in series are mounted in the same sense at a constant spacing less than the incident wavelength.
  • the wires and diodes are distributed in shunt across the guide parallel to the electric field of the incident electromagnetic wave. That is to say, they are distributed in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the guide and parallel to the smaller side of the guide. Additional wire conductors, which are continuous or cut in sections, are mounted parallel to the wires carrying the diodes.
  • the inventor has, in effect, established that an electromagnetic wave circulating in a waveguide sustains a phase shift when this guide is terminated in a short circuit and there is placed, in shunt and parallel to the electric field of this electromagnetic wave, a metallic wire conductor carrying from one to several diodes in series, mounted in the same sense.
  • the phase shift is a function of the parameters of the wire conductors, of the number of the diodes, of the characteristics of the diodes, of the spacing of the diodes on the wire conductors, of the states of the wires or of the diodes on the wires, and of the distance of the wire conductors carrying the diodes with respect to the short circuit terminating the guide.
  • the inventor has established also that by placing in a wave guide terminated by a short circuit several metallic wire conductors carrying diodes with the wires parallel and at different distances from the short circuit, and by acting as desired on the state of the diodes of one or several wires of diodes through the application of a forward or reverse bias in a way to make them continuous or sectioned, the wave sustains a total phase shift which is not the simple addition of the phase shifts produced by each of the wires if they were alone in the wave guide.
  • the present invention provides a phase shifter which, as a function of the state of the diodes on one, or several wires placed at certain distances from the short circuit, will be able to introduce as desired on the incident electromagnetic wave all phase variations as small as the application necessitates.
  • phase shifter consisting of a wave guide terminated in a short circuit with only eight metallic wire conductors carrying diodes, which conductors are judiciously spaced along the length of the guide and supplied with otherwise continuous wire conductors and with sectioned wire conductors.
  • the continuous metallic wire conductors can be either positioned in a plane parallel to the sense of propagation of the wave or in two or several planes parallel to the sense of propagation of the incident wave at the interior of the guide. These planes are preferably symmetric with respect to the horizontal axis of the guide.
  • two wires of diodes situated at the same distance from the short circuit are applied simultaneously with the same forward or reverse biases, in a way that these two wires are in the same states of being either continuous or sectioned.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the assembled phase shifter
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the parts making up the phase shifter
  • the phase shifter is made up of an element of wave guide of rectangular cross section with exterior dimensions (see FIG. 2) of 78 mm (L1) and 40 mm (L2), and with interior dimensions of 72 mm (L4) and 34 mm (L5).
  • the length of the guide is 64 mm (L3).
  • This guide is made up of two parts which fit together, the first (1) forms the frame, the other (2) designed to adapt to the first, and carries a short circuit (3) as shown in FIG. 2.
  • Six metallic wire conductors (4) are cut in sections and seven metallic wire conductors (5) carry diodes (9) and are aligned alternatively as is shown in FIG. 2 by a glass teflon support (6) of width (e1) of 0.3 mm.
  • the support is preferably constructed by printed circuit methods.
  • the distance (d4) between a sectioned wire and a wire of diodes is 4 mm.
  • the distance (d3) between two wires of diodes is 8.4 mm.
  • Each wire of diodes carries three diodes (9) in series of the thin intrinsic zone type (PIN diode) having 0.22 picofarads of capacitance at 36 Hz and minus 50 volts.
  • the separation (d2) of the diodes on the wire is 11.3 mm.
  • Each diode (9) is furnished with its ballast resistor (10) of 2 megaohms.
  • the sectioned wire conductors have a spacing (d5) of 4.2 mm.
  • Two glass-telfon supports (6) thus fitted are placed parallel to the smaller sides of the guide at a distance of 36 mm one from the other.
  • the 7 wires (5) carrying the diodes are connected through 28 chokes (11) which are mounted on the two external sides of the part (2) of the guide and fitted equally spaced to the wires (5) of the diodes, to command circuits carried by two integrated circuit plates (8).
  • integrated circuit plates (8) are attached on the exterior faces of the part (2) of the guide.
  • the phase shifter which is represented as an assembly in FIG. 1 has been used to phase shift an incident electromagnetic wave of electric field E parallel to the wires in a frequency band of 2850 to 3150 Megahertz.
  • the inventor has, as an example, successively biased by a forward or reverse voltage command the diodes carried by the seven pairs of wires of diodes according to the code of 38 commands shown in the table of FIG. 3.
  • the zero (0) indicates a reverse bias and the one (1) a forward bias.
  • the phase shift of the reflected wave varies from 0 to 360 degrees by elementary steps of 10 degrees in the band of frequencies considered.
  • the insertion loss of the phase shifter is less than 0.5 dB.
  • the phase shifter according to the invention presents a number of advantages. It permits a continuous or quasi continuous variation of the phase of an incident electromagnetic wave. It is realizable with components of small cost and of simple technology. It requires simple command voltages. Considering the slight bias currents and the life times of the diodes, the phase shifter has a small switching time. It is reciprocal. It presents insertion losses in the components notably smaller than those observed with known phase shifters. It is adaptable to function at frequencies going to at least 18 GHz and at frequencies between 5 GHz and 18 GHz. It presents less insertion loss than known phase shifters.
  • phase shifter The applications of the phase shifter according to the invention are numerous.
  • a three dimensional electronic scanning antenna of high performance and very technically interesting is obtained.
  • the antenna thus constructed would be able to emit very high power on the order of 1 KW average per square meter of phase shifters. It will not present quantifable secondary lobes. It will have a very agile pointing ability for the microwave beam due to the very small switching time of the phase shifters, which will allow it to have counter measure applications.
  • the assembly FIG. 5 made up of the phase shifter, of the individual source and of the coupler would thus form an assembly working for transmission.
  • One could also build a two dimensional electronic scanning antenna by joining to each of the phase shifters a slotted guide or a dipole fed by a microwave power divider and a 3 dB coupler to make a flat antenna.
  • Each phase shifter and a 3 dB coupler is placed at the end of a slotted guide of the flat antenna.
  • an electronic scanning antenna of FIG. 6 destined to operate in the band of 2850-3150 MHz. It is on a surface of 3 meters by 3 meters made up of 2400 diodes as shown in FIG. 6 protected by a dielectric sheet (12) and illuminated by a microwave source (10).
  • the wires of the diodes of each phase shifter shown in FIG. 6 are commanded individually by a command bias voltage, forward or reverse, by means of a computer (16) as a function of the pointing angle desired for the emitted microwave beam.
  • the peak power emitted is 0.9 MW and the average power is 11 kW.
  • the insertion losses are small.
  • the level of the near secondary lobes is less than 30 dB and the level of the diffuse lobes is around 40 dB.

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  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Waveguide Switches, Polarizers, And Phase Shifters (AREA)
  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
US06/237,642 1977-12-20 1981-02-24 Microwave phase shifter and its application to electronic scanning Expired - Fee Related US4320404A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR7738354 1977-12-20
FR7738354A FR2412960A1 (fr) 1977-12-20 1977-12-20 Dephaseur hyperfrequence et son application au balayage electronique

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US05971546 Continuation 1978-12-20

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DE (1) DE2834905A1 (de)
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Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4447815A (en) * 1979-11-13 1984-05-08 Societe D'etude Du Radant Lens for electronic scanning in the polarization plane
US4518966A (en) * 1981-10-05 1985-05-21 Societe D'etude Du Radant Adaptive spatial microwave filter for multipolarized antennas and the process of its application
US4552151A (en) * 1981-07-02 1985-11-12 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Process and means for rapid point by point survey of body scanning radiation field
US4684952A (en) * 1982-09-24 1987-08-04 Ball Corporation Microstrip reflectarray for satellite communication and radar cross-section enhancement or reduction
US4975712A (en) * 1989-01-23 1990-12-04 Trw Inc. Two-dimensional scanning antenna
US5081465A (en) * 1989-12-05 1992-01-14 Thomson-Csf Radant Spatially selective device for the absorption of electromagnetic waves, for a microwave lens
US5144327A (en) * 1989-12-26 1992-09-01 Thomson-Csf Radant Source of microwave radiation for an electronic sweeping antenna which absorbs reflected energy
US5233356A (en) * 1986-07-29 1993-08-03 Hughes Aircraft Company Low sidelobe solid state array antenna apparatus and process for configuring an array antenna aperture
US5237328A (en) * 1990-12-27 1993-08-17 Thomson-Csf Radant Protection system for electronic equipment
US5245352A (en) * 1982-09-30 1993-09-14 The Boeing Company Threshold sensitive low visibility reflecting surface
US5444454A (en) * 1983-06-13 1995-08-22 M/A-Com, Inc. Monolithic millimeter-wave phased array
DE3516190A1 (de) * 1984-07-12 1995-10-19 Radant Etudes Elektronische Abtastvorrichtung mit aktiver Linse und integrierter Strahlungsquelle
US5471223A (en) * 1993-12-01 1995-11-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Low VSWR high efficiency UWB antenna
GB2302212A (en) * 1990-11-06 1997-01-08 Thomson Csf Radant A microwave lens
EP0936695A1 (de) * 1998-02-13 1999-08-18 Hughes Electronics Corporation Halbleiterantenne mit elektronisch gesteuerter Ablenkung
US6191748B1 (en) 1997-02-03 2001-02-20 Thomson-Csf Active microwave reflector for electronically steered scanning antenna
US6429822B1 (en) 2000-03-31 2002-08-06 Thomson-Csf Microwave phase-shifter and electronic scanning antenna with such phase-shifters
US6670928B1 (en) * 1999-11-26 2003-12-30 Thales Active electronic scan microwave reflector
US6703980B2 (en) 2000-07-28 2004-03-09 Thales Active dual-polarization microwave reflector, in particular for electronically scanning antenna
US6985050B2 (en) 2000-04-20 2006-01-10 Paratek Microwave, Inc. Waveguide-finline tunable phase shifter
US20060251582A1 (en) * 2005-05-09 2006-11-09 Biosphere Medical Sa Compositions and methods using microspheres and non-ionic contrast agents
US7420523B1 (en) 2005-09-14 2008-09-02 Radant Technologies, Inc. B-sandwich radome fabrication
US7463212B1 (en) 2005-09-14 2008-12-09 Radant Technologies, Inc. Lightweight C-sandwich radome fabrication
US20100171674A1 (en) * 2009-01-08 2010-07-08 Thinkom Solutions, Inc. Low cost electronically scanned array antenna
US20130188041A1 (en) * 2012-01-19 2013-07-25 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Detecting device, detector, and imaging apparatus using the same
US9099782B2 (en) 2012-05-29 2015-08-04 Cpi Radant Technologies Division Inc. Lightweight, multiband, high angle sandwich radome structure for millimeter wave frequencies

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2509095B1 (fr) * 1981-07-02 1985-10-04 Radant Etudes Procede electronique et dispositif permettant de dephaser des ondes hyperfrequence se propageant dans un guide
FR2549300B1 (fr) * 1983-07-13 1988-03-25 Tran Dinh Can Dispositif de balayage electromecanique notamment pour antenne radar
US5170140A (en) * 1988-08-11 1992-12-08 Hughes Aircraft Company Diode patch phase shifter insertable into a waveguide
EP0357955B1 (de) * 1988-08-11 1993-09-29 Hughes Aircraft Company Phasenschieber mit durch Dioden verbundenen Streifen
US6999040B2 (en) * 2003-06-18 2006-02-14 Raytheon Company Transverse device array phase shifter circuit techniques and antennas

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US3276023A (en) * 1963-05-21 1966-09-27 Dorne And Margolin Inc Grid array antenna
US3569974A (en) * 1967-12-26 1971-03-09 Raytheon Co Dual polarization microwave energy phase shifter for phased array antenna systems
US3708796A (en) * 1969-10-15 1973-01-02 B Gilbert Electrically controlled dielectric panel lens
US4212014A (en) * 1977-06-24 1980-07-08 Societe D'etude Du Radant Electronically controlled dielectric panel lens
US4266203A (en) * 1977-02-25 1981-05-05 Thomson-Csf Microwave polarization transformer

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US3478284A (en) * 1966-12-12 1969-11-11 Blass Antenna Electronics Corp Microwave phase shifter including adjustable tuned reactance means
FR2224887A1 (en) * 1973-04-06 1974-10-31 Bony Gilbert Airborne scanning antenna - phase shifting wire grid and diode switches
GB1426534A (en) * 1974-02-07 1976-03-03 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Waveguide switch

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US3276023A (en) * 1963-05-21 1966-09-27 Dorne And Margolin Inc Grid array antenna
US3569974A (en) * 1967-12-26 1971-03-09 Raytheon Co Dual polarization microwave energy phase shifter for phased array antenna systems
US3708796A (en) * 1969-10-15 1973-01-02 B Gilbert Electrically controlled dielectric panel lens
US4266203A (en) * 1977-02-25 1981-05-05 Thomson-Csf Microwave polarization transformer
US4212014A (en) * 1977-06-24 1980-07-08 Societe D'etude Du Radant Electronically controlled dielectric panel lens

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Hanson, Microwave Scanning Antennas, vol. III, 1966, pp. 102-121. *

Cited By (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4447815A (en) * 1979-11-13 1984-05-08 Societe D'etude Du Radant Lens for electronic scanning in the polarization plane
US4552151A (en) * 1981-07-02 1985-11-12 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Process and means for rapid point by point survey of body scanning radiation field
US4518966A (en) * 1981-10-05 1985-05-21 Societe D'etude Du Radant Adaptive spatial microwave filter for multipolarized antennas and the process of its application
US4684952A (en) * 1982-09-24 1987-08-04 Ball Corporation Microstrip reflectarray for satellite communication and radar cross-section enhancement or reduction
US5245352A (en) * 1982-09-30 1993-09-14 The Boeing Company Threshold sensitive low visibility reflecting surface
US5444454A (en) * 1983-06-13 1995-08-22 M/A-Com, Inc. Monolithic millimeter-wave phased array
DE3516190C2 (de) * 1984-07-12 1999-06-10 Radant Etudes Elektrisch phasengesteuerte Antennenanordnung
DE3516190A1 (de) * 1984-07-12 1995-10-19 Radant Etudes Elektronische Abtastvorrichtung mit aktiver Linse und integrierter Strahlungsquelle
US5579015A (en) * 1984-07-12 1996-11-26 Societe D'etude Du Radant Electronic sweep device with active lens and integrated light source
US5233356A (en) * 1986-07-29 1993-08-03 Hughes Aircraft Company Low sidelobe solid state array antenna apparatus and process for configuring an array antenna aperture
US4975712A (en) * 1989-01-23 1990-12-04 Trw Inc. Two-dimensional scanning antenna
US5081465A (en) * 1989-12-05 1992-01-14 Thomson-Csf Radant Spatially selective device for the absorption of electromagnetic waves, for a microwave lens
US5144327A (en) * 1989-12-26 1992-09-01 Thomson-Csf Radant Source of microwave radiation for an electronic sweeping antenna which absorbs reflected energy
GB2302212B (en) * 1990-11-06 1997-06-18 Thomson Csf Radant A microwave lens,and a phased-array antenna including such a microwave lens
GB2302212A (en) * 1990-11-06 1997-01-08 Thomson Csf Radant A microwave lens
US5598172A (en) * 1990-11-06 1997-01-28 Thomson - Csf Radant Dual-polarization microwave lens and its application to a phased-array antenna
US5237328A (en) * 1990-12-27 1993-08-17 Thomson-Csf Radant Protection system for electronic equipment
US5471223A (en) * 1993-12-01 1995-11-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Low VSWR high efficiency UWB antenna
US6191748B1 (en) 1997-02-03 2001-02-20 Thomson-Csf Active microwave reflector for electronically steered scanning antenna
EP0936695A1 (de) * 1998-02-13 1999-08-18 Hughes Electronics Corporation Halbleiterantenne mit elektronisch gesteuerter Ablenkung
US6670928B1 (en) * 1999-11-26 2003-12-30 Thales Active electronic scan microwave reflector
US6429822B1 (en) 2000-03-31 2002-08-06 Thomson-Csf Microwave phase-shifter and electronic scanning antenna with such phase-shifters
US6985050B2 (en) 2000-04-20 2006-01-10 Paratek Microwave, Inc. Waveguide-finline tunable phase shifter
US6703980B2 (en) 2000-07-28 2004-03-09 Thales Active dual-polarization microwave reflector, in particular for electronically scanning antenna
US20060251582A1 (en) * 2005-05-09 2006-11-09 Biosphere Medical Sa Compositions and methods using microspheres and non-ionic contrast agents
US7420523B1 (en) 2005-09-14 2008-09-02 Radant Technologies, Inc. B-sandwich radome fabrication
US7463212B1 (en) 2005-09-14 2008-12-09 Radant Technologies, Inc. Lightweight C-sandwich radome fabrication
US20100171674A1 (en) * 2009-01-08 2010-07-08 Thinkom Solutions, Inc. Low cost electronically scanned array antenna
US8362965B2 (en) 2009-01-08 2013-01-29 Thinkom Solutions, Inc. Low cost electronically scanned array antenna
US20130188041A1 (en) * 2012-01-19 2013-07-25 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Detecting device, detector, and imaging apparatus using the same
US9437646B2 (en) * 2012-01-19 2016-09-06 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Detecting device, detector, and imaging apparatus using the same
US9099782B2 (en) 2012-05-29 2015-08-04 Cpi Radant Technologies Division Inc. Lightweight, multiband, high angle sandwich radome structure for millimeter wave frequencies

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2412960B1 (de) 1980-06-06
FR2412960A1 (fr) 1979-07-20
DE2834905A1 (de) 1979-06-21

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