EP0357955B1 - Phasenschieber mit durch Dioden verbundenen Streifen - Google Patents

Phasenschieber mit durch Dioden verbundenen Streifen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0357955B1
EP0357955B1 EP19890114258 EP89114258A EP0357955B1 EP 0357955 B1 EP0357955 B1 EP 0357955B1 EP 19890114258 EP19890114258 EP 19890114258 EP 89114258 A EP89114258 A EP 89114258A EP 0357955 B1 EP0357955 B1 EP 0357955B1
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Prior art keywords
waveguide
phase
patch
phase shifter
diode
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP19890114258
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0357955A1 (de
Inventor
Kathleen Lowe
Steve Panaretos
David D. Lynch, Jr.
Arthur Seaton
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Raytheon Co
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Hughes Aircraft Co
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/18—Phase-shifters
    • H01P1/185—Phase-shifters using a diode or a gas filled discharge tube

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a phase shifting structure according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • phase shifting structure of the afore-mentioned kind has been known from document FR-A-2 412 960.
  • the disclosed invention is generally directed to electronically steered phased array antennas, and is more particularly directed to waveguide phase shifter circuitry for controllably phase shifting waveguide propagated electromagnetic energy.
  • a phased array antenna is a directive antenna comprising, for example, individual radiating elements which generate an electromagnetic radiation pattern having a direction that is controlled by the relative phases of the energy radiated by the individual radiation elements.
  • the radiation of the phased array is steered by appropriately varying the relative phases of the individual radiation elements. Such variation is provided by appropriately phase shifting the radiation emanated by each element.
  • Such steering is sometimes referred to as beam steering or scanning.
  • phased array antenna provides scanning (i.e., changing beam direction) without mechanically moving the radiation elements, in contrast to a mechanically scanned antenna wherein the radiating elements are mechanically moved.
  • An example of a phased array antenna is a group of parallel, openended waveguides, where each waveguide is a radiating element.
  • phased array antennas also include receiving antennas where the received electromagnetic energy is phase shifted to provide electronic scanning.
  • phase shifters include structures which utilize diodes to change impedance.
  • An example is the periodically loaded-line phase shifter discussed in the above-referenced Skolnik textbook at page 289, which utilizes diodes as switching elements.
  • Important considerations with the loaded-line phase shifter include the requirement of quarter wavelength spacing between susceptance patches which constrains the locations of the diodes, and also the attendant use of many diodes.
  • the loaded-line phase shifter would require a large package if adapted for use with waveguides.
  • phase shifter which utilizes diodes
  • RADANT Phase shifter
  • Important considerations with the RADANT system include the necessity of a feed antenna such as a horn, and the location of the diode grids or screens outside the waveguide.
  • phase shifter for a waveguide is disclosed and modelled in the article entitled "Diode Phase Shifter and Model in Waveguide", Lester et al., 1987 IEEE MTT-S Digest, pp. 599-602.
  • phase shifter is directed to a single diode circuit forming a transversely oriented structure, which presents implementation complications if used with waveguides.
  • phase shifters also include electromechanical phase shifters wherein circuit elements are mechanically moved.
  • Important considerations as to electromechanical phase shifters include slower switching speeds, size, weight, and complex electromechanical driving circuitry.
  • phase shift apparatus for example microstrips
  • main energy propagating medium for example coaxial cable.
  • phase shift apparatus for example microstrips
  • Important considerations with such separate phase shift apparatus include transitions, mismatching and power loss.
  • Document FR-A-2 412 960 mentioned at the outset discloses phase shifting structure in a short-circuit hollow waveguide for use in an electronically steered phased array antenna.
  • the waveguide structure is provided with two dielectric boards extending in the direction of propagation of electromagnetic energy within the waveguide.
  • the dielectric substrate boards are provided with a predetermined number of conductors interconnecting the top wall and the bottom wall of the waveguide and having three diodes each switched thereinto.
  • the conductors are arranged over an axial length of the waveguide corresponding to a full wavelength.
  • the number of conductors used i.e. the axial spacing between the conductors, corresponds to the phase shift step that can be set when the diodes in predetermined conductors are selectively activated.
  • the diode-bearing conductors are fed through the waveguide top wall by means of isolated feed-through
  • phase shifting structure as mentioned at the outset and, further, comprising the features of the characterizing part of claim 1.
  • FIG. 1 shown therein is a schematic partial cut-away perspective view illustrating a waveguide antenna array 10 having a plurality of parallel, rectangular waveguides 11 arranged in rows and columns, as partially shown in FIG. 1.
  • the electromagnetic energy radiated by the waveguides 11 emanates from the open ends thereof, which together comprise the aperture 13 of the antenna.
  • the waveguide antenna array 10 includes a plurality of longitudinal slots 15 which respectively extend through the center of each column of waveguides 11. Each longitudinal slot accepts a phase shifter strip 17, each of which is controllable to change the phase of radiation provided by the column of waveguides with which it is associated.
  • Each shifter circuit 20 is connected at each end to top and bottom driver pads 21, 23 located on each side of the substrate 19.
  • the top driver pads 21 are conductively connected together, and the bottom driver pads 23 are conductively connected together.
  • control voltages are applied across the top and bottom driver pads 21, 23.
  • Each shifter circuit 20 includes serially connected diode/patch circuits 30, each of which is associated with a certain waveguide, as indicated on FIG. 2.
  • Each diode/patch circuit 30 includes first and second conductive patches 25a, 25b respectively connected via short, high conductance conductors 29 to the anode and cathode of a microwave diode 27 which by way of example can be PIN diode.
  • Each diode/patch circuit 30 is connected via high inductance conductors 31 to the susceptance patches of another diode/patch circuit or to a driver pad, as appropriate, in such a manner that the microwave diodes 27 are oriented to conduct in the same direction.
  • the anode connected patch 25a of a given diode/patch circuit 30 is connected to the cathode connected patch 25b of an adjacent diode/patch circuit 30, if there is one.
  • each susceptance patch 25a, 25b has a height and width associated therewith, height being in the vertical direction and width being in the lateral or horizontal direction.
  • the high inductance conductors 31 interconnecting the conductive patches 25a, 25b on adjacent diode/patch circuits 30 can include RF choke inductors (not shown) at the ends connected to the patches.
  • the anode connected conductive patches 25a of the top diode/patch circuits 30 are connected via high inductance conductors 31 to a top driver pad 21.
  • the cathode connected susceptance patches 25b of the bottom diode/patch circuits 30 are connected via high inductance conductors 31 to a bottom driver pad 23.
  • FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the microwave diodes 27 as being located between their associated patches 25a, 25b, such diodes can also be secured to an edge portion of an associated conductive patch.
  • the susceptance presented to the waveguide by a phase shifter strip 17 is determined by the forward bias and reverse bias states of the microwave diodes 27.
  • the microwave diodes 27 When the microwave diodes 27 are forward biased, the first and second conductive patches of each diode/patch circuit 30 are conductively coupled, and a higher susceptance is presented. Such higher susceptance results in radiated energy having a different phase relative to the radiated energy when the diodes 27 are reverse biased.
  • each phase shifter strip 17 has two states, forward biased and reverse biased, and there is a difference in the phases associated with the two states.
  • the amount of differential phase shift for a phase shifter strip is controlled by the sizes of the several individual conductive patches, and the effective sizes of connected conductive patches.
  • the differential phase shift refers to the difference in phase between (1) the energy radiated when the shifter is reverse biased and (2) the energy radiated when the shifter is forward biased. Impedance matching is achieved by selective positioning of the respective diode/patch circuits on a given phase shifter strip.
  • the longitudinal spacing between the phase shifter strips for a given column of waveguides should be sufficiently large to prevent interference between the phase shifter strips.
  • the diodes 27 in a given phase shifter strip 17 are forward biased by selective application of a sufficient voltage across the top and bottom driver pads 21, 23, with the top driver pad 21 being positive relative to the bottom driver pad. Such voltage should be greater than the sum of the forward bias voltage drops of the diodes 27 in such shifter circuit. Thus, if there are five (5) diode/patch circuits 30 serially connected in each shifter circuit 20, and each diode 27 has a forward drop of 1.2 volts, the forward biasing voltage across the top and bottom driver terminals should be at least 6 volts.
  • Reverse bias is provided by applying a sufficiently negative voltage to the top driver pad to prevent the diodes from being forward biased by the waveguide propagated energy, for example, -5 to -100 volts for each diode.
  • FIG. 3 shown therein is a cross-sectional view of one of the waveguides 11, which is generally H-shaped in cross-section with centrally located parallel ridges 33 that are symmetrically disposed on either side of the longitudinal slots.
  • the top and bottom ridges 33 are mirror images.
  • the conductive patches at the top of the diode/patch circuits 30 for a given waveguide 11 are adjacent the top ridges 33, while the conductive patches at the bottom of the diode/patch circuits are adjacent the bottom ridges 33.
  • the proximity of the conductive patches to the ridges 33 provides for capacitive coupling of the conductive patches to the waveguide.
  • phase shifter strips 17 can comprise digitally switched phase shifters wherein discrete phase shifts are provided, and each of the phase shifter strips 17 for a given column of waveguides can provide a predetermined differential phase shift.
  • phase shifts that is controllably introduced by each shifter strip 17 are determined by the incremental phase shift desired.
  • a phase shift increment of 11.5 degrees five shifters would be utilized, each providing successively increasing phase shifts beginning with 11.5 degrees.
  • Each successive shifter would provide twice the phase shift of the next lowest shifter strip.
  • the shifter strips would provide, in increasing order, phase shifts of 11.25, 22.5, 45, 90 and 180 degrees. It should be readily appreciated that with such phase shifter strips, phase shifts of (Nx11.25) degrees can be obtained, where N is an integer from 0 to 31.
  • each of the phase shifter strips is called a "bit,” and the desired phase shift is provided by turning on the appropriate bits.
  • a phase shift of 33.75 degrees would be provided by turning on the 11.25 degree bit and the 22.5 degree bit.
  • phase resolution is required, then additional bits can be utilized. For example, using a 5.625 degree bit and a 2.8125 degree bit, resulting in a 7-bit system, would provide for 2.1825 degree increments.
  • phase shifter strip 17 basically has two states: reverse biased and forward biased. As a result, several phase shifter strips are utilized to provide the capability of producing different phase shifts.
  • each of the phase shifter circuits 20 on the phase shifter strip 17 can be individually controlled to be reverse biased or forward biased. As shown in FIG. 4, this is achieved, for example, by providing individual top driver pads 21 a for each of the phase shifter circuits 20. For symmetry, it would be appropriate to conductively connect the driver pads 21 a for corresponding mirror image phase shifter circuits 20 on both sides of the substrate 19. All of the phase shifter circuits 20 on the phase shifter strip 17 can be connected together at the bottom driver pad 23, which by way of example are connected to a common reference voltage such as ground, while the individual top driver pads 21 a would be individually selectively coupled to forward bias and reverse bias voltages. By way of example, for a phase shifter strip 17 having three (3) phase shifter circuits 20 on each side of the substrate, eight (8) different combinations of susceptances can be provided.
  • phase shifter strip 17 having multiple forward biased states, the number of phase shifter strips 17 required for a given column of waveguides could be reduced to as few as one.
  • a rectangular waveguide having top and bottom, centrally located, longitudinally extending channels could be utilized to enhance capacitive coupling, with the conductive patches being reasonably close to the channels.
  • a rectangular waveguide without ridges or channels could also be used, with the conductive patches being very close to the upper and lower waveguide walls. It should be readily appreciated that without ridges or channels, the alignment tolerances are more stringent.
  • phase shift strips can be used with circular waveguides, with or without capacitive coupling enhancing ridges or channels.
  • phased array antenna has generally been discussed in the context of radiating electromagnetic energy, it can also be used to differentially phase shift received electromagnetic energy.
  • the waveguides propagate energy, either received or for radiation.
  • Such design can be done with the assistance of an optimization computer program, such as the optimization program entitled DPSYN15.FORT which is set forth at the end of this description together with listings of a third order Lagrangian interpolation routine called LAGRAN, a sample input data set DPSYN15.DATA, an output data set DPOUT15.DATA based on the sample input data set, and sample basic datasets KTPARM.H040F.DATA, KTPARM.H040R. DATA, KTPARM.H050F.DATA, KTPARM.H050R.DATA, KTPARM.H065F. DATA, and KTPARM.H065R.DATA.
  • an optimization computer program such as the optimization program entitled DPSYN15.FORT which is set forth at the end of this description together with listings of a third order Lagrangian interpolation routine called LAGRAN, a sample input data set DPSYN15.DATA, an output data set DPOUT15.DATA based on the sample input data set, and sample basic datasets K
  • the optimization program DPSYN15.FORT utilizes an optimization routine ZXSSQ which is in a special function FORTRAN library called the IMSL Library, 1982, which was obtained from IMSL, Inc., Houston, Texas.
  • An error residual calculating subroutine must be utilized with the optimization routine ZXSSQ, and the optimization program DPSYN15.FORT includes the subroutine SUB for that purpose.
  • the optimization program DPSYN15.FORT accepts initial approximations of the dimensions and separations of conductive patches for a phase shifter strip of a predetermined differential phase shift. Based on the measured T-parameters set forth in the basic datasets, the program computes the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) responses of the all diodes on condition and the all diodes off condition, together with the corresponding phase shift response for the dimension and separation approximations. The difference between the actual overall response and the desired overall response is calculated and the approximations are adjusted to reduce the difference. This process is repeated until the difference is less than a predetermined amount, or until a specified maximum number of iterations is reached.
  • VSWR voltage standing wave ratio
  • line 20 sets forth the desired differential phase shift.
  • Line 30 sets forth the maximum number of calls to the error residual subroutine SUB, and two parameters utilized by the optimization routine ZXSSQ.
  • Line 40 also sets forth parameters utilized by the optimization routine.
  • Line 50 sets forth a number which is one greater than the number of patches, and also the number of frequencies of interest.
  • Line 60 sets forth the minimum separation between patches and the maximum width of any patch.
  • Lines 70 through 130 set forth the initial approximations to be utilized by the optimization program.
  • the first column sets forth identifications of predetermined frequencies which are not explicitly called out, but correspond to the frequencies associated with the T-parameters set forth in the basic datasets.
  • the second column sets forth the desired VSWR'S, and the third column sets forth the desired phases which should be negative.
  • the fourth column sets forth desired VSWR weights, while the fifth column sets forth phase shift weights.
  • the VSWR and phase shift weights allows the specification of critical frequencies.
  • the sixth column sets forth the propagation constants of the dielectrically loaded waveguide of interest, while the seventh column sets forth the propagation constants of such waveguide unloaded. Such propagation constants must also be for the frequencies implicitly identified by the first column.
  • the optimization program DPSYN15.FORT also requires T-parameters for individual mirror image pairs of diode/patch circuits 30, where each pair comprises a first diode/patch circuit (2 patches and 1 diode) on one side of a substrate and a mirror image thereof in the form of a second diode/patch circuit (2 patches and 1 diode) on the other side of the substrate.
  • T-parameters are set forth in basic datasets, the number of which will depend on the number of patch heights desired to be included. For each patch height, two basic data sets are required, the first one for the forward biased condition and the second for the reverse biased condition.
  • the two basic datasets for each height can include data for several widths (e.g., six widths).
  • the first line below a basic dataset name sets forth the patch height, the number of patch widths, and the number of frequencies.
  • the next line sets forth the first patch width, followed by N groups of three lines, where N is the number of frequencies.
  • the left most entry in the first line in each group of three lines is a frequency identifier (a real number having a fractional part of all 0's, for example 4.00000000).
  • the frequency identifiers represent the actual frequencies associated with the T-parameters.
  • the eight numbers following each frequency identifier are the magnitude and phase terms of four T-parameters.
  • T-parameters for each of the other patch widths in a basic dataset are similarly set forth, preceded by a line including a single entry that specifies patch width.
  • line 670 of KTPARM.H050.DATA sets forth the second patch width, and is followed by 21 groups of three lines, since there are 21 frequencies in this basic dataset.
  • the basic data sets are read by the optimization program at lines 1470-1560 for one height, lines 1570-1660 for a second height, and lines 1670-1760 for a third height. For each height, the forward biased data is read first, followed by the reverse biased data.
  • the optimization program utilizes the basic datasets to calculate the T-parameters of any size patch provided the dimensions are in the range of the measured data.
  • the T-parameters of the approximated patch dimensions and separations are computed by performing a double interpolation over the basic dataset of measured T-parameters.
  • the first interpolation is an interpolation over the patch widths for each height for each of the T-parameters.
  • the interpolation in this dimension is a third order Lagrangian interpolation and utilizes the above-mentioned LAGRAN subroutine.
  • the second interpolation is a cubic interpolation for each patch width over the patch heights and is provided by the subroutine GNTERP.
  • GNTERP The subroutine GNTERP.
  • four patch heights are required for each given patch width, one of which can be a height of zero.
  • the output dataset DPOUT15.DATA sets forth a copy of the input dataset at lines 20-550.
  • Line 620 identifies the number of calls to the optimization subroutine SUB, while line 680 sets forth the sum of the squares of the error residuals SSQ for the response with the final patch dimension and separation approximations.
  • Line 710 indicates whether the criteria of the optimization routine were satisfied.
  • Lines 740-880 set forth the final patch dimension and separation approximations arrived at by the optimization program.
  • Lines 1170-1410 set forth the response of the final patch approximations in the reverse biased or off condition.
  • the columns are arranged as with the forward biased response in lines 900-150.
  • Lines 1430-1640 set forth the differential phase shift response of the final patch approximations.
  • the first column indicates frequency while the second column indicates differential phase shift.
  • the entries in the second column are calculated by subtracting, for each frequency, the off condition transmission phase from the on condition transmission phase.
  • phase shifter circuitry which is incorporated within a waveguide by longitudinal slots that do not affect the operation of the waveguide, providing for a compact antenna structure of relatively light weight.
  • the phase shifter circuitry does not require media transitions, and provides for excellent impedance matching.
  • the phase shifter circuitry is not structurally complex, and is amenable to automated manufacturing procedures.

Landscapes

  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Waveguide Switches, Polarizers, And Phase Shifters (AREA)

Claims (3)

1. Phasenschieberstruktur mit:
- einem hohlen Wellenleiter (11) mit einer Längsausdehnung für die Ausbreitung elektromagnetischer Energie; und
- innerhalb des Wellenleiters (11) angeordneten Phasenschiebermitteln (17) zum Variieren der sich in dem Wellenleiter (11) ausbreitenden elektromagnetischen Energie, wobei die Phasenschiebermittel (17) umfassen:
-- ein planares dielektrisches Substrat (19) mit Leitern, die sich zwischen einer oberen Wand und einer unteren Wand des hohlen Wellenleiters (11) erstrecken; und
-- in die Leiter geschaltete Schaltmittel,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
- die obere Wand und die untere Wand mit länglichen Schlitzen (15) zur Aufnahme des planaren dielektrischen Substrates versehen sind; und
- das planare dielektrische Substrat (19) weiter mit ersten und zweiten leitenden Flächen (25a, 25b) versehen ist, die in Serie in jeden der Leiter zu beiden Seiten der Schaltmittel geschaltet sind, wobei die Flächen (25a, 25b) kapazitiv mit der oberen Wand bzw. der unteren Wand gekoppelt sind, wobei die Größe der Flächen (25a, 25b) von der gewünschten Phasenverschiebung abhängt.
2. Phasenschieberstruktur nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schaltmittel eine Diode (27) umfassen, die zwischen die erste und die zweite leitende Fläche (25a, 25b) geschaltet ist.
3. Phasenschieberstruktur nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Wellenleiter (11) sich längs erstreckende kapazitive Kopplungsstege (33) an der oberen Wand bzw. der unteren Wand umfaßt, um die leitenden Flächen (25a, 25b) kapazitiv an den Wellenleiter (11) zu koppeln.
EP19890114258 1988-08-11 1989-08-02 Phasenschieber mit durch Dioden verbundenen Streifen Expired - Lifetime EP0357955B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US23110388A 1988-08-11 1988-08-11
US231103 1988-08-11

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EP0357955A1 EP0357955A1 (de) 1990-03-14
EP0357955B1 true EP0357955B1 (de) 1993-09-29

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JP (1) JPH02104101A (de)
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB0115029D0 (en) * 2001-06-20 2001-08-08 Fortel Technologies Inc Waveguide assemblies
JP5518539B2 (ja) * 2010-03-25 2014-06-11 古野電気株式会社 移相器
CN110690537A (zh) * 2018-08-29 2020-01-14 电子科技大学 具有对称阻抗式移相微结构的太赫兹移相器

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US2928056A (en) * 1954-05-25 1960-03-08 Rca Corp Means for utilizing solid-state materials and devices for the electronic control of guided electromagnetic wave energy
FR2412960A1 (fr) * 1977-12-20 1979-07-20 Radant Etudes Dephaseur hyperfrequence et son application au balayage electronique
FR2509095B1 (fr) * 1981-07-02 1985-10-04 Radant Etudes Procede electronique et dispositif permettant de dephaser des ondes hyperfrequence se propageant dans un guide
JPS5991701A (ja) * 1982-11-18 1984-05-26 Mitsubishi Electric Corp ダイオ−ド移相器
GB2161990B (en) * 1984-07-18 1987-08-19 Philips Electronic Associated Finline with dc-isolated portions
DE3617568A1 (de) * 1986-05-24 1987-11-26 Licentia Gmbh Phasenschieberanordnung in hohlleitertechnik

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DE68909545T2 (de) 1994-04-28
EP0357955A1 (de) 1990-03-14
JPH02104101A (ja) 1990-04-17
DE68909545D1 (de) 1993-11-04

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