US4212046A - Distance relaying systems - Google Patents

Distance relaying systems Download PDF

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Publication number
US4212046A
US4212046A US05/904,264 US90426478A US4212046A US 4212046 A US4212046 A US 4212046A US 90426478 A US90426478 A US 90426478A US 4212046 A US4212046 A US 4212046A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
equation
value
determining
amplitude value
alternating current
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US05/904,264
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English (en)
Inventor
Fumio Andow
Tetsuo Matsushima
Eiichi Okamoto
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Toshiba Corp
Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc
Original Assignee
Tokyo Electric Power Co Inc
Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Ltd
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Publication date
Application filed by Tokyo Electric Power Co Inc, Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Ltd filed Critical Tokyo Electric Power Co Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/40—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to ratio of voltage and current

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a digital distance relaying system in which digital signals are used to protect electric power systems.
  • FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings shows one example of comparing reactance characteristics wherein the operating point of the relay is judged according to the following equation 1.
  • FIGS. 2a and 2b are vector diagrams showing the application of the principle to mho characteristics. This operation is expressed by the following equation 2.
  • FIG. 2a shows a case of K ⁇ 1 representing an offset mho characteristic
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an electric circuit of this invention for obtaining the reactance characteristic shown in FIG. 1.
  • 11 and 12 show circuit elements which sample input voltage and current signals at a definite interval and hold and convert sampled analogue signals into digital signals.
  • a vector synthesizer 13 is connected to the output of the element 12 for producing a vector IZ.
  • a vector synthesizer 14 is connected to the outputs of the elements 11 and 12 to produce an output V-IZ.
  • Amplitude value operators 15 and 16 are respectively connected to the outputs of element 11 and vector synthesizer 14 for obtaining the absolute values of the vectors shown in equation 1 by determining the amplitude values of the input alternating current data.
  • the outputs of the amplitude value operators 15 and 16 are compared by a comparator 17 to judge that whether equation 1 holds or not. When equation 1 holds, the comparator 17 produces an output which is used to actuate the relay system.
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a circuit of this invention for obtaining the mho or offset mho characteristic shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b.
  • sample/hold and A/D converting elements 21 and 22 similar to the elements 11 and 12 shown in FIG. 3 and vector synthesizers 23 and 24 which are similar to vector synthesizers 13 and 14 shown in FIG. 2 and form vectors IZ and V-IZ respectively.
  • amplitude value operators 25 and 26 which produce the absolute values of the input vectors similar to the amplitude value operators 15 and 16 shown in FIG. 2.
  • the output of the amplitude value synthesizer 26 is multiplied by a constant K by a multiplier 27.
  • a comparator 28 is used to compare the outputs of the amplitude value operator 25 and the multiplier 27 to perform the judgment shown by equation 2.
  • the amplitude squaring method utilizes the principle expressed by
  • the absolute values of the sampled values corresponding to one half cycle or an integer multiple thereof of the input AC quantity are added together.
  • the frequency of the input AC is 50 Hz and the sampling frequency is 600 Hz (a sampling interval of 30°) the added value is shown by the following equation ##EQU1##
  • equation (3-1) When a periodicity is considered, the value of equation (3-1) is included in a range shown by the following equation. ##EQU2## where 0 ⁇ t ⁇ 15°.
  • a digital distance relaying system comprising first means for determining an alternating current quantity V-IZ, where V and I represent voltage and current of an alternating current system and Z a vector, second means for determining the amplitude value of the voltage V, third means for determining the amplitude value of the alternating current quantity V-IZ, and fourth means for comparing the outputs of the second and third means for determining the operating point of the relaying system.
  • a digital distance relaying system comprising first means for determining an alternating current quantity V-IZ where V and I represent voltage and current of an alternating current system and Z a vector, second means for determining the amplitude value of IZ, third means for determining the amplitude value of V-IZ, and fourth means for comparing the outputs of the second and third means for determining the operating point of the relaying system.
  • FIG. 1 is a vector diagram showing the principle of the reactance characteristic utilized in the arithmetic operation of the amplitude value
  • FIGS. 2a and 2b are vector diagrams utilized to explain the offset mho and mho characteristics in the arithmetic operation of the amplitude value
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 are block connection diagrams utilized in this invention for calculating the amplitude values
  • FIGS. 5a and 5b are vector diagrams showing the ranges of variation of E in which FIG. 5a shows a general case and FIG. 5b a case in which the range of variation of E is a minimum;
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing one example of the amplitude value calculating circuit embodying the invention.
  • FIGS. 7a and 7b are vector diagrams showing the periodic variation of the value of E where the sampling period is made to be 30° and 18° respectively;
  • FIGS. 8a and 8b are vector diagrams showing the range of variation of ⁇ E where the sampling period is made to be 30° and 18° respectively;
  • FIG. 10 is block diagram of a modified amplitude value calculating circuit in which various operating units are combined into a single operating circuit.
  • the amplitude value operator 3' In the embodiment of the amplitude value operator 3' shown in FIG. 6 it is assumed that the frequency of the input alternating current is 60 Hz and that the sampling frequency is 600 Hz. In this case the sampling period is 30° and the number n of samplings during 90 electric degrees is 3.
  • 1 represents a sampled value of the input AC quantity.
  • the amplitude value operator 3' comprises an operating circuit 2 which compares two sampled values having a phase difference of 90° and calculates the value of E according to equation 7 by using a signal Max(
  • the amplitude value operator 3' further comprises an addition circuit 3 which adds three times the output E of the operation circuit 2, corresponding to the number of samplings.
  • the operating circuit 2 and the addition circuit 3 may be combined into an integral unit.
  • equation 7 Since Sm and Sm+(h/4) represent sampled values having a phase difference of 90 electrical degrees and since it has already been assumed that the original wave of Sm is a sine wave having a unity amplitude value, and that
  • the operation error was ⁇ 1.7% were rectification-addition method was used.
  • the amplitude value of the input AC quantity that is, the distance measuring characteristic of a distance relaying system can be determined at high accuracies even though only an addition circuit is used.
  • the accuracy can be improved further by selecting a suitable sampling frequency.
  • the three consecutive outputs of the operation circuit 2 were sequentially added three times when the sampling period is 30°, four times (actually twice) is sufficient due to the periodicity when the sampling period is 22.5° and five times when the sampling period is 18°.
  • the sampling is made n times and the sampled values are sequentially operated by the operation circuit 2 and n outputs thereof are added together.
  • the number of addition n may be any other integer. More particularly, where a positive integer l is selected and the sampling is made n times during an interval of 90°, the result of addition of lxn times of the outputs of the operation circuit 2 is multiplied by l in view of the periodicity shown in FIG. 7a, thus giving the same degree of accuracy.
  • an amplitude value shown by equation 7 was calculated by the operation circuit 2 by using sampled values having a phase difference of 90° and the outputs of the operation circuit 2 are sequentially added together by the addition circuit 3, the circuits 2 and 3 may be combined into an integral unit 5 as shown in FIG. 11.
  • the integral unit or overall operation circuit 5 functions as follows. In this case, when an input AC having a frequency of 50 Hz is sampled by a sampling frequency of 600 Hz, h becomes 12. ##EQU14## Then, the circuit shown in FIG. 10 can give the same result as the circuit shown in FIG. 6.
  • (B) In the case of 15° ⁇ t ⁇ 30°.

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  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Current Or Voltage (AREA)
US05/904,264 1977-05-16 1978-05-09 Distance relaying systems Expired - Lifetime US4212046A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP5541877A JPS53141442A (en) 1977-05-16 1977-05-16 Distance relay
JP52-55418 1977-05-16

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US4212046A true US4212046A (en) 1980-07-08

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US05/904,264 Expired - Lifetime US4212046A (en) 1977-05-16 1978-05-09 Distance relaying systems

Country Status (5)

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US (1) US4212046A (fr)
JP (1) JPS53141442A (fr)
AU (1) AU514417B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA1106917A (fr)
GB (1) GB1604486A (fr)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4287547A (en) * 1978-08-29 1981-09-01 Bbc Brown, Boveri & Co. Ltd. Method and apparatus for fault and/or fault direction detection
US4357666A (en) * 1979-03-19 1982-11-02 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Digital distance relays
EP0084191A1 (fr) * 1982-01-15 1983-07-27 BBC Aktiengesellschaft Brown, Boveri & Cie. Procédé de détection d'un défaut le long d'un conducteur d'un réseau d'interconnexion
US4507700A (en) * 1981-09-29 1985-03-26 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Protective relaying system
US4636909A (en) * 1984-02-01 1987-01-13 Asea Aktiebolag Digital impedance relay
WO2008034936A1 (fr) * 2006-09-19 2008-03-27 Abb Technology Ag Procédé et appareil destinés à déterminer une caractéristique circulaire
EP2084799A1 (fr) * 2006-10-13 2009-08-05 ABB Technology AG Procédé de décision de phase en défaut parmi des sélecteurs de phase delta à partir du courant et de la tension

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS6133983U (ja) * 1984-07-31 1986-03-01 義一 山谷 ３連プランジヤ−ポンプの駆動装置

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3569785A (en) * 1968-07-09 1971-03-09 Ibm Power system protective relaying by time-coordinated sampling and calculation
US3731152A (en) * 1972-05-25 1973-05-01 Westinghouse Electric Corp Impedance distance relay
US3931502A (en) * 1973-01-31 1976-01-06 Bbc Brown Boveri & Company Ltd. Method and apparatus for localization of failures on electrical lines
US3984737A (en) * 1973-12-07 1976-10-05 Hitachi, Ltd. Protective relaying system
US4107778A (en) * 1976-02-18 1978-08-15 Hitachi, Ltd. Digital fault-location calculation system

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3569785A (en) * 1968-07-09 1971-03-09 Ibm Power system protective relaying by time-coordinated sampling and calculation
US3731152A (en) * 1972-05-25 1973-05-01 Westinghouse Electric Corp Impedance distance relay
US3931502A (en) * 1973-01-31 1976-01-06 Bbc Brown Boveri & Company Ltd. Method and apparatus for localization of failures on electrical lines
US3984737A (en) * 1973-12-07 1976-10-05 Hitachi, Ltd. Protective relaying system
US4107778A (en) * 1976-02-18 1978-08-15 Hitachi, Ltd. Digital fault-location calculation system

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4287547A (en) * 1978-08-29 1981-09-01 Bbc Brown, Boveri & Co. Ltd. Method and apparatus for fault and/or fault direction detection
US4357666A (en) * 1979-03-19 1982-11-02 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Digital distance relays
US4507700A (en) * 1981-09-29 1985-03-26 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Protective relaying system
EP0084191A1 (fr) * 1982-01-15 1983-07-27 BBC Aktiengesellschaft Brown, Boveri & Cie. Procédé de détection d'un défaut le long d'un conducteur d'un réseau d'interconnexion
US4636909A (en) * 1984-02-01 1987-01-13 Asea Aktiebolag Digital impedance relay
WO2008034936A1 (fr) * 2006-09-19 2008-03-27 Abb Technology Ag Procédé et appareil destinés à déterminer une caractéristique circulaire
US20090309612A1 (en) * 2006-09-19 2009-12-17 Abb Technology Ag Method and apparatus for determining circular characteristic
US8022709B2 (en) 2006-09-19 2011-09-20 Abb Technology Ag Method and apparatus for determining circular characteristic
CN101529683B (zh) * 2006-09-19 2011-11-16 Abb技术有限公司 用于确定圆形特征曲线的方法和装置
EP2084799A1 (fr) * 2006-10-13 2009-08-05 ABB Technology AG Procédé de décision de phase en défaut parmi des sélecteurs de phase delta à partir du courant et de la tension
EP2084799A4 (fr) * 2006-10-13 2014-04-23 Abb Technology Ag Procédé de décision de phase en défaut parmi des sélecteurs de phase delta à partir du courant et de la tension

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS5646331B2 (fr) 1981-11-02
AU3606878A (en) 1979-11-15
JPS53141442A (en) 1978-12-09
AU514417B2 (en) 1981-02-05
CA1106917A (fr) 1981-08-11
GB1604486A (en) 1981-12-09

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