US3951550A - Direction-sensing virtual aperture radiation detector - Google Patents

Direction-sensing virtual aperture radiation detector Download PDF

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Publication number
US3951550A
US3951550A US05/496,680 US49668074A US3951550A US 3951550 A US3951550 A US 3951550A US 49668074 A US49668074 A US 49668074A US 3951550 A US3951550 A US 3951550A
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United States
Prior art keywords
radiation
detector
slit
detectors
plane
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Expired - Lifetime
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US05/496,680
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English (en)
Inventor
E. Paul Slick
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Magnavox Electronic Systems Co
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Magnavox Co
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Publication date
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Priority to US05/496,680 priority Critical patent/US3951550A/en
Priority to NL7600758A priority patent/NL7600758A/xx
Priority to FR7602017A priority patent/FR2339176A1/fr
Priority to DE19762603578 priority patent/DE2603578A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3951550A publication Critical patent/US3951550A/en
Assigned to MAGNAVOX ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS COMPANY reassignment MAGNAVOX ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS COMPANY CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). EFFECTIVE ON 10/01/1991 Assignors: MAGNAVOX GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS COMPANY A CORP. OF DELAWARE
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/26—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes
    • G01B11/27—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes for testing the alignment of axes
    • G01B11/272—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes for testing the alignment of axes using photoelectric detection means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41G—WEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G3/00—Aiming or laying means
    • F41G3/22—Aiming or laying means for vehicle-borne armament, e.g. on aircraft
    • F41G3/225—Helmet sighting systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
    • G01S3/78—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • G01S3/782—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
    • G01S3/783—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using amplitude comparison of signals derived from static detectors or detector systems
    • G01S3/784—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using amplitude comparison of signals derived from static detectors or detector systems using a mosaic of detectors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/16—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/16—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • G01S5/163—Determination of attitude

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to radiation sensors and more particularly to that class of radiation sensors which determines a location of a radiation source relative to the sensor.
  • a dynamic null tracking detector can be utilized when the identification of a direction of a radiation is desired.
  • a sensor having a null position with a plurality of detectors surrounding the null position can be arranged with an aperture disposed generally between the radiation detectors and a radiation source.
  • the particular radiation detector receiving the radiation activates mechanical apparatus which positions the impinging radiation on the null position, the aperture and the null position thereby providing a specified direction of the radiation source.
  • the use of mechanical apparatus is generally undesirable because such apparatus is relatively fragile and costly to maintain.
  • a second method of providing the identification of a direction is to permit the impinging radiation to be collimated by an aperture and to fall on a matrix of radiation sensing devices.
  • the position of the radiations sensing device producing the largest radiation-induced signal establishes a direction along which the radiation source is located relative to the aperture and matrix of the sensor.
  • the complexity of the fabrication of the matrix of radiation sensing devices and the associated addressing apparatus is an undesirable feature of this type of sensor.
  • a sensor having in a base plane at least one elongated radiation detector. Signals extracted from each radiation detector locate a narrow band of radiation illuminating the detector.
  • the narrow band of radiation is provided by a slit positioned between the radiation source and the radiation detector associated with the slit.
  • the slit is positioned at an angle relative to an associated elongated radiation detector.
  • Each elongated radiation detector is positioned at an angle with respect to the other radiation detectors. Radiation from a localized source, collimated by the slits associated with each radiation detector, can be identified with a plane in which the radiation source is located. Two radiation detectors, by specifying intersecting planes, determine a line, or an axis, along which the radiation source is located.
  • a plurality of sensors can be used to determine the position of a radiation source, i.e. by the intersection of the axes determined by individual sensors.
  • the positions of the plurality of radiation sources can be determined and a direction, defined by the plurality of radiation sources, can be identified.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the sensor according to the preferred embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the operation of the slits and associated radiation detectors, providing a location of an image of a radiation source.
  • FIG. 3a illustrates the configuration of a strip radiation detector for measuring a coordinate for impinging radiation.
  • FIG. 3b illustrates the method of coordinate determination utilizing the strip radiation detector.
  • a Base Plate 10 has coupled to an Interior Surface 15, two elongated Radiation Detectors 11 and 12.
  • Detector 11 is coupled to associated electrical circuitry, not shown, via Terminals 18 and 19 while elongated Radiation Detector 12 is coupled to electronic circuitry, not shown, via Terminals 16 and 17.
  • a Cover 30 is coupled to Base Plate 10 in such a manner that undesired radiation reaching the Detectors is minimized.
  • Slit 31 is provided in a portion of Cover 30 located between Radiation Detector 11 and a radiation source
  • Slit 32 is provided in a portion of Cover 30 located between Radiation Detector 12 and the radiation source.
  • Partition 20 minimizes light reaching Detector 12 via Slit 31 and minimizes light reaching Detector 11 via Slit 32.
  • Slits 31 and 32 are positioned along mutually perpendicular lines in Slit Plane 33, the Slits determining lines intersecting at Point 22.
  • Slits 31 and 32 have substantially the same dimensions and are located substantially the same distance from Point 22. It will be clear to one skilled in the art, however, that other configurations for the slits are possible.
  • Slit 31 establishes a Radiation Plane 27 while Slit 32 establishes a Radiation Plane 28.
  • the Radiation Plane 27 impinges upon a Radiation Detector 11, the Radiation Plane intersecting the Detector at substantially a 90° angle in the preferred embodiment.
  • the Radiation Plane 28 impinges upon Radiation Detector 12, the Radiation Plane intersecting the Detector at substantially a 90° angle in the preferred embodiment.
  • the radiation impinging upon the Detectors 11 and 12 results in signals being generated by each detector.
  • the signals from both Detectors designate position Point 23 in the Base Plane 15.
  • the coordinate axes have an origin Point 21 in the Base Plane 15 directly beneath the virtual Pinhole 22.
  • the location of Point 23 determines, along with Point 22, having a known and fixed position, the line or direction along which the Radiation Source 20 is located.
  • Radiation Detector 11 is comprised of a rectangular strip of PN or PIN silicon material operated in a reverse bias mode in the preferred embodiment.
  • the reverse bias mode is conventional in the operation of photodetectors as will be clear to one skilled in the art.
  • Terminals 18 and 19, coupled to the two extremities of Detector 11 provide a means for coupling photocurrent I 1 and I 2 to associated electronic circuitry.
  • a bias voltage (not shown) is applied to the photodetector.
  • the rectangular geometry of the silicon strip provides a substantially uniform resistance per unit length.
  • a substantially uniform resistance per unit length can be achieved for a photodetector by fabricating the longer detector edges to be accurately parallel.
  • the radiation plane formed by the slit, falling on Detector 11, causes photo-current I 1 to flow from Terminal 18 and photo-current I 2 to flow from Terminal 19.
  • FIG. 3b the method of calculating the position of the radiation falling on the detector is shown.
  • a low impedance current measuring Device 42 is coupled between a common terminal and Terminal 18 and measures the current flowing from Terminal 19, while a low impedance current measuring device 43 is coupled between a common terminal and Terminal 19.
  • the non-illuminated portions of the Detector are physically equivalent to a resistance restricting the flow of the photo-current to ground.
  • the current from the point of radiation intersection to ground are proportional to the distance y, thus:
  • the comparison of current I 1 and current I 2 according to Equation 2 determines the position y, from the center of the detector, of the radiation intersecting with the detector.
  • radiation impinging on the Sensor from a Radiation Source determines the location of Point 23 in a plane 15 defined by Detectors 11 and 12.
  • Point 23 and Point 22 determine a vector having components, relative to a coordinate system of the Sensor, shown in FIG. 2, of (x', y', z').
  • the z'-component is determined by Slit 32 and Detector 12.
  • the y'-component is determined by Slit 31 and Detector 11.
  • the x'-component is equal to the known spacing between Plane 33 and Plane 15.
  • the position and angular orientation of the Sensor relative to its external surroundings determines the components of the direction vector of the radiation source in the coordinate system of the surroundings.
  • two Sensors responding to the same Radiation Source, establish direction vectors directed toward the Radiation Source relative to each Sensor, and the intersection of the direction vectors defines the coordinates of the Radiation Source.
  • a Sensor with a single slit and an associated detector can define a plane in which the Radiation Source is located.
  • three single-strip Sensors whose positions and orientations are known, can identify three planes, each plane containing the Radiation Source. The intersection of the three planes defines the position of the Radiation Source.
  • the accuracy of coordinate determination by the photodetector elements will be a function of the physical parameter, such as slit width, photodetector length, etc. It has been found experimentally that this type of sensor can be fabricated to provide a coordinate accuracy of 0.5 percent over an angle of ⁇ 30° for a radiation detecting element of approximately one inch.
  • the slit plan and the base plane are substantially parallel, with each slit being positioned at 90° relative to the associated radiation detecting strip.
  • Each slit is generally positioned in the center of the detector.
  • each of the two slits, positioned in the slit plane are positioned at an angle of substantially 90° to the other slit.
  • other element configurations will be clear to those skilled in the art.
  • One application of this invention relates to the determination of the position and orientation of an aircraft pilot's helmet as the pilot orients his head to bring a visual sight-line to the target into alignment with an aiming device attached to his helmet.
  • the aiming device can, for example, be a visible symbol on the helmet visor.
  • Several embodiments of such an aiming device will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is clear that, in addition to an aircraft pilot, other users such as shipboard navigators, industrial crane operators, etc., can utilize precise knowledge of the line-of-sight vector to a specified object. However, the following discussion is given in relation to an aircraft pilot and his helmet, wherein his objective is to establish a line-of-sight vector to a target for the precise control of sensors and weapons.
  • the sensors are coupled to the environment in which the helmet operates (i.e. the aircraft cockpit), while radiation sources are coupled to the helmet itself.
  • the helmet operates
  • radiation sources are coupled to the helmet itself.
  • three or more Radiation Sources are attached to the helmet, and these Radiation Sources activate in a predetermined sequence.
  • the Sensors each of which measures the vector position to the radiating source.
  • the vector positions of the several radiation sources, as measured by the sensors are stored in a computer memory, from which the orientation and position of the helmet in the surrounding environment can be obtained mathematically.
  • This operation establishes the location and orientation, in the fixed coordinates of the environment (i.e. of the aircraft cockpit), of a coordinate frame which is fixed to the helmet.
  • the visual sight-line vector emanates from the coordinate frame of the helmet.
  • the sight-line vector is not required to be co-linear with any of the coordinate axes in the helmet, provided that the vector direction in helmet coordinates can be determined.
  • the relationship between the visual sight-line vector and the helmet coordinate frame can be established by having the operator orient his helmet visual line-of-sight in a known direction.
  • the Sensors can determine the position and orientation of the coordinate frame fixed in the helmet while the sight-line is so aligned.
  • the orientation of the helmet frame in relation to the sight-line vector is thereby measured, and this relationship can be stored in the memory for subsequent use.
  • This operation thus provides a calibration. It will be recalled from the preceeding paragraph that the pilot turns his head to align a visible aiming device or symbol with the target. It is the line from his eye through the aiming symbol that is called the sight-line vector, and its direction in helmet coordinates is determined during calibration. In normal operation, the Sensors determine the coordinate frame fixed to the helmet, and the sight-line relationship to the helmet has been stored, thus the sight-line vector in the coordinate frame of the environment can be readily determined.
  • the Radiation Detectors (11 and 12) can be comprised of a plurality of a discrete elements. By ascertaining the (electrical) state of the discrete elements of the Detector, the element upon which radiation from the Radiation Source impinges can be determined and a related coordinate thereby established.
  • the Radiation Detector is comprised of a plurality of discrete elements, the signal manipulation described by Equations 1 and 2 for an analog-type Radiation Detector is not required.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
US05/496,680 1974-08-12 1974-08-12 Direction-sensing virtual aperture radiation detector Expired - Lifetime US3951550A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/496,680 US3951550A (en) 1974-08-12 1974-08-12 Direction-sensing virtual aperture radiation detector
NL7600758A NL7600758A (nl) 1974-08-12 1976-01-26 Richtingsgevoelige stralingsdetector.
FR7602017A FR2339176A1 (fr) 1974-08-12 1976-01-26 Procede et appareil de localisation d'une source de rayonnement
DE19762603578 DE2603578A1 (de) 1974-08-12 1976-01-30 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung der lage einer strahlungsquelle bezueglich dieser vorrichtung

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/496,680 US3951550A (en) 1974-08-12 1974-08-12 Direction-sensing virtual aperture radiation detector
NL7600758A NL7600758A (nl) 1974-08-12 1976-01-26 Richtingsgevoelige stralingsdetector.
FR7602017A FR2339176A1 (fr) 1974-08-12 1976-01-26 Procede et appareil de localisation d'une source de rayonnement
DE19762603578 DE2603578A1 (de) 1974-08-12 1976-01-30 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung der lage einer strahlungsquelle bezueglich dieser vorrichtung

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US3951550A true US3951550A (en) 1976-04-20

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US (1) US3951550A (OSRAM)
DE (1) DE2603578A1 (OSRAM)
FR (1) FR2339176A1 (OSRAM)
NL (1) NL7600758A (OSRAM)

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US4054388A (en) * 1974-08-22 1977-10-18 T.I. (Group Services) Limited Optical control means
US4092072A (en) * 1975-08-28 1978-05-30 Elliott Brothers (London) Limited Optical sensors
US4111555A (en) * 1976-02-24 1978-09-05 Elliott Brothers (London) Limited Apparatus for measuring the angular displacement of a body
US4136568A (en) * 1977-07-15 1979-01-30 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Electro-optic space positioner
DE2833272A1 (de) * 1977-07-29 1979-02-08 Thomson Csf Vorrichtung zur bestimmung der lage einer strahlungsquelle
EP0003696A1 (fr) * 1978-02-03 1979-08-22 Thomson-Csf Dispositif de localisation de source rayonnante et son utilisation dans un instrument de repérage de direction
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US4315690A (en) * 1979-02-27 1982-02-16 Thomson-Csf Arrangement for locating radiating sources
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US4397559A (en) * 1981-02-19 1983-08-09 University Of Pittsburgh Apparatus for processing electromagnetic radiation and method
WO1984003774A1 (fr) * 1983-03-23 1984-09-27 Morander Karl Erik Systeme de photodetecteurs pour determiner, respectivement mesurer la position d'une ou de plusieurs sources de lumiere
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US4710618A (en) * 1986-01-29 1987-12-01 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Airborne tracking sunphotometer apparatus and system
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Cited By (82)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4054388A (en) * 1974-08-22 1977-10-18 T.I. (Group Services) Limited Optical control means
US4092072A (en) * 1975-08-28 1978-05-30 Elliott Brothers (London) Limited Optical sensors
US4018532A (en) * 1975-09-24 1977-04-19 Nasa Sun direction detection system
US4111555A (en) * 1976-02-24 1978-09-05 Elliott Brothers (London) Limited Apparatus for measuring the angular displacement of a body
US4136568A (en) * 1977-07-15 1979-01-30 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Electro-optic space positioner
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FR2339176B1 (OSRAM) 1980-01-11
FR2339176A1 (fr) 1977-08-19
DE2603578A1 (de) 1977-08-04
NL7600758A (nl) 1977-07-28

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