Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
  • G03C5/26—Processes using silver-salt-containing photosensitive materials or agents therefor
  • G03C5/40—Chemically transforming developed images
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
  • G01T5/00—Recording of movements or tracks of particles; Processing or analysis of such tracks
  • G01T5/10—Plates or blocks in which tracks of nuclear particles are made visible by after-treatment, e.g. using photographic emulsion, using mica
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
  • G03C5/08—Photoprinting; Processes and means for preventing photoprinting
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S205/00—Electrolysis: processes, compositions used therein, and methods of preparing the compositions
  • Y10S205/918—Use of wave energy or electrical discharge during pretreatment of substrate or post-treatment of coating

Definitions

• the invention comprises the method of reproducing a photographic image on a normally non-photo-receptive surface comprising the steps of toning the photograph with substances which combine withv or replace the silver grains so that the photograph indirectly fission,
• the toned photograph contiguous with the surface on which the image is to be reproduced, for sufficient time for the emissions from the photograph to repr'oducethe image as a radiation-damage image on the surface, the damage areas having a close positional relationship to the silver grains in the original photograph.
• the method generally employed is to coat the material which is to receive the image with a thin layer of a substance which can be made insoluble (usually by polymerization) when exposed to light.
• a thin layer of a substance which can be made insoluble (usually by polymerization) when exposed to light Such materials are generally referred to as photopolymerizable etch-resists.
• etch-resists When such a thin layer is exposed beneath a two tone (black and white) photograph, parts of the layer which are exposed to light become insoluble and adhere strongly to the underlying surface and parts which are screened by the black parts of the photograph are unchanged and can be washed away later to leave the corresponding areas of metal surface unprotected. These unprotected areas can then be marked by suitable inks or chemical etchants so as to reproduce the original photograph.
• a gridded screen is normally used to break up the light passing through the negative into a large number of small black and white areas. This causes the etch-resist to remain soluble in places and be later washed away as a large number of small pits.
• the surface density of such pits is roughly proportional to the density of the part of the photograph which overlayed them but there is no direct positional relationship between the original silver grains on the original photograph and the etch-pits which later form in the corresponding area of the matrix.
• Normally screens having about 150 lines per inch are employed in the conventional process and 200 lines per inch is about the maximum which can be employed by a skilled engraver. This limits the resolution of fine detail in the transferred picture.
• a photograph is toned with a chemical substance which reacts with the silver grains.
• the silver grains spontaneously emit or indirectly by being irradiated are made to emit densely ionising radiation such as fission fragments or alpha particles.
• This densely ionising radiation can produce a radiation damage image in any surface with which the photograph is placed in close contact. In many such surfaces this radiation damage image will have electrical, magnetic and chemical properties which are different from areas of the surface which have remained unaffected by radiation.
• These different properties of the radiation damage image have many applications in the useful arts.
• the different electrical and magnetic properties of the image can be applied directly in the fabrication of electrical circuits.
• the charged chemical properties of the image can be made manifest by the increased speed with which the areas damaged by radiation react with chemical reagents in liquid or gaseous form.
• One very useful manifestation of the increased reactivity of the radiation damage image is in the application of etchants to produce an intaglio image in many types of surfaces against which the toned photograph has been pressed.
• the invention provides a method of precision doping or precision etching in highly localized areas of a surface to be employed in the useful arts.
• the main benefits resulting from the invention are that no diffusing screens are necessary to cause loss of fine details and the etch-pits or doped areas of the transferred image have a direct positional relationship to silver grains on the original photograph thereby permitting a much more faithful reproduction to be achieved.
• no other method of reproducing intaglio images which has ever been devised permits such a direct positional relationship between the element of the transferred'picture and the silver grains of the original photograph.
• an etch resist covers a metal plate or cylinder and parts of it have been washed away to produce a series of small holes by the conventional process described above or by the process of the present invention
• the metal itself can be etched through these holes to produce a series of pits which can be used to transfer ink to an absorbent surface such as paper.
• This is the most frequently used method of preparing an intaglio type plate or cylinder for the rapid multiple reproduction of photographic images as in rotagravure printing.
• the method of the present invention is a method whereby the ink spots transferred to the paper bear a direct positional relationship with the silver grains in the original photograph.
• the ink transfer relies on the fact that certain areas of the plate are preferentially wetted by the ink and ink transfer is not controlled by the depth of etchpits.
• the new process can be applied equally well to lithographic printing since the changed chemical properties of the radiation damage image can manifest themselves in the form of increased receptivity to printing ink (this phenomenon is related to the well-known process whereby plastic sheets used for wrappings etc, can be made more receptive to printing ink by bombarding the surface with electrons).
• an etch-resist may be used which has been penetrated by etch-track holes produced by a toned photograph. A chemical reagent is then allowed to operate through the etch-track holes to make the underlying plate ink-wettable in localized areas in a manner similar to that currently employed in the existing art. (See Example 3).
• the invention depends on three main principles. These are:
• Photographs can be toned with other substances in such a manner that the silver grains of the photograph combine with or are displaced by some other material.
• the material used to tone the photograph can be chosen from those isotopes which emit fission fragments or alpha particles by virtue of their radioactivity.
• the invention also extends to certain elements which, although not emitting fission fragments nor alpha particles spontaneously, can be made to do so when bombarded with neutrons.
• 3. When densely ionizing radiation, such as fission fragments or alpha particles, strikes the surface of many types of solid, damage trails are produced which have different properties from the undamaged material. In many surfaces the damaged areas can be etched away to leave pits which are clearly visible under the microscope. Fission fragments have been observed to produce such effects in glass, mica, ceramics and many minerals and plastics. Alpha particles have been observed to produce this effect only in specially susceptible plastics such as nitrocellulose.
• Fission fragments are emitted spontaneously by some radioisotopes e.g. californium-252 and many alpha active radionuclides are known e.g. polonium-2l0. Stronger fluxes of fission fragments can be obtained when fissile elements such as uranium-233, uranium-235 or plutonium-239 are irradiated with neutrons. Stronger fluxes of alpha particles can also be obtained by irradiating the elements boron or lithium with neutrons.
• a photograph toned with one of these materials is pressed against the surface of a suitable solid.
• the image With the passage of time, (and sometimes but not always by means of neutron bombardment) the image becomes transferred to the surface in the form of damage trails caused by fission fragments or alpha particles.
• the image is not visible even under the microscope and becomes visible only if developed by immersion in a suitable etching fluid.
• no further treatment is required but in other cases the image can be made more visible or appealing by filling the etch-pits with a suitable ink or staining fluid.
• Using low viscosity inks and high pressure images can be further transferred to absorbent surfaces such as paper to form the basis of a high fidelity printing process.
• the etch-pits are of very small dimensions (since they cannot exceed the penetration depth of the ionizing particle) and the process cannot be applied directly to metals (only non-conductors are capable of retaining damage trails which can subsequently be etched). This precludes the direct formation of intaglio metal printing plates.
• the high pressure necessary to remove the ink from the very small pits coupled with the low mechanical strength of plates of plastic, glass, etc., can cause difficulties.
• the material in which the damage trails are formed and etched is present in the form of a thin barrier layer on an underlying matrix.
• the barrier layer may be applied to the matrix as a solution which subsequently dries or polymerizes to give a protective coating.
• the barrier may be formed by chemical or electrochemical treatments as exampled by the formation of a protective oxide barrier layer on metals such as aluminium or titanium when they are anodised.
• the barrier layer may be etched away at points where it has been traversed by alpha particles or fission fragments but it protects the underlying matrix in all other places.
• the etching fluid thus penetrates the barrier layer only at places where it has been traversed by an ionizing particle. This causes an etch-pit to form in the underlying matrix within a few microns distance of a toned silver grain in the original photograph which overlaid it.
• a different etching fluid may be used to attack the matrix after the first etch has produced holes in the barrier layer. Electro-etching techniques may also be used to attack either the barrier layer or the matrix or both of these.
• the depth of the etch-pits in the matrix can be varied as desired by varying the contact time with the etching fluid.
• a strong intaglio printing plate capable of rapid transfer of ink to paper without the use of excessive pressure can thus be prepared.
• the method of this invention may be used to prepare relief images in which the image is raised above the surrounding surface instead of being sunk below it as in the intaglio case. Such relief images can also be used for printing.
• relief images when such relief images are prepared using precious or noncorrodable metals very permanent and decorative photographs can be obtained which are of value in the manufacture of jewelry and the preservation of archival records.
• One method of preparing such relief images is to prepare replicas of intaglio images prepared by the methods hereinbefore described.
• One such process for preparing decorative metal photographs is to prepare an intaglio image on a glass plate by the methods previously disclosed and then to deposit silver onto the intaglio image by one of the well known processes for preparing mirrors.
• Metals other than silver may also be used and the metal may be deposited by vacuum evaporation techniques or deposited from chemical solutions.
• the thin layer of metal on the glass plate is then increased in thickness by electroplating more of the same metal or some other metal upon it. When the metal is sufficiently thick to provide adequate strength, it is separated from the glass.
• Many such metal relief photographs can be prepared from the same etched glass plate.
• Etchings in materials other than glass can also be i used to provide the relief photograph.
• the relief photograph may also be prepared by means other than the silvering and electrodeposition process previously described. For example, preparation of a relief replica of the intaglio image by casting molten materials upon it or by casting with liquids which can be polymerized in situ to form solids is also possible.
• a relief image may also be prepared by using a variation of the barrier layer technique which has previously been described.
• a material can be used as a barrier which disintegrates on being heated, in those areas which have been irradiated. Etching of the underlying layer can then take place.
• the toning solution is prepared from a 1 percent solution of potassium ferricyanide. To each l mls of this solution is added 10 mls of glacial acetic acid and 2.5 mls of a solution of uranyl nitrate containing l mg U per ml. Sufficient solution is prepared to cover the negative when coiled around the inner wall of a cylindrical container. The vessel is tightly stoppered and shaken with the negative for about two hours. The negative is then washed several times with demineralised water and then for one hour in running water. It is then washed for a few minutes in a 2 percent solution of ammonium thiocyanate until all trace of yellow colour has disappeared from clear regions of the gelatine. After a further 10 minutes wash in running water, the negative is dried.
• the polycarbonate sheet After removal from the neutron flux, the polycarbonate sheet is separated from the negative and etched for minutes in a solution of 6.5 N sodium hydroxide at 50C. This causes the original image to appear on the surface of the plastic.
• the image can be made more visible or more decorative by rubbing a suitable coloured ink into the etch-pits and removing the excess.
• the irradiated negative can also'be immersed in the etching solution and this will cause the emulsion containing the silver and uranium to dissolve away.
• the base is constructed of material in which fission tracks can be etched, e.g. cellulosebased plastics, an intaglio image identical with the one in the polycarbonate sheet will be formed and can be used for similar purposes.
• the negative is first hardened with formaldehyde and then shaken with a 5 percent solution of potassium ferricyanide to convert the image to silver ferrocyanide.
• the negative is thoroughly washed in running water and then allowed to stand in a solution containing californium chloride for about 4 hours.
• the pH of the californium solution should be adjusted to a value of 2.0 with nitric acid and it should contain about 1 microcurie of Cf-252 for each cm of film which has to be treated.
• As californium deposits from solution. the photographic image slowly turns blue and this is a useful indication of the extent to which the reaction has occurred.
• the photograph is then rinsed with demineralised water and washed for about 30 minutes in running water.
• Negatives having high fog levels are much improved by a few minutes treatment in a 0.1 percent solution of thiourea adjusted to pl-l3 with oxalic acid before the final water wash.
• the photograph is then dried and pressed against a smooth glass surface in which fission fragments from the photograph can cause radiation damage. It is important that the glass surface should be free from scratches and it must on no account be cleaned with abrasive powders.
• the glass is separated intaglio image is clearly visible and shows good contrast, the plate is washed with demineralised water and dried.
• the glass plate is then transferred to a vacuum enclosure and gold is deposited on the image by the wellknown evaporative technique.
• the gold thickness can be increased to any desired value by a standard electroplating procedure.
• the gold When the gold has reached the desired thickness it can be separated from the glass and shows a raised relief image on its surface which is permanently resistant against the effects of light and atmospheric contaminants.
• the intaglio image in the glass can be used to prepare many such metal relief photographs and they can be made from noble metals other than gold if so desired.
• a tri-metallic lithographic printing plate of the type commonly employed in the trade and consisting of a thin-layer of chromium plated on a thicker layer of copper and supported on a steel base plate, is coated with a thin layer of nitrocellulose approximately 4 microns in thickness. This can be accomplished by dipping the plate in a solution of nitrocellulose in a solvent such as ethyl acetate and then slowly withdrawing the plate and allowing the solvent to evaporate.
• a solvent such as ethyl acetate
• the plate When the plate is completely dry, it is pressed against a photograph toned with californium-252 by the method described in the previous example. After a suitable exposure (which can be estimated by counting the alpha ray emission of the photograph with a suitable 7 the picture becomes outlined in the underlying copper.
• a suitable exposure which can be estimated by counting the alpha ray emission of the photograph with a suitable 7 the picture becomes outlined in the underlying copper.
• etching is complete the nitrocellulose etch resist is removed with a suitable solvent and the plate is treated with water and then with lithographic printing ink. This ink adheres only to the picture outlined in very small areas of exposed copper metal and the ink can be transferred to paper in a standard printing press.
• the amount of radiation damage is related to the inherent energy of the radiated particles. Generally speaking the closer the photograph to or the harder the photograph is pressed against the surface to be imaged the better the result. However an image can be obtained with a lesser degree of closeness. The word contiguous is used herein to define this situation.
• the method of reproducing a photographic image on a normally non-photo-receptive surface comprising the steps of toning the photograph with substances which combine with or replace the silver grains so that the photograph emits either spontaneously or indirectly fission fragments or alpha particles in amounts related to the distribution of the silver grains in the photograph, and placing the toned photograph contiguous with the surface on which the image is to be reproduced, for sufficient time for the emissions from the photograph to reproduce the image as a radiation-damage image on the surface, the damage areas having a close positional relationship to the silver grains in the original photograph.
• a raised relief image is prepared by casting a liquid material in contact with the intaglio image and allowing the material to solidify.
• the method of reproducing a photographic image on a surface which is both not normally photoreceptive and not normally made etchable by radiated fission fragments or alpha particles comprising the steps of toning the photograph with substances which combine with or replace the silver grains so that the photograph emits either spontaneously or indirectly fission fragments or alpha particles in amounts related to the distribution of the silver grains in the photograph, coating the surface to receive the image with a barrier layer of material which can be made etchable by radiated fission fragments or alpha particles, placing the toned photograph contiguous with the barrier layer for sufficient time for the emissions from the photograph to reproduce the image by radiation-damage on the barrier layer, the damage areas having a close positional relationship to the silver grains in the original photograph, applying etching material which penetrates the image areas of the barrier layer to remove the imaged barrier layer and to etch an image on the underlying surface.
• the barrier layer is an oxide layer formed on a metal surface to be treated or is a layer of silica or titania deposited by means of chemical reactions in a suitable liquid v or vapour, or by vacuum deposition.
• the surface to receive the image is a printing plate which comprises a layer of hydrophobic material having a thin layer of hydrophillic material adhered thereto and the barrier layer is coated on the hydrophillic material, characterized in that the etch removes the hydrophillic material to expose the hydrophobic material in the form of the image.
• the method of reproducing a photographic image on a surface which is both not normally photoreceptive and not normally made etchable by radiated fission fragments or alpha particles comprising the steps of toning the photograph with substances which combine with or replace the silver grains so that the photograph emits either spontaneously or indirectly fission fragments or alpha particles in amounts related to the distribution of the silver grains in the photograph, coating the surface to receive the image with a barrier layer of material which can be made etchable by radiated fission fragments or alpha particles, placing the toned photograph contiguous with the barrier layer for sufficient time for the emissions from the photograph to reproduce the image by radiation-damage on the barrier layer, the damage areas having a close positional relationship to the silver grains in the original photograph, applying etching material which penetrates the image areas of the barrier layer to remove the imaged barrier layer and applying a second etching material to etch an image on the underlying surface.
• a barrier layer of material which can be made etchable by radiated fission fragments or alpha particles, placing the toned photograph contiguous with the barrier layer for sufficient time for the emissions from the photograph to reproduce the image by radiation-damage on the barrier layer, the damage areas having a close positional relationship to the silver grains in the original photograph, heating the barrier layer to evaporate the radiation-damage image area thereof and applying an etching material to etch the underlying surface.

Landscapes

• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
• Molecular Biology (AREA)
• Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
• Printing Methods (AREA)
• Printing Plates And Materials Therefor (AREA)
• Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
• Non-Silver Salt Photosensitive Materials And Non-Silver Salt Photography (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=25642010

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (5)

Cited By (5)

Families Citing this family (3)

Citations (5)

• 1973
  • 1973-12-28 DE DE2364850A patent/DE2364850A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1973-12-28 GB GB6000673A patent/GB1449899A/en not_active Expired
  • 1973-12-28 US US429177A patent/US3922206A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1973-12-29 JP JP49004754A patent/JPS507531A/ja active Pending
• 1974
  • 1974-01-02 FR FR7400075A patent/FR2212564A1/fr active Pending

Patent Citations (5)

Also Published As

Similar Documents