US3918966A - Liquid development of an electrical image in which a pulsating field is employed - Google Patents

Liquid development of an electrical image in which a pulsating field is employed Download PDF

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Publication number
US3918966A
US3918966A US401106A US40110673A US3918966A US 3918966 A US3918966 A US 3918966A US 401106 A US401106 A US 401106A US 40110673 A US40110673 A US 40110673A US 3918966 A US3918966 A US 3918966A
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United States
Prior art keywords
field
pulsating
image
coated
developer
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Expired - Lifetime
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US401106A
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English (en)
Inventor
Kenneth A Metcalfe
Alwin S Clements
Brian J Horrocks
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Commonwealth of Australia
Commonwealth of Australia Department of Supply
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Commonwealth of Australia
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/14—Transferring a pattern to a second base
    • G03G13/16—Transferring a pattern to a second base of a toner pattern, e.g. a powder pattern
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/06—Developing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A method of developing an electrical image or transferring an unfixed image in which the image is during development or during transfer subjected to a pulsating field with a fast attack and slower decay to repeat edly break the bonds tending to hold the developed image to a surface.
  • a directional image field is used to control final settlement of the developer particles.
  • the pulsating field is preferably such that a saw-tooth wave is produced which has a sharp leading edge and a trailing decay portion, so that each impulse reaches a maximum when first initiated and then dies away to the next impulse, the frequency depending on the developer and the conditions and results required.
  • the frequency may be in the order of 50 cycles to many thousands of cycles, although when the developer is applied by roller or the like it is preferred to have a high frequency, preferably in excess of a few thousand cycles, as otherwise it is found that the traversing of the developer roller across the surface, which roller is energised to apply the impulses, will result in transverse markings varying in intensity between pulses.
  • the concept of the invention is that because of Van der Waals forces which exist on the developer particles as they are deposited on the surface, the pulsating field causes the particles hold to be broken so that they do not simply deposit on the surface and remain there, but are in a state of agitation so that an image is repeatedly built up and at least partly destroyed, the interesting phenomenon being that during this action the developer particles are kept in motion at the interface of the surface being developed and, therefore, are able to deposit very much more heavily than would otherwise be possible.
  • the field is preferably again in the same direction so that during the pulsations the Van de Waals forces on the particles as they near the surface and before they reach a balance are repeatedly repulsed so that, while they are drawn by the field to settle in a particular position of the image, their movement is of a pulsating nature so that they cannot immediately attach but are kept in an agitated state adjacent to an area where they will finally be allowed to deposit when the pulsating field is removed or countered.
  • the hold actually occurs at any instant in that the dipole in one molecule will cause an electric field to act on a neighbouring molecule and this will disturb the motion of the electrons in the second molecule, and it is the interaction of the two dipole movements which result in the holding force which tend to keep the molecules of the developer locked to the surface on which such a developer has been deposited, and to each other and while the electron cloud keeps the molecules from actually contacting the surfaces, an equilibrium exists which it is the purpose of the present invention to upset by means of the pulsating current applied to the developer particles at the site where they are deposited.
  • the Van de Waals force of course, varies with particle size but can be many times the force of gravity, but nevertheless the introduction of the pulsating current, which can be applied by a roller or an electrode through the membrane on which development is being effected causes the better development or transfer to be effected, an electrode on the back of this membrane, completing the circuit, or the field may be applied to a conductive layer on the membrane on which the photoconductor is supported, a second electrode of course being then used on the developer side somewhat remotely from the area of deposition.
  • the method of applying the field is not important so long as it is present at the interface being developed or from which the developer is being transferred.
  • the pulsating field can be biased to be above or below earth potential to impress a constant field on it acting in one direction, and it will be realised that this allows an undirectional biasing effect to be obtained as well as the superimposed pulsating direct current.
  • a variable frequency power supply 1 is connected to the primary of a transformer 2 by means of a wave shaping triac 3 operating under control of an i.c. phase control unit 4 to produce at the secondary S of the transformer unit 2 pulses which are then rectified by the diode 6 and filtered if necessary by the filter circuit 7, the resulting pulsating current being then applied through the centre tap of the resistor 8 to a developer roller 9 which has the sheet 10 containing the latent image passed between it and a pressure roller 11 which as shown is connected to earth.
  • the potential can be regulated by adjusting the potentiometer 12.
  • a filter 13 prevents radiation from the triac 3.
  • roller 9 is merely a pressure roller to apply the bias as the sheet 10 will have been previously developed and the developed sheet is then pressed against the sheet 14 to transfer the image from the sheet 10 to the sheet 14.
  • FIG. 1a diagrams 15, 16 and 17 show the form of output which can be achieved, the positive pulses being of course shaped by the phase control 4 in known manner to cut required parts of each cycle to give the necessary type of agitation to the particles.
  • the pulses can have a positive or negative characteristic by appropriately positioning the rectifying diodes 6 so that direc tional effects can be obtained.
  • Electrophotographic coatings may be produced as Zinc Napthenate Solvent 6% solution 0.1 grams 3% solution 1.0 grams followsi (Esso) Also! 95/[30 2.000 milliliters Coating Mowiml polyvinyhbmym (860m 70 grams 0 These materials are ball milled together to fonn an (Hoechst) V electrophotographic composltion.
  • Zinc oxide colloidal grade 350 grams (Durham Chemicals) Coating 5
  • the Mowital was taken up in 500 mls. acetone and 50 ax:523 (Myviny' 100 grams mls. methyl ethyl ketone, and ball milled with the zinc zi oxide special 1 grade I000 grams oxide. Durham)
  • This coating can be applied to either film, metal backing or paper.
  • the Mowital was taken up in 800 millilitres of methyl ethyl ketone and 200 millilitres of methyl alcohol, and
  • Cobalt and zinc naphthenate driers were added (0.5% and 0.5% by wt. of solid resin).
  • This coating composition was let down with 500 millilitres of methyl ethyl ketone solvent and 500 millilitres of perchlorethylene to form the final coating composition.
  • the developer can be applied by a simple electrode or by a roller.
  • a pulsating repelling bias at 200 volts was used at 50 cycles per second with the roller moving at 30 centimetres per second. Additional developers are as follows:
  • Developer II 100 grams Aluminum bronze metal powder 20 grams Alkyd Resin P470 I5 mls. Toluene Dispersed in $0 mls. Esso I00 I000 mIs. Isopar G RoIIerpass 200 volts at 20 centimeter per second AC. or pulsating D.C. at 50 to 500 cycles per second.
  • the aluminuium bronze metal powder is placed by silver, zinc, aluminium, iron, chromium, copper, tin or other metal powder Roller pass 200 volts at 20 centimeter per second.
  • Any of the above examples can be transferred before fixing by applying a directional pulsating voltage of between l and 200 volts at a frequency of to 5000 cycles.
  • Coates hydrocarbon dispersible flake black comprises pure carbon black together with ethyl hydroxy cellulose resin.
  • Solvent is a hydrocarbon solvent supplied by Esso Chemicals Australia Limited, having an aromatic content of 98%, flash point of I08F., and distillation range l59-l82C.
  • ELVACITE RESIN is an acrylic resin manufactured by DuPont, Delaware, U.S.A.
  • B880 100 is an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent with 98% aromatics, KB Value 9', final boiling point 182 C. GRAPI-ITOL BLUE BLF, phthalocyanine blue, C.I. pigment blue made by Sandoz.
  • ISOL RUBY RED BKS 7520 KVK a lithol ruby red C.I. Pigment Red 57, Agfa, Calcium lake.
  • ISOPAR G a hydrocarbon liquid solvent with greater than 95% isoparaffinic content, and aromatics and olifins less that l percent, and remainder cycloand normal parat'fins, KB No. 27, final boiling point 177C.
  • ISOPAR E a hydrocarbon liquid solvent with greater than 95% isoparaffinic content, aromatics and olifins less than 1 percent, with remainder cyclo and normal paraffins, KB Value 29, find boiling point I43C.
  • MOWITAL B601 polyvinyl butyral resin, made by Heechst, Germany; containing polyvinyl seats] 76-.99 percent polyvinyl acetate 1 percent and polyvinyl alcohol 10-21 percent.
  • MICROLITH Pigments comprise a pigment and a resinous carrier.
  • Microlith Black pigment contains pure neutral carbon black together with a toluene soluble carrier resin such as Stabilite Ester l0 of the Hercules Powder Co., U.S.A.
  • MICROLl'll-I BLUE 46'! comprises a stable phthalocanine blue pigment with a greenish cast to- .gether with Stabilite Ester l0 resin.
  • Colour Index 74l60 MICROLITH GREEN GT comprises a medium shade of phthalocyanine green together with Stabilite Ester l0 resin, the microlith pigments are manufactured by Ciba Co., Switzerland, Colour Index 1245s.
  • PLIOLITE SSD is a styrene/butadiene copolymer.
  • KB value 60 manufactured by Goodyear Corp., U.S.A.
  • PLIOLITE V.T.A.C. is a vinyl tolucne/acrylate copolymer.
  • KB value 36 PERMANENT YELLOW 66 extra, a diazo yellow pigmerit without lake forming groups, G]. pigment yellow 17, colour Index No. 21105.
  • PENTACITE P423 is a modified pentarethyritol ester resin with acid number 20-30.
  • PLIOLITE VT RESIN is a styrene/butadiene type copolymer rubber made by the Goodyear Corp., USA.
  • Pliolite VT is a vinyl toluenelbutadiene random copolymer rubber, soluble in mineral spirits.
  • PALE LOWERING LITHOGRAPI-IIC VARNlSl-I a polymerized linseed oil varnish made by Meggitts Ltd., Australia, Polylin acid value 40-65 viscosity 7.0-9.5 poises at 25C, from alkali refined linseed oil.
  • RHODENE RESIN L42/70 a safflower oil modified alkyd resin made by Polymer Corporation, Australia, acid value 6-10 with 69-7 1 percent solids, 64% oil length.
  • SOLPRENE i205 styrene-butadiene copolymer Phillips Petroleum Corp., U.S.A., a block copolymer of hutadiene and styrene in the ratio /25 containing 97.5 percent of rubber hydrocarbon, A.S.T.M. No. I205 with majority of styrene molecules added as polystyrene at the end of a long chain of butadiene units.
  • SUPERBECKOSOL 1352/60 a semi-drying safflower oil isophthalic-modified long oil alkyd resin with 59-61% non-volatile matter, acid value 3-6, oil length 60%, viscosity Gardner I-Ioldt Y-Z. VlNYLlTE VYNW, a vinyl chloride-acetate resin, approximate composition vinyl chloride 97%. vinyl acetate 3%, and specific gravity L39.
  • the method of developing an electrical image defined by changes of dielectric constant on a photoconductive surface comprising; subjecting the image, in the presence of a liquid developer comprising developer particles suspended in an electrically insulating liquid to a pulsating field having a polarity and intensity to repeatedly break the bonds caused by the Van de Walls forces as the developer particles are drawn to an image area during development, controlling the said pulses to maintain the said developer particles in oscillation during development, but maintaining the electrical image field during development to give a directional component to the particle movement to settle the said particles on the image areas.
  • said pulsating field having a fast strong dislodging force followed by a slower decay whereby the particles after dislodgement have time to resettle under the said electrical image field.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dry Development In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Liquid Developers In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Wet Developing In Electrophotography (AREA)
US401106A 1972-09-28 1973-09-26 Liquid development of an electrical image in which a pulsating field is employed Expired - Lifetime US3918966A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPB062972 1972-09-28

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US (1) US3918966A (sv)
BE (1) BE805506A (sv)
CA (1) CA1035635A (sv)
CH (1) CH584921A5 (sv)
DE (1) DE2347980A1 (sv)
FR (1) FR2201492B1 (sv)
GB (1) GB1447283A (sv)
IT (1) IT996757B (sv)
NL (1) NL7313321A (sv)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2291531A1 (fr) * 1974-11-18 1976-06-11 Oce Van Der Grinten Nv Dispositif pour transferer electrostatiquement une image de poudre d'un support sur une matiere receptrice
JPS5518656A (en) * 1978-07-28 1980-02-08 Canon Inc Electrophotographic developing method
US4292387A (en) * 1978-07-28 1981-09-29 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Magnetic developing method under A.C. electrical bias and apparatus therefor
DE3102600A1 (de) * 1980-01-28 1981-11-26 Canon K.K., Tokyo Verfahren und vorrichtung zum entwickeln magnetischer latentbilder
US4395476A (en) * 1978-07-28 1983-07-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing method for developer transfer under A.C. electrical bias and apparatus therefor
US4444864A (en) * 1979-07-16 1984-04-24 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Method for effecting development by applying an electric field of bias
US4473627A (en) * 1978-07-28 1984-09-25 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing method for developer transfer under electrical bias and apparatus therefor
US4663212A (en) * 1985-08-29 1987-05-05 Phillips Petroleum Company Resinous polymer printing
US4732560A (en) * 1981-12-21 1988-03-22 Gte Products Corporation Humidity protected radiation-responsive switch
US4789498A (en) * 1985-08-29 1988-12-06 Phillips Petroleum Company Polymer welding process and composition
US5032485A (en) * 1978-07-28 1991-07-16 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing method for one-component developer
US5168313A (en) * 1988-04-28 1992-12-01 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Toner image transfer method and device for electrophotographic printing apparatus
US5194359A (en) * 1978-07-28 1993-03-16 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing method for one component developer

Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2879395A (en) * 1955-06-08 1959-03-24 Haloid Xerox Inc Charging device
US3076092A (en) * 1960-07-21 1963-01-29 Xerox Corp Xerographic charging apparatus
US3287150A (en) * 1965-02-10 1966-11-22 Xerox Corp Cascade development process with two-component developer
US3332396A (en) * 1963-12-09 1967-07-25 Xerox Corp Xerographic developing apparatus with controlled corona means
US3464818A (en) * 1967-05-24 1969-09-02 Anicet Anstalt Method of photoelectric copying
US3486922A (en) * 1967-05-29 1969-12-30 Agfa Gevaert Nv Development of electrostatic patterns with aqueous conductive developing liquid
US3515548A (en) * 1966-03-16 1970-06-02 Zenith Radio Corp Charging process for electrostatic screening of color tubes
US3560203A (en) * 1966-11-02 1971-02-02 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd Electrophotographic developing process
US3576623A (en) * 1968-02-23 1971-04-27 Xerox Corp Development system employing a coronode immersed in a liquid developer
US3657091A (en) * 1968-10-03 1972-04-18 Xerox Corp Electrophoretic imaging method employing a periodic electric field
US3759222A (en) * 1971-03-04 1973-09-18 Xerox Corp Microfield donor with continuously reversing microfields
US3784397A (en) * 1970-02-04 1974-01-08 Xerox Corp Imaging system
US3811764A (en) * 1968-10-03 1974-05-21 Xerox Corp Apparatus for photoelectrophoretic imaging using a periodic electric field

Patent Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2879395A (en) * 1955-06-08 1959-03-24 Haloid Xerox Inc Charging device
US3076092A (en) * 1960-07-21 1963-01-29 Xerox Corp Xerographic charging apparatus
US3332396A (en) * 1963-12-09 1967-07-25 Xerox Corp Xerographic developing apparatus with controlled corona means
US3287150A (en) * 1965-02-10 1966-11-22 Xerox Corp Cascade development process with two-component developer
US3515548A (en) * 1966-03-16 1970-06-02 Zenith Radio Corp Charging process for electrostatic screening of color tubes
US3560203A (en) * 1966-11-02 1971-02-02 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd Electrophotographic developing process
US3464818A (en) * 1967-05-24 1969-09-02 Anicet Anstalt Method of photoelectric copying
US3486922A (en) * 1967-05-29 1969-12-30 Agfa Gevaert Nv Development of electrostatic patterns with aqueous conductive developing liquid
US3576623A (en) * 1968-02-23 1971-04-27 Xerox Corp Development system employing a coronode immersed in a liquid developer
US3657091A (en) * 1968-10-03 1972-04-18 Xerox Corp Electrophoretic imaging method employing a periodic electric field
US3811764A (en) * 1968-10-03 1974-05-21 Xerox Corp Apparatus for photoelectrophoretic imaging using a periodic electric field
US3784397A (en) * 1970-02-04 1974-01-08 Xerox Corp Imaging system
US3804510A (en) * 1970-02-04 1974-04-16 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd Imaging developing system
US3759222A (en) * 1971-03-04 1973-09-18 Xerox Corp Microfield donor with continuously reversing microfields

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2291531A1 (fr) * 1974-11-18 1976-06-11 Oce Van Der Grinten Nv Dispositif pour transferer electrostatiquement une image de poudre d'un support sur une matiere receptrice
US4081212A (en) * 1974-11-18 1978-03-28 Oce-Van Der Grinten, N.V. System for electrostatically transferring powder images
JPS5832375B2 (ja) * 1978-07-28 1983-07-12 キヤノン株式会社 現像方法
US4292387A (en) * 1978-07-28 1981-09-29 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Magnetic developing method under A.C. electrical bias and apparatus therefor
JPS5518656A (en) * 1978-07-28 1980-02-08 Canon Inc Electrophotographic developing method
US5194359A (en) * 1978-07-28 1993-03-16 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing method for one component developer
US4913088A (en) * 1978-07-28 1990-04-03 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Apparatus for developer transfer under electrical bias
US4395476A (en) * 1978-07-28 1983-07-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing method for developer transfer under A.C. electrical bias and apparatus therefor
US4473627A (en) * 1978-07-28 1984-09-25 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing method for developer transfer under electrical bias and apparatus therefor
US5096798A (en) * 1978-07-28 1992-03-17 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing method for one-component developer
US5044310A (en) * 1978-07-28 1991-09-03 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing apparatus for non-magnetic developer
US5032485A (en) * 1978-07-28 1991-07-16 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing method for one-component developer
US4444864A (en) * 1979-07-16 1984-04-24 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Method for effecting development by applying an electric field of bias
DE3102600A1 (de) * 1980-01-28 1981-11-26 Canon K.K., Tokyo Verfahren und vorrichtung zum entwickeln magnetischer latentbilder
US4368687A (en) * 1980-01-28 1983-01-18 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Method and apparatus for developing magnetic latent image
US4732560A (en) * 1981-12-21 1988-03-22 Gte Products Corporation Humidity protected radiation-responsive switch
US4789498A (en) * 1985-08-29 1988-12-06 Phillips Petroleum Company Polymer welding process and composition
US4663212A (en) * 1985-08-29 1987-05-05 Phillips Petroleum Company Resinous polymer printing
US5168313A (en) * 1988-04-28 1992-12-01 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Toner image transfer method and device for electrophotographic printing apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1447283A (en) 1976-08-25
IT996757B (it) 1975-12-10
FR2201492A1 (sv) 1974-04-26
CA1035635A (en) 1978-08-01
NL7313321A (sv) 1974-04-01
FR2201492B1 (sv) 1978-02-10
BE805506A (fr) 1974-01-16
DE2347980A1 (de) 1974-04-04
CH584921A5 (sv) 1977-02-15

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