US3917233A - Vibrator - Google Patents

Vibrator Download PDF

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Publication number
US3917233A
US3917233A US391236A US39123673A US3917233A US 3917233 A US3917233 A US 3917233A US 391236 A US391236 A US 391236A US 39123673 A US39123673 A US 39123673A US 3917233 A US3917233 A US 3917233A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
plunger
bore
insert
vibrator
exhaust
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US391236A
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English (en)
Inventor
Warren A Blower
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sherwin Williams Co
Original Assignee
Sherwin Williams Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sherwin Williams Co filed Critical Sherwin Williams Co
Priority to US391236A priority Critical patent/US3917233A/en
Priority to GB3145474A priority patent/GB1472568A/en
Priority to CA205,116A priority patent/CA1017213A/en
Priority to JP49090353A priority patent/JPS5045721A/ja
Priority to IT69512/74A priority patent/IT1032526B/it
Priority to DE2439586A priority patent/DE2439586A1/de
Priority to FR7428856A priority patent/FR2241348B3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3917233A publication Critical patent/US3917233A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
    • F01N1/10—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling in combination with sound-absorbing materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
    • B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
    • B06B1/00—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency
    • B06B1/18—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency wherein the vibrator is actuated by pressure fluid
    • B06B1/183—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency wherein the vibrator is actuated by pressure fluid operating with reciprocating masses
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C15/00—Moulding machines characterised by the compacting mechanism; Accessories therefor
    • B22C15/10—Compacting by jarring devices only

Definitions

  • the plunger has exhaust passage means therethrough for exhausting air I from an inlet port to an exhaust port in its exhaust po- 7 11 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures c A I 50 56 12 2s 16 as 411K416 52 so 54 14 54 70 18 U.S. Patent Nov. 4, 1975 A 50 Th W VIBRATOR BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • This application relates to vibrators, and more particularly to pneumatic vibrators for use on foundry molding machines and the like.
  • Vibrators are commonly used in foundry molding for enhancing sand flow or assisting removal of molds from patterns or flasks. Such vibrators may be used on foundry molding tables, pattern stools, match plates, hoppers and like parts. The vibrators are usually double-acting and have a sleeve member. A plunger reciprocates within the sleeve between opposite striker plugs. In vibrators of this type, extensive machining of circumferential grooves and ports is required in the sleeve member and plunger. This makes thevibrator costly to manufacture.
  • Vibrators of the type described are also very noisy. Attempts to reduce the noise level have included the use of elastomeric striker inserts. Repeated striking of the plunger against such striker inserts produces internal friction in the striker insert and they become extremely hot. The inserts then soften and deteriorate very rapidly requiring frequent replacement or reconditioning of the vibrator.
  • a pneumatic vibrator of the type described includes a housing or sleeve having a cylindrical bore therein.
  • the exhaust passage is formed in the plunger itself.
  • the bore has a circumferential groove therein located intermediate the inlet and exhaust ports.
  • the groove is covered by the plunger in its striking position. Movement of the plunger away from its striking position opens the groove to communication with the inlet port.
  • the exhaust passage in the plunger is also opened to communication with the groove.
  • air is exhausted from the inlet port to the exhaust port through the groove in the bore and through the ex haust passage in the plunger.
  • the exhaust passage may include a plurality of radially extending bores in the plunger communicating with an axial plunger bore which also communicates with the exhaust port.
  • the vibrator includes a striker insert positioned adjacent the inlet port.
  • Inlet passageway means passes air from the inlet port to the bore in contact with the striker insert for carrying heat away from the striker insert.
  • the inlet and exhaust ports are formed in end caps closing the opposite ends of the bore.
  • the end cap in which the exhaust port is formed also includes an enlarged flared recess having noise muffler means therein covering the exhaust port.
  • the muffler means may comprise metal mesh or wool-like material.
  • a fine screen is positioned in the recess to hold the muffler over the exhaust port. The muffler and screen prevent foreign particles from entering the bore through the exhaust port.
  • the muffler also substantially reduces the noise of air escaping through the exhaust port.
  • the noise produced by the plunger acting against the striker insert is also muffled.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional elevational view of an improved vibrator constructed in accordance with the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional elevational view of another improved vibrator constructed in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional elevational view of still another improved vibrator constructed in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a pneumatically operated vibrator A including a part 12 having a cylindrical bore 14 therethrough.
  • a generally cylindrical plunger B is reciprocatingly positioned within bore 14.
  • the opposite end portions of the internal peripheral wall forming bore 14 are internally threaded as at 16 and 18 for threadably receiving threaded portions 20 and 22 of end caps C and D.
  • End cap C has a hole 24 thereother device. This is an end mounting type of mounting for vibrator A.
  • an air inlet port 26 is formed in end cap C and communicates with bore 14 on one side of plunger B.
  • Air inlet port 26 is preferably substantially coincidental with the longitudinal axis of bore 14.
  • Inlet port 26 communicates with an air inlet bore 28 adapted to be connected with a source of pressurized air.
  • Threaded portion of end cap C has an enlarged cylindrical recess 30 therein substantially coincidental with air inlet port 26.
  • a cylindrical striker insert E is tightly fitted within cylindrical recess 30.
  • Striker insert E is made of a material having very low sound transmitting characteristicsSriker insert'E may be formed of urethane, rubber, or similar materials. Obviously, natural rubber or other materials could also be used for striker insert E.
  • striker insert E is relatively soft as compared with steel and has the desirable characteristicof low sound transmission.
  • striker insert E is relatively hard so that it will not be compressed too much and absorb the force of plunger B. Such action would reduce the action of the vibrator.
  • striker insert E is made of urethane rubber having a durometer hardness on the shore-A scale of around 80 to 100. A durometer hardness of 90 or above is preferred.
  • Striker insert E may be molded to have an exterior diameter slightly larger than the diameter of cylindrical recess 30 and have a longitudinal slit therethrough. The longitudinal slit makes it possible to squeeze striker insert E to reduce its diameter for insertion within recess 30. The natural memory and resiliency of striker insert E then causes it. to expand radially outward into firm engagement with the peripheral wall of recess 30.
  • insert E could also be a tight fit within recess 30 without having a longitudinal slit. Insert E could also be secured in recess 30 by mechanical fastener means or adhesive.
  • Striker insert E has a centrally located cylindrical hole 34 therethrough substantially coincidental with air inlet port 26. Striker insert E has a length sufficient to project out beyond. the terminal end of threaded portion 20 on end cap C when it is bottomed in cylindrical recess 30.
  • Plunger B has a striker end 36 adapted to strike against striker insert E. Striker end 36 of plunger B preferably is circular and has a diameter substantially the same as the diameter of striker insert E. Plunger B has a generally conical portion 38 sloping outward from striker end 36 and intersecting a generally radially extending fiat circumferential surface 40. Plunger end surfaces 38 and 40 cooperate with bore 14 to define an annular space 44 at the striker end portion of plunger B.
  • striker insert E has at least one radially extending notch 46 therethrough for allowing passage of air from hole 34 to annular space 44 so that air pressure can act upon plunger end surfaces 38 and 40, as well as against striker end 36.
  • Bore 1 4 hasa longitudinally elongated circumferential groove 50 formed therein generally intermediate its opposite end portions. Groove 50 has opposite terminal ends 52 and 54.
  • Plunger B includes a rear end 56.
  • An axial bore 58 extends into plunger B from rear end 56 to communication with a plurality of radially extending plunger bores 60. Radially extending plunger bores 60 also communicate with groove 50.
  • a coil spring 64 bears against bottom end 66 of axial plunger bore 58
  • An exhaust port 72 extends through threaded portion 22 of end cap D and is substantially coincidental with the longitudinal axis of bore 14.
  • An enlarged outwardly opening flared recess 74 is formed in end cap D substantially coincidental with exhaust port 72.
  • a noise muffler is positioned within recess 74.
  • Recess 74 may be filled with metal wool 76 or the like to define the noise muffler.
  • the material may also be a multilayer metal mesh.
  • Mesh or wool-like material 76 may also be formed of natural or synthetic fibers.
  • a fine circular screen 78 is positioned within recess 74 to hold muffler I material 76over exhaust port 72.
  • End cap D has a circumferential groove 80 therein receiving a C-ring 82 for holding screen 78 in position. The described arrangement with screen 78 and muffler material 76 also prevents entry of foreign particles into bore 14 through exhaust port 72.
  • Coil spring 64 normally biases plunger B to the left toward its forward striking position as shown in FIG. 1 wherein plunger striker end 36 impacts against striker insert E. Air enters through inlet port 26, hole 34 and notch 46 to enter annular space 44. Air pressure in hole 34 also acts against plunger'striker end 36. Air pressure in annular space 44 also acts against plunger. surfaces 38 and 40 to cause shifting movement of plunger B to the right in FIG.,1 toits rearward or exhaust position. The parts are preferably dimensioned so that the spacing from plunger end 56 to end cap end is substantially greater than the distance from plunger surface 40 to circumferential groove end 52. With plunger B in its forwardmost striking position, groove 50 is covered against communication with annular space 44 and inlet port 26.
  • plunger surface 40 will eventually move to the right of groove end 52. This will establish communication between groove 50 and annular space 44. In other words, communication is also established between groove 50 and inlet port 26. Air in annular space 44 is exhausted through radial bores 60 and axial plunger bore 58 to exhaust port 72. The exhausting action occurs before plunger end 56 makes contact with end cap surface 70.
  • the generally large cavity defined by plunger axial bore 58 and a portion of bore 14 allows a substantial quantity of air to accumulate under slight pressure for aiding spring 64 in shifting, plunger B back to the left in FIG. 1 for again striking against striker insert E and producing vibrations.
  • the size of groove 50 and holes 60, and the large volume of the spring cavity defined by bore 58 and a portion of bore 14, allows rapid reduction of pressure in annular space 44.
  • a large volume of air is exhausted at low velocity to reduce noise.
  • Exhaust port 72 is larger than inlet port 26 so that air will be exhausted at a lower velocity than it flows through inlet port 26. This allows plunger B to return to its striking position.
  • exhaust port 72 is somewhat restricted so that some air pressure does build up rearwardly of plunger B to aid spring 64 in moving plunger B forwardly to its striking position. This allows exhaust air to escape relatively slowly through exhaust port 72. Such action aids in reducing the noise produced by vibrator A.
  • the exhausted air passes through and against end 70 of threaded portion 22 on end cap r muffler 76 which also aids in building up a slight pressure rearwardly of plunger B. A substantial pressure drop occurs across muffler 76. Much of the energy and noise is absorbed and dissipated by muffler 76.
  • hole 34 in striker insert E defines inlet passage means for passing air from inlet port 26 into bore 14 in contact with striker insert E for cooling striker insert E.
  • the rapid repeated striking of striker insert E by plunger B produces internal friction in striker insert E and rapidly builds up heat which might cause striker insert E to deteriorate.
  • the rapid continuous flow of cool compressed air in contact with striker insert E rapidly dissipates heat therefrom to prevent such deterioration. Expansion of air from line pressure to a lower pressure also provides cooling action.
  • FIG. 2 shows a slightly different embodiment wherein like parts are given like reference numerals and letters.
  • part 12 comprises a cylindrical sleeve fitted within a cylindrical bore 90 on an integral 1 part 92 of a foundry molding machine or the like.
  • Sleeve 12 has a length slightly less than the length of bore 90.
  • End caps C and D have enlarged heads 94 and 96 which extend outward beyond sleeve 12 for engaging the ends of part 92.
  • End caps 94 and 96 are tightened for tensioning sleeve 12.
  • Enlarged heads 94 and 96 firmly engage against the ends of part 92 around bore 90 for securely clamping sleeve 12 within bore 90.
  • plunger B is slightly different in that axially extending plunger bore 58 is not as deep as in the embodiment of FIG. 1 and is coincidental with a somewhat smaller diameter bore 102 which communicates with radially extending bores 60.
  • end cap D has an enlarged cylindrical recess I04 extending inward from end 70 thereof for receiving one end portion of spring 60 which bears against bottom b of recess 104.
  • FIG. 3 shows a slightly different embodiment wherein part 12 has outwardly extending ears 108 with holes 112 therethrough for receiving bolts to clamp the vibrator to another part.
  • This arrangement provides a side mounting vibrator.
  • air inlet bore 28 is formed axially in end cap C substantially coincidental with air inlet port 26 and the longitudinal axis of bore 14.
  • This embodiment also differs from the embodiment of FIG. 2 in that axial plunger bore 58 has a length greater than the length of the corresponding bore in the embodiment of FIG. 2, and the length of bore 102 is somewhat less than the length of the corresponding bore in the embodiment of FIG. 2.
  • the operation and advantages of the embodiment of FIG. 3 are the same as those previously described.
  • a pneumatic vibrator including a part having a bore therein, a plunger reciprocatingly positioned in said bore for movement between striking and exhaust positions, air inlet and exhaust ports communicating with said bore on opposite sides of said plunger, exhaust passage means through said plunger for exhausting air from said inlet port to said exhaust port in said exhaust position thereof, opposite end caps closing said bore, said inlet port being in one of said end caps and said exhaust port being in the other of said end caps, said bore having a longitudinal axis and said inlet and exhaust ports being substantially coincidental with said axis, a striker insert of low sound transmitting material adjacent said inlet port, and inlet passage means for passing air from said inlet port to said bore in contact with said insert for cooling said insert.
  • said inlet passage means comprises a hole through said insert substantially coincidental with said axis.
  • a vibrator including a housing having a cylindrical bore therein, end caps secured to said housing closing the ends of said bore, a reciprocating plunger in said bore, a sound attenuating striker insert secured to the inside of one of said end caps, and an air inlet in said one end cap aligned with a hole extending through said insert for cooling saidr insert with the inlet air.
  • a vibrator including a housing having a cylindrical bore therein, end caps closing the ends of said bore, a plunger in said bore, an air inlet in one of said end caps and an exhaust port in the other, spring means urging said plunger toward said one end cap, a relatively short by-pass groove in said bore normally closed by said plunger, a longitudinally extending exhaust passage in said plunger including a radially extending passage in said plunger communicating with said groove in all positions of said plunger to exhaust air from said one end of said plunger to the" other when said plunger moves to expose said by-pass groove to said one end.
  • a vibrator as set forth in claim 7 including a

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Compressor (AREA)
  • Percussive Tools And Related Accessories (AREA)
  • Casting Devices For Molds (AREA)
  • Compressors, Vaccum Pumps And Other Relevant Systems (AREA)
  • Jet Pumps And Other Pumps (AREA)
US391236A 1973-08-24 1973-08-24 Vibrator Expired - Lifetime US3917233A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US391236A US3917233A (en) 1973-08-24 1973-08-24 Vibrator
GB3145474A GB1472568A (en) 1973-08-24 1974-07-16 Pneumatic vibrator
CA205,116A CA1017213A (en) 1973-08-24 1974-07-17 Vibrator
JP49090353A JPS5045721A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-08-24 1974-08-08
IT69512/74A IT1032526B (it) 1973-08-24 1974-08-09 Vibriatore pneumatico da utilizzarsi su macchine formatrici per fonderia e simili
DE2439586A DE2439586A1 (de) 1973-08-24 1974-08-17 Vibrator
FR7428856A FR2241348B3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-08-24 1974-08-22

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US391236A US3917233A (en) 1973-08-24 1973-08-24 Vibrator

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3917233A true US3917233A (en) 1975-11-04

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US391236A Expired - Lifetime US3917233A (en) 1973-08-24 1973-08-24 Vibrator

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US3917233A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5045721A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1017213A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2439586A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2241348B3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1472568A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT1032526B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4129388A (en) * 1977-07-25 1978-12-12 Mckee Ronald H Vibrator for flowing granular material
US4675052A (en) * 1983-12-22 1987-06-23 Societe Lorraine Et Somafer Tool for cleaning pouring runners
US5836683A (en) * 1997-03-11 1998-11-17 Institute For Advanced Engineering Mixing apparatus using acoustic resonance
US5871277A (en) * 1997-06-04 1999-02-16 Lash; Richard L. Industrial vibrator
US5893317A (en) * 1996-12-18 1999-04-13 Netter Gmbh Pneumatic beater
US6283626B1 (en) * 1998-10-02 2001-09-04 Institute For Advanced Engineering Multiphase mixing apparatus using acoustic resonance
CN1094381C (zh) * 1998-07-14 2002-11-20 社团法人高等技术研究院研究组合 利用声音共振的物质混合装置
CN105032751A (zh) * 2015-07-13 2015-11-11 王洪波 一种新型气动振动装置
CN111347010A (zh) * 2020-03-30 2020-06-30 滁州市兴义装备模具制造有限公司 一种基于v法铸造冰箱内胆模具铸坯生产用振实台

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE451115B (sv) * 1985-01-16 1987-09-07 Ulveco Kockum Sonic Ab Anleggning for sotning av pannor eller liknande, innefattande ett flertal lagfrekvent ljud alstrande anordningar
CA2077259A1 (en) * 1990-03-01 1991-09-02 Gregg K. Hobbs Random vibration generating apparatus
US5836202A (en) * 1990-03-01 1998-11-17 Qualmark Corporation Exciter mounting for random vibration generating table
DE4029295A1 (de) * 1990-09-16 1992-03-19 Karl Eickmann Dichtung fuer hohe drucke
US5540109A (en) * 1992-11-05 1996-07-30 Qualmark Corporation Apparatus and method for thermal and vibrational stress screening
DE4343400C1 (de) * 1993-12-18 1995-06-08 Bruker Analytische Messtechnik Rüttel- und Halteeinrichtung für Probengefäße
DE4345256C2 (de) * 1993-12-18 1995-11-16 Bruker Analytische Messtechnik Verfahren zum automatischen quantitativen Abfüllen von pulverförmigen oder granularen Proben
US5804732A (en) * 1995-12-21 1998-09-08 Venturedyne, Ltd. Vibrator-driven table apparatus
US5969256A (en) * 1996-12-26 1999-10-19 Hobbs; Gregg K. Modular vibration system
CN103447222A (zh) * 2012-06-04 2013-12-18 毛海峰 气动式管道振动器
CN108994263B (zh) * 2018-08-27 2021-09-03 厦门汉莱德机械有限公司 一种气动式振动器和射芯机

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US711859A (en) * 1900-12-24 1902-10-21 William M Holden Pneumatic tool.
US789916A (en) * 1904-11-05 1905-05-16 Alfred E Johnson Hammer-drill.
US1428630A (en) * 1920-12-02 1922-09-12 Oliver S Hammond Vibrator for rapping patterns in molding
US2884901A (en) * 1957-11-05 1959-05-05 Wesley M Chandler Silencer for air vibrators
US3132704A (en) * 1960-12-05 1964-05-12 Bassinger Tool Company Fluid actuated impact tool
US3718318A (en) * 1971-04-05 1973-02-27 Sherwin Williams Co Vibrator for foundry molding and like machines

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US711859A (en) * 1900-12-24 1902-10-21 William M Holden Pneumatic tool.
US789916A (en) * 1904-11-05 1905-05-16 Alfred E Johnson Hammer-drill.
US1428630A (en) * 1920-12-02 1922-09-12 Oliver S Hammond Vibrator for rapping patterns in molding
US2884901A (en) * 1957-11-05 1959-05-05 Wesley M Chandler Silencer for air vibrators
US3132704A (en) * 1960-12-05 1964-05-12 Bassinger Tool Company Fluid actuated impact tool
US3718318A (en) * 1971-04-05 1973-02-27 Sherwin Williams Co Vibrator for foundry molding and like machines

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4129388A (en) * 1977-07-25 1978-12-12 Mckee Ronald H Vibrator for flowing granular material
US4675052A (en) * 1983-12-22 1987-06-23 Societe Lorraine Et Somafer Tool for cleaning pouring runners
US5893317A (en) * 1996-12-18 1999-04-13 Netter Gmbh Pneumatic beater
US5836683A (en) * 1997-03-11 1998-11-17 Institute For Advanced Engineering Mixing apparatus using acoustic resonance
US5871277A (en) * 1997-06-04 1999-02-16 Lash; Richard L. Industrial vibrator
CN1094381C (zh) * 1998-07-14 2002-11-20 社团法人高等技术研究院研究组合 利用声音共振的物质混合装置
US6283626B1 (en) * 1998-10-02 2001-09-04 Institute For Advanced Engineering Multiphase mixing apparatus using acoustic resonance
CN105032751A (zh) * 2015-07-13 2015-11-11 王洪波 一种新型气动振动装置
CN111347010A (zh) * 2020-03-30 2020-06-30 滁州市兴义装备模具制造有限公司 一种基于v法铸造冰箱内胆模具铸坯生产用振实台

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IT1032526B (it) 1979-06-20
DE2439586A1 (de) 1975-03-06
JPS5045721A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-04-24
FR2241348A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-03-21
CA1017213A (en) 1977-09-13
GB1472568A (en) 1977-05-04
FR2241348B3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1976-09-24

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