US3911177A - Process for preparing steel for enameling - Google Patents
Process for preparing steel for enameling Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3911177A US3911177A US360608A US36060873A US3911177A US 3911177 A US3911177 A US 3911177A US 360608 A US360608 A US 360608A US 36060873 A US36060873 A US 36060873A US 3911177 A US3911177 A US 3911177A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- steel
- enameling
- alloy
- nickel
- iron
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23D—ENAMELLING OF, OR APPLYING A VITREOUS LAYER TO, METALS
- C23D3/00—Chemical treatment of the metal surfaces prior to coating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/14—Metallic material, boron or silicon
- C23C14/16—Metallic material, boron or silicon on metallic substrates or on substrates of boron or silicon
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12458—All metal or with adjacent metals having composition, density, or hardness gradient
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
- Y10T428/12597—Noncrystalline silica or noncrystalline plural-oxide component [e.g., glass, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
- Y10T428/12958—Next to Fe-base component
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
- Y10T428/12972—Containing 0.01-1.7% carbon [i.e., steel]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of .steel strip and sheet for reception of a surface layer of inorganic enamel,
- the deposited nickel should have sufficient porosity to permit oxidation of the subjacent steel, which augments the adhesion of the enamel to the steel.
- the present invention provides a solution to the problems of the prior art in the form of a process for the preparation of steel sheet and strip for enameling, in which the surface to be enameled is degreased and rinsed, the steel is heated and there is immediately applied a coating which is a binary alloy of iron and another iron group metal, that is, iron and another metal from Group VIII of the periodic arrangement of the elements. Particularly preferred are cobalt and nickel.
- the enameling steel is heated to a temperature between 200 and 800C. before coating with the alloy.
- the iron and the other metal are applied such that their proportions vary throughout the depth of the coating, the nickel increasing in concentration from the interface between the enameling steel and the coating, in a direction outward.
- the coating has a content of nickel or other nonferrous Group VIII metal, from 1 to 15% by weight, preferably 4 to 8% by weight, balance essentially iron.
- the coating is applied in such quantity that the weightof the nickel or other Group VIII metal is from 0.5. to 4 grams per square meter, preferably 1 to 3 grams per square meter.
- the coating is applied directly to the enameling steel, by evaporation under vacuum.
- the method of preparing the steel for enameling is quite simplepenameling steel having a carbon content less than 0.012%, preferably about 0.004 to 0.005%, is degreased and rinsed by conventional methods, and thenis heated to a temperature between 200C. and 800C. It is then immediately coated with an iron-base alloy, e.g. iron-nickel, deposited by evaporation under vacuum byconventional vacuum evaporation methods for the deposition of metals and metal alloys. Then the coated steel is formed by pressing to the desired shape, at which time no cracking of the coating occurs. Then enameling with an inorganic enamel is conducted according to any known method, on the formed coated surface of the steel.
- an iron-base alloy e.g. iron-nickel
- the surface thus prepared for enameling by coating with the iron-base alloy can be given a protective coating, which can be a synthetic resin such as polyvinyl chloride that also serves as a lubricant during subsequent pressing and which of course will be removed before actual enameling.
- a protective coating which can be a synthetic resin such as polyvinyl chloride that also serves as a lubricant during subsequent pressing and which of course will be removed before actual enameling.
- the prepared steel may be coated with a protective and lubricating oil which is eliminated by degreasing and rinsing after forming but before enameling.
- the steel can be given a temporary protective coating known as a dry film, in the form of a protective and lubricating soap which is also removed after forming but before enameling.
- the nickel content can for example be zero at the interface between the substrate and the coating, and can increase to a maxi mum of, say, 25% at the exposed surface of the coating,
- the average nickel content being within the ranges 1 given above.
- EXAMPLE 1 A square steel sheet cm. on a side, 18 gauge, is prepared for enameling and has the following composition: carbon: 0.004%; nitrogen: 0.0015%; phosphorus: 0.012%; manganese: 0.300%; chromium: 0.015%; copper: 0.025%; and sulfur: 0.015%, balance iron.
- the sheet is degreased and rinsed carefully and no pickling is conducted; and then, by vacuum evaporation from two sources of pure iron and pure nickel, there is deposited an iron-nickel alloy whose total weight is 33 grams per square meter and which consists of 6% by weight of nickel, balance iron.
- the coating thus contains 2 grams of nickel per square meter.
- the sheet is then pressed to a cup shape and given a coating of inorganic white enamel by a known method.
- the enamel has excellent adherence and shows no flaws.
- Example 1 is repeated, except that the sheet is not subjected to press forming. Instead, it is enameled while flat. The sheet is then placed on a flat base having a circular hole therein of 23 mm. diameter, the sheet covering the hole. A weight of 1.5 kg. has on its lower surface a semi-spherical projection whose radius is 10 mm.; and this weight is dropped from a height of 50 cm., coaxially of that 23 mm. hole, onto the sheet whose enameled surface is uppermost. The results of this test are evaluated on a scale from 1 to 5. A rating of 5 corresponds to complete loss of adherence of the enamel, that is, total scaling of the enamel in the impact area. A value of 1 corresponds to excellent adherence, that is, substantially no scaling of the enamel.
- the present invention avoids pickling and eliminates the necessity to control copper and phosphorus content.
- process of the present invention is faster, less expensive, and more reliable than those of the prior art, and in certain cases eliminates the necessity of preparing more than one face of the steel, the other face being treatable by a less expensive process such as aluminum coating.
- the present invention also has greater flexibility of application and, because it eliminates the need for pickling, is nonpolluting in its nature.
- a process for preparing steel sheet and strip for the direct application of white enamel thereto without a prime coat which consists in degreasing and rinsing steel sheet or strip having less than 0.012% by weight carbon, heating said rinsed steel at a temperature between 200C. to 800C, and depositing by vacuum evaporation on the steel a binary alloy of iron and a member selected from the group consisting of nickel and cobalt, said alloy having a content from 1 to 15% by weight of said member, balance essentially iron, thereby to avoid the need for pickling the steel before enameling.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
- Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
Abstract
Low carbon steel having less than 0.012% carbon, is prepared for enameling by degreasing and rinsing, then heating the steel to 200* to 800*C. and depositing thereon by vacuum evaporation an alloy of iron with another Group VIII metal such as nickel or cobalt, the nickel or the like being present in the alloy in an amount 1 to 15% and preferably 4 to 8% by weight, balance iron, and being present on the steel in an amount 0.5 to 4 grams per square meter and preferably 1 to 3 grams per square meter. The previous need to pickle the steel between degreasing and enameling is thus eliminated, and the number of steps and the cost of equipment and operation is reduced.
Description
United States Patent 1191 Humbert et al.
[451 Oct. 7, 1975 [54] PROCESS FOR PREPARING STEEL FOR ENAMELING [73] Assignee: Cockerill-Ougre-Providenc et Esprance-longdoz en Abrg Cockerill, Liege, Belgium [22] Filed: May 15, 1973 [21] Appl. No.: 360,608
[52] US. .Cl. 427/250; 29/195; 29/196.l; 29/196.6; 427/319; 427/330; 427/327;
[51] Int. C11 C23C 13/02; 8328 15/04 [58] Field of Search 117/50, 71 M, 70 A, 70 C, 117/107, 53, 49, 129; 29/194, 196.1, 195,
3,385,725 5/1968 Schmeckenbecher 117/50 3,594,214 7/1971 Helwig et al 29/l96.1 X 3,639,177 l/l972 Tedmon, Jr. et al. 117/107 3,798,055 3/1974 Hunt 117/107 Primary ExaminerRalph S. Kendall Assistant ExaminerJ0hn D. Smith Attorney, Agent, or FirmYoung & Thompson [5 7] ABSTRACT Low carbon steel having less than 0.012% carbon, is prepared for enameling by degreasing and rinsing, then heating the steel to 200 to 800C. and depositing thereon by vacuum evaporation an alloy of iron with another Group VIII metal such as nickel or cobalt, the nickel or the like being present in the alloy in an amount 1 to 15% and preferably 4 to 8% by weight, balance. iron, and being present on the steel in an amount 0.5 to 4 grams per square meter and preferably l to 3 grams per square meter. The previous need to pickle the steel between degreasing and enameling is thus eliminated, and the number of steps and the cost of equipment and operation is reduced.
7 Claims, N0 Drawings PROCESS FOR PREPARING STEEL FOR N EL The present inventionrelates toa process for the preparation of .steel strip and sheet for reception of a surface layer of inorganic enamel,
The enameling of steel has of course been practiced for a number of years.. It is known that carbon is a source of trouble in enameling steel and that therefore carbon should be kept-low, particularly when, white enamel is applied directly without a prime coat. For
this purpose,.it is known to heat the steel in a moist hydrogen atmosphere to lowerthe carbon content.
According to the prior art, it has also been necessary to subject the surface of enamelingsteel to a careful preparation which comprises principally degreasing, rinsing and pickling. Pickling involves a series of complicated operations whichof course increase the cost of enameling. Moreover, to pickle,,large quantities of acid are used and it is necessary toprovide costly installations for preventing pollution by the discharge of corrosive solutions. Z
Moreover, to achieve good adherence of the enamel, it is known to provide a nickelcoating on the pickled surface. This coating, which may be chemicallyor electrolytically deposited, is fully effective only if the preceding pickling has removed a, quantity of iron within certain limits. For enameling steel of a particular composition, the adherence of the enamel is diminishedif during pickling the weight of the iron removed is less than a predetermined minimum. On the other hand, surface defects of steel become visible through the enamel if the iron removal during pickling is greater than a predetermined maximum. For direct enameling on steel, without a base, coat, it is knownxtov benecessary to remove from the surface to be enameled, metal of the thickness of at least 3 to 6 microns. This removal must be effected during a period of time which ,is as short as possible but which is compatible withthe time necessary for rinsing andnickel plating. v a
As the pickling and nickel plating baths vary as to composition in the course of the processes of the prior art, it is necessary, in order that the iron .removal will be substantial but constant throughout, that all the variables be controlled. Thus, it is necessary to maintain constant the activity of the baths, byheating, by periodic reagent addition, and bypI-l control. Sothatthe iron removval will be as constant as possible, it is-necessary to control the copper and phosphorus content of the enameling steel within narrow limits: high phosphorus accelerates the speed of dissolution of the iron during pickling, while high copper retards the dissolution of iron.
It is also known in the art that not only the weight of nickel deposited on the enameling steel but also the structure of the deposited nickel is quite important. The deposited nickel should have sufficient porosity to permit oxidation of the subjacent steel, which augments the adhesion of the enamel to the steel.
Thus the prior art is plagued with numerous and substantial drawbacks in this field: it is necessary to pickle, and the pickling solutions are corrosive and polluting. Multiple operations are also necessary, with multiple treatment steps which require high skill for their performance. The equipment is cumbersome, expensive and complicated. Finally, the most careful process control is necessary.
v Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a process for the preparation of enameling steel, which will be much simpler than those known in the prior art, and which will require no pickling and no close control of the elements that accelerate or retard pickling, such as for example, manganese and phosphorus which accelerate pickling and arsenic and copper which retardlit.
The present invention provides a solution to the problems of the prior art in the form of a process for the preparation of steel sheet and strip for enameling, in which the surface to be enameled is degreased and rinsed, the steel is heated and there is immediately applied a coating which is a binary alloy of iron and another iron group metal, that is, iron and another metal from Group VIII of the periodic arrangement of the elements. Particularly preferred are cobalt and nickel.
' Preferably, the enameling steel is heated to a temperature between 200 and 800C. before coating with the alloy.
According to another preferred characteristic of the invention, the iron and the other metal, such as nickel, are applied such that their proportions vary throughout the depth of the coating, the nickel increasing in concentration from the interface between the enameling steel and the coating, in a direction outward.
The coating has a content of nickel or other nonferrous Group VIII metal, from 1 to 15% by weight, preferably 4 to 8% by weight, balance essentially iron.
, The coating is applied in such quantity that the weightof the nickel or other Group VIII metal is from 0.5. to 4 grams per square meter, preferably 1 to 3 grams per square meter.
The coating is applied directly to the enameling steel, by evaporation under vacuum.
The method of preparing the steel for enameling is quite simplepenameling steel having a carbon content less than 0.012%, preferably about 0.004 to 0.005%, is degreased and rinsed by conventional methods, and thenis heated to a temperature between 200C. and 800C. It is then immediately coated with an iron-base alloy, e.g. iron-nickel, deposited by evaporation under vacuum byconventional vacuum evaporation methods for the deposition of metals and metal alloys. Then the coated steel is formed by pressing to the desired shape, at which time no cracking of the coating occurs. Then enameling with an inorganic enamel is conducted according to any known method, on the formed coated surface of the steel.
If the steel thus prepared for enameling is to be stored or if it is to be enameled only after a lapse of time, then the surface thus prepared for enameling by coating with the iron-base alloy can be given a protective coating, which can be a synthetic resin such as polyvinyl chloride that also serves as a lubricant during subsequent pressing and which of course will be removed before actual enameling. Alternatively, the prepared steel may be coated with a protective and lubricating oil which is eliminated by degreasing and rinsing after forming but before enameling. Also, the steel can be given a temporary protective coating known as a dry film, in the form of a protective and lubricating soap which is also removed after forming but before enameling.
The binary alloy comprising the coating of the pres= ent invention, as indicated above, has a content of the minor metal such as nickel which increases in a direction away from the substrate. Thus, the nickel content can for example be zero at the interface between the substrate and the coating, and can increase to a maxi mum of, say, 25% at the exposed surface of the coating,
the average nickel content being within the ranges 1 given above.
To enable those skilled in this art to practice the invention, the following illustrative examples are given:
EXAMPLE 1 A square steel sheet cm. on a side, 18 gauge, is prepared for enameling and has the following composition: carbon: 0.004%; nitrogen: 0.0015%; phosphorus: 0.012%; manganese: 0.300%; chromium: 0.015%; copper: 0.025%; and sulfur: 0.015%, balance iron. The sheet is degreased and rinsed carefully and no pickling is conducted; and then, by vacuum evaporation from two sources of pure iron and pure nickel, there is deposited an iron-nickel alloy whose total weight is 33 grams per square meter and which consists of 6% by weight of nickel, balance iron. The coating thus contains 2 grams of nickel per square meter. The sheet is then pressed to a cup shape and given a coating of inorganic white enamel by a known method. The enamel has excellent adherence and shows no flaws.
EXAMPLE 2 Example 1 is repeated, except that the sheet is not subjected to press forming. Instead, it is enameled while flat. The sheet is then placed on a flat base having a circular hole therein of 23 mm. diameter, the sheet covering the hole. A weight of 1.5 kg. has on its lower surface a semi-spherical projection whose radius is 10 mm.; and this weight is dropped from a height of 50 cm., coaxially of that 23 mm. hole, onto the sheet whose enameled surface is uppermost. The results of this test are evaluated on a scale from 1 to 5. A rating of 5 corresponds to complete loss of adherence of the enamel, that is, total scaling of the enamel in the impact area. A value of 1 corresponds to excellent adherence, that is, substantially no scaling of the enamel.
Tests performed on a plurality of sheets of enameled steel prepared and tested according to this example, gave values of 1 and 2, which are highly acceptable commercially.
Thus it will be seen that the initially recited objects of the present invention have been achieved: the present invention avoids pickling and eliminates the necessity to control copper and phosphorus content. The
process of the present invention is faster, less expensive, and more reliable than those of the prior art, and in certain cases eliminates the necessity of preparing more than one face of the steel, the other face being treatable by a less expensive process such as aluminum coating. The present invention also has greater flexibility of application and, because it eliminates the need for pickling, is nonpolluting in its nature.
Although the present invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments, it is to be understood the modifications and variations may be resorted to without departing from the spirit of the invention, as those skilled in this art will readily understand. Such modifications and variations are considered to be within the purview and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
Having described our invention, we claim:
1. A process for preparing steel sheet and strip for the direct application of white enamel thereto without a prime coat, which consists in degreasing and rinsing steel sheet or strip having less than 0.012% by weight carbon, heating said rinsed steel at a temperature between 200C. to 800C, and depositing by vacuum evaporation on the steel a binary alloy of iron and a member selected from the group consisting of nickel and cobalt, said alloy having a content from 1 to 15% by weight of said member, balance essentially iron, thereby to avoid the need for pickling the steel before enameling.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which said member is nickel and is present in said alloy in an amount 4 to 8% by weight.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the concentration of said member in said alloy increases from the interface between the steel and the alloy outward.
4. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which said member is present on said steel in an amount 0.5 to 4 grams per square meter.
5. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which said member is present on said steel in an amount of l to 3 grams per square meter.
6. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which said steel has a carbon content of about 0.004 to 0.005% by weight.
7. A process as claimed in claim 1, and thereafter applying white enamel to said steel without pickling said steel before enameling.
Claims (7)
1. A PROCESS FOR PRERARING STEEL SHEET AND STRIP FOR THE DIRECT APPLICATION OF WHITE ENAMEL THERETO WITHOUT A PRIME COAT, WHICH CONSISTS IN DEGREASING AND RINSING STELL SHEET OR STRIP HAVING LESS THAN 0.012% BY WEIGHT CARBON, HEATING SAID RINSED STEEL AT A TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 200*C TO 800*C, AND DESPOSITING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION ON THE STEEL A BINARY ALLOY OF IRON AND A MEMBER SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF NICKEL AND COBALT, SAID ALLOY HAVING A CONTENT FROM 1 TO 15% BY WEIGHT OF SAID MEMBER, BALANCE ESSENTIALLY IRON, THEREBY TO AVOID THE NEED FOR PICKING THE STEEL BEFORE ENAMELING.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which said member is nickel and is present in said alloy in an amount 4 to 8% by weight.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which the concentration of said member in said alloy increases from the interface between the steel and the alloy outward.
4. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which said member is present on said steel in an amount 0.5 to 4 grams per square meter.
5. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which said member is present on said steel in an amount of 1 to 3 grams per square meter.
6. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which said steel has a carbon content of about 0.004 to 0.005% by weight.
7. A process as claimed in claim 1, and thereafter applying white enamel to said steel without pickling said steel before enameling.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BE6043707 | 1972-05-16 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US3911177A true US3911177A (en) | 1975-10-07 |
Family
ID=3874382
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US360608A Expired - Lifetime US3911177A (en) | 1972-05-16 | 1973-05-15 | Process for preparing steel for enameling |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3911177A (en) |
JP (1) | JPS49131971A (en) |
AT (1) | AT321672B (en) |
BE (1) | BE783550A (en) |
DE (1) | DE2324977A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES414620A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2184646A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1400923A (en) |
IT (1) | IT987409B (en) |
LU (1) | LU67536A1 (en) |
NL (1) | NL7306756A (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3962490A (en) * | 1974-01-24 | 1976-06-08 | Ferro Corporation | Preparation of nickel and chromium substrates for ceramic coating |
US4377607A (en) * | 1978-11-21 | 1983-03-22 | Fuji Photo Film Company, Ltd. | Process for producing vacuum deposition films |
US4707385A (en) * | 1984-01-11 | 1987-11-17 | Miele & Cie. Gmbh & Co. | Method for directly enameling steel parts using a single enamel coating |
EP2933354A3 (en) * | 2014-04-14 | 2016-04-13 | Miele & Cie. KG | Household device construction device |
US20160131282A1 (en) * | 2014-11-06 | 2016-05-12 | Ti Automotive (Heidelberg) Gmbh | Multi-walled pipe and manufacture thereof |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3426201A1 (en) * | 1984-07-17 | 1986-01-23 | BBC Aktiengesellschaft Brown, Boveri & Cie., Baden, Aargau | PROCESS FOR APPLYING PROTECTIVE LAYERS |
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US2101950A (en) * | 1934-03-21 | 1937-12-14 | American Rolling Mill Co | Preparing metal for enameling |
US2182132A (en) * | 1938-06-02 | 1939-12-05 | Archer L Matthes | Vitreous enameled sheet and method of production thereof |
US3385725A (en) * | 1964-03-23 | 1968-05-28 | Ibm | Nickel-iron-phosphorus alloy coatings formed by electroless deposition |
US3594214A (en) * | 1969-04-04 | 1971-07-20 | United States Steel Corp | Method of applying a zinc coating to a sheet-steel base |
US3639177A (en) * | 1969-03-27 | 1972-02-01 | Craig S Tedmon Jr | Ferrous metal substrate with dense, black glossy oxide coating and process for coating preparation |
US3798055A (en) * | 1968-12-13 | 1974-03-19 | Airco Inc | Vapor deposition process |
-
1972
- 1972-05-16 BE BE783550A patent/BE783550A/en unknown
-
1973
- 1973-05-03 LU LU67536A patent/LU67536A1/xx unknown
- 1973-05-07 FR FR7316312A patent/FR2184646A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1973-05-10 ES ES414620A patent/ES414620A1/en not_active Expired
- 1973-05-14 IT IT24040/73A patent/IT987409B/en active
- 1973-05-15 DE DE2324977A patent/DE2324977A1/en active Pending
- 1973-05-15 GB GB2296973A patent/GB1400923A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-05-15 JP JP48054009A patent/JPS49131971A/ja active Pending
- 1973-05-15 NL NL7306756A patent/NL7306756A/xx unknown
- 1973-05-15 AT AT04248/73A patent/AT321672B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1973-05-15 US US360608A patent/US3911177A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2101950A (en) * | 1934-03-21 | 1937-12-14 | American Rolling Mill Co | Preparing metal for enameling |
US2182132A (en) * | 1938-06-02 | 1939-12-05 | Archer L Matthes | Vitreous enameled sheet and method of production thereof |
US3385725A (en) * | 1964-03-23 | 1968-05-28 | Ibm | Nickel-iron-phosphorus alloy coatings formed by electroless deposition |
US3798055A (en) * | 1968-12-13 | 1974-03-19 | Airco Inc | Vapor deposition process |
US3639177A (en) * | 1969-03-27 | 1972-02-01 | Craig S Tedmon Jr | Ferrous metal substrate with dense, black glossy oxide coating and process for coating preparation |
US3594214A (en) * | 1969-04-04 | 1971-07-20 | United States Steel Corp | Method of applying a zinc coating to a sheet-steel base |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3962490A (en) * | 1974-01-24 | 1976-06-08 | Ferro Corporation | Preparation of nickel and chromium substrates for ceramic coating |
US4377607A (en) * | 1978-11-21 | 1983-03-22 | Fuji Photo Film Company, Ltd. | Process for producing vacuum deposition films |
US4707385A (en) * | 1984-01-11 | 1987-11-17 | Miele & Cie. Gmbh & Co. | Method for directly enameling steel parts using a single enamel coating |
EP2933354A3 (en) * | 2014-04-14 | 2016-04-13 | Miele & Cie. KG | Household device construction device |
US20160131282A1 (en) * | 2014-11-06 | 2016-05-12 | Ti Automotive (Heidelberg) Gmbh | Multi-walled pipe and manufacture thereof |
US10260660B2 (en) * | 2014-11-06 | 2019-04-16 | Ti Automotive (Heidelberg) Gmbh | Multi-walled pipe and manufacture thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BE783550A (en) | 1972-11-16 |
ES414620A1 (en) | 1976-01-16 |
FR2184646A1 (en) | 1973-12-28 |
GB1400923A (en) | 1975-07-16 |
DE2324977A1 (en) | 1973-12-06 |
AT321672B (en) | 1975-04-10 |
LU67536A1 (en) | 1973-07-13 |
JPS49131971A (en) | 1974-12-18 |
IT987409B (en) | 1975-02-20 |
NL7306756A (en) | 1973-11-20 |
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