US3908903A - Snow making apparatus and method - Google Patents

Snow making apparatus and method Download PDF

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Publication number
US3908903A
US3908903A US441624A US44162474A US3908903A US 3908903 A US3908903 A US 3908903A US 441624 A US441624 A US 441624A US 44162474 A US44162474 A US 44162474A US 3908903 A US3908903 A US 3908903A
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water
gas
nozzle
flow
snow
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Jr Samuel L Burns
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Priority to US441624A priority Critical patent/US3908903A/en
Priority to CA219,178A priority patent/CA1009857A/en
Priority to AU77956/75A priority patent/AU7795675A/en
Priority to DE2505483A priority patent/DE2505483C2/de
Priority to JP50016359A priority patent/JPS5911835B2/ja
Priority to FR7504214A priority patent/FR2260763B1/fr
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04F—PUMPING OF FLUID BY DIRECT CONTACT OF ANOTHER FLUID OR BY USING INERTIA OF FLUID TO BE PUMPED; SIPHONS
    • F04F5/00—Jet pumps, i.e. devices in which flow is induced by pressure drop caused by velocity of another fluid flow
    • F04F5/44—Component parts, details, or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04F5/02 - F04F5/42
    • F04F5/46—Arrangements of nozzles
    • F04F5/466—Arrangements of nozzles with a plurality of nozzles arranged in parallel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
    • F25C3/00—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Producing artificial snow
    • F25C3/04—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Producing artificial snow for sledging or ski trails; Producing artificial snow
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
    • F25C2303/00—Special arrangements or features for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Special arrangements or features for producing artificial snow
    • F25C2303/048—Snow making by using means for spraying water
    • F25C2303/0481—Snow making by using means for spraying water with the use of compressed air

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT 239/2 239/406 A snow making apparatus and method utilizing water [51 Int. Cl. F25C 03/04 a d compressed air, wherein the water is atomized by i 1 Field of Search 239/2 8 hydraulic pressure and discharged as a hollow, conical 239/493 spray.
  • the invention relates to the making of artificial snow, and more particularly to ,a novel snow making device which uses hydraulic energy for producing a water spray and compressed gas exiting through the same exit nozzle for producing ice nuclei in the center of the spray to thereby react with the spray water droplets after they have been supercooled by sub-freezing ambient air to form snow.
  • the disadvantage of this method is that to inject the air into the water requires that the air pressure be higher than the water pressure.
  • One patent utilizes a venturi nozzle to partially alleviate this disadvantage.
  • the water nozzles must be selected to provide the proper size droplets with a low water pressure, resulting in the requirement for a large number of low capacity nozzles.
  • the small water passageways of such nozzles tend to clog creating operational problems.
  • the small quantity of compressed air metered to each nozzle requiresrestricting air passageways or ports which tend to freeze, creating further operational problems.
  • Another object is to provide a novel apparatus and method for producing ice nuclei through the use of a pressurized gas such as compressed air which interacts with only a very small portion of the water mass, thereby requiring only a minimal consumption of the pressurized gas to produce ice nuclei.
  • the ice nuclei so formed react with additional small water particles to provide ice nuclei growth in the central portion of the water spray at a time when the larger water spray droplets are being supercooled after which the ice nuclei are dispersed into the water droplets by reason of the flow patterns to thereby efficiently infect the water droplets to produce snow.
  • both the spray droplet water and the pressurized gas flow are through the same exit nozzle of the snow making device.
  • Still another object of the invention is to provide a novel snow making device and method wherein the water spray is produced in a hollow, conical pattern and the ice nuclei are formed by a high velocity air stream which interacts with a small portion of the water associated with the formation of the conical spray to thereby form and breed ice nuclei along the axis of the hollow, conical spray simultaneously with the supercooling of the water droplets so that snow is formed when the ice nuclei intermix with the droplets.
  • the present invention is characterized by its small size and in part by the fact that the gas pressure may be considerably lower than the water pressure.
  • the water pressure and nozzle size can be selected for optimum efficiency in producing the desired size droplets and the pressure of the compressed gas can be the minimum pressure required to form the ice nuclei.
  • the air pressure could be between and /3 the water pressure, dependent upon the size nozzle employed.
  • the relatively small port required to properly meter the small amount of compressed air utilized is formed by a moving hollow tube of water which will not freeze as will stationary passageways or orifices formed of metal or other solid material as is used in most other snow making apparatus.
  • the water is applied at a pressure relatively low for hydraulic atomization of between 100 psig and 200 psig and atomized into the proper size droplets by hydraulic energy.
  • Lower water pressures can be used but the nozzles become too small for practical and trouble-free operation.
  • the water spray has a hollow, conical configuration resulting from a swirling action in the exit nozzle which produces a hollow center core in the water as it passes through the nozzle.
  • the gas emitted under pressure is ejected thorugh the hollow center portion of the exit nozzle, the air flow being confined and restricted by the converging inner walls of the shell of water passing through the exit nozzle.
  • the compressed air expands to a high velocity through the hollow core of the water, which is passing thorugh the exit nozzle at a lesser velocity, it is cooled to a temperature at least as low as necessary for the formation of ice nuclei along the axis of the hollow cone of the water spray.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic showing of the snow making apparatus of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a view of the front end of the nozzle apparatus as shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is an elevation in section of the nozzle apparatusshown in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a front view of the member which imparts rotational movement to the water to provide the hollow core in the water jet as it passes through the exit nozzle and hence, the hollow cone spray.
  • the method and apparatus used for making snow in accordance with the present invention uses, as is conventional, a source of pressurized water and a source 12 of a pressurized gas such as air.
  • a source of pressurized water and a source 12 of a pressurized gas such as air.
  • the water pressure should be of the order of magnitude of 150 psig and the air pressure approximately 50 psig, with relative capacities of approximately 1 cu. ft. of air per minute or less for each gallon of water per minute.
  • a source of pressurized water such as air.
  • the air pressure typically be of the order of magnitude of 150 psig and the air pressure approximately 50 psig, with relative capacities of approximately 1 cu. ft. of air per minute or less for each gallon of water per minute.
  • the snow making device which is also shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 4, comprises essentially an outer, hollow annular chamber 24 which carries water having a temperature as near 0C. as can be conveniently obtained.
  • the water passes from chamber 24 to nozzle 26 through a plurality of channels which extend from the outer annular chamber 24 toward a central region in a direction at an angle with the radius as best shown in FIG. 4to thereby provide a swirling action to the water without requiring any moving parts.
  • the water is then forced through nozzle 26 in the form of a swirling hollow core liquid jet. Shock waves are created as the hollow water jet passes into the environmental air and these shatter the thin cylindrical liquid sheet into droplets at or near the face of the nozzle.
  • Such devices are well known in the art and available commercially from a number of sources.
  • a hollow cone spray is conventionally referred to as a spray in which most of the droplets are concentrated at the outer edge of the conical pattern.
  • the pattern is symmetrical with respect to the nozzle axis and has a well defined spray angle.
  • Such devices are commercially available which have spray angles that vary between 45 and depending upon the configuration of the nozzle and vanes, as well as the water pressure and the flow rate. For the purpose of making snow, it is preferable to use the larger angles since this pattern produces a finer and more uniform spray although snow can be produced with nozzles with smaller spray angles.
  • the conventional hollow cone hydraulically atomizing spray device is modified by the insertion of a tube 30 of a material such as metal which has one end connected to the pressurized air source 12 and the other end 32 terminating at a location adjacent nozzle 26.
  • the tube 30 should be axially aligned with the axis of nozzle 26 and have a diameter sufficiently large relative to the diameter of nozzle 26 so that the air flow restriction is 'provided by the annular layer of swirling water that is present in nozzle 26 when the system is in operation.
  • the swirling inner surface of the hollow water core is a gaswater interface which serves as a boundary surface that restricts the flow of gas through the nozzle, thereby accelerating the gas to a high velocity in the converging section of the hollow core.
  • a low temperature gas stream is produced as the gas expands forward along the axis of the exit nozzle.
  • Sufficient water is stripped or torn from the interface of the swirling body of water in nozzle 26 and combined with particles that have been entrained into the central portion of the hollow core water jet to provide the moisture required for the production of ice nuclei.
  • the decrease of gas temperature which accompanies the constriction of the gas flow as it expands through the exit nozzle reaches the temperature below that required for the formation of ice nuclei. Accordingly, water particles are crystallized to form ice nuclei as the stream of gas passes through the hollow center of the water jet.
  • the droplets in the spray pattern By the time the water droplets in the spray pattern have exhausted into the atmosphere a few feet beyond nozzle 26, the droplets of water will havve been cooled below 0C. by evaporation of a portion of the droplet. ice nuclei will have formed in the center of the spray in large quantities, and the intermixing of the ice nuclei with the water spray will cause the droplets to crystallize into snow-like particles. To produce snow of satisfactory quality, the droplets must remain suspended in the sub-freezing ambient air for a sufficient time to allow complete or nearly complete freezing of the droplet.
  • the snow making device 22 may comprise a body member 40 which has an outer hexagonal surface and a rearward threaded portion 42.
  • the forward or nose portion contains an exit nozzle 26 which includes a cylindrical wall portion 44 and a tapered, conical rear portion 46.
  • the inner end of wall portion 46 communicates with a central cylindrical opening defined by walls 48 which serve as the outer wall of water chamber 24.
  • internal threads 50 are provided to mate with the external threads on a screw pin 52.
  • Screw pin 52 has a central through bore defined by cylindrical wall 54 and is open at is forward portion.
  • the outer wall 56 serves as the inner wall portion of annular chamber 24. Chamber 24 communicates with the inner bore of screw pin 52 through a plurality of openings 58.
  • screw pin 52 is suitably connected to a pipe carrying water from conduit 18 and pressurized water source 10, as shown in FIG. 1.
  • a water distributor member 60 which has a boss 62 on its rear portion that extends into the inner bore of screw pin 52.
  • the forward face 64 of water distributor member 60 is forced against the rear wall portion of the body member 40 along water channel 28 by the tightening of screw pin 52.
  • the forward face of water distributor member 60 includes a plurality of channels formed by a U-shaped groove having sidewalls 66 which are tangent to the diameter of an inner bore 67 and sidewalls 70 which are substantially parallel to sidewalls 66.
  • the water distributor member 60 as described is of a design provided by the nozzle manufacturer to provide a hollow, conical spray.
  • the basic hydraulic pressure atomizing nozzle is available from the Delavan Manufacturing Company as Type LDA in sizes with the diameters of the nozzle 26 available in the range of between 0.055 and 0.150 inch and suitable fitted into the central bore in water distributor member 60 to provide a fluidtight joint.
  • the rear end of pipe 30 is connected to a source of pressurized gas such as an air compressor.
  • the forward end 32 of pipe 30 is preferably located forward to a point where the walls of tube 30 do not interfere with the hydraulic action or water flow through the nozzle. With no air flow through pipe 30, the forward end 32 should make no perceptible change in the hollow conical spray pattern or droplet size produced from the exit nozzle 26 as is characterized with the nozzle'without the air pipe 30. If the end 32 of pipe 30 is located to the rear of the preferred location, snow can still be profor operation at pressures up to 500 psi. For snow making, pressures between 100 and 200 psig are recommended, the optimum pressure being dependent upon the size of the nozzle.
  • a general rule is that the larger the nozzle, the higher the pressure required to produce droplets within the proper size range. Pressures above 200 psig tend to produce too many small droplets which float away rather than settle to the surface of the snow being formed. Lower pressures produce too many large droplets which are difficult to freeze and result in wet snow being produced unless very small nozzles are used which present problems as a result of the small passageways of such nozzles clogging and freezing and also because of their limited flow capacities.
  • a central bore 67 which has a diameter roughly equal to the diameter of the cylindrical wall portion 44 of exit nozzle 26 has been drilled in water distributor member 60.
  • a tube 30 of a suitable material such as copper is shrinkduced but a higher air pressure is required. This is because an excessive back pressure exists in this region of the water channel, i.e., before the hollow core is completely formed, and the air pressure must be sufficiently high to overcome this pressure and to atomize the interfering water quantity. If the end 32 of pipe 30 is located too far forward into the exit nozzle, the hydraulic characteristics of the nozzle are interfered with.
  • nozzle air tube 30 to be as large as can be physically fitted into the limited space without interfering withthe hydraulic performance characteristics of the nozzle and for tube end 32 to be full size so that maximum expansion occurs as the air passes through the moving hollow core of water passing through nozzle 26.
  • the pressure in pipe 30, if open to the atmosphere, will be slightly positive to atmospheric when water is flowing through the nozzle.
  • the air flow rate in terms of standard cubic feet per minute is, in the preferred manner, metered by the restriction of the approximate 0.062 inch diameter opening in the swirling water jet passing through exit nozzle 26, and not by the larger diameter air tube 30.
  • the pressure will be either slightly positive or atmospheric'depending upon the water flow rate, due to the swirling action of the water as it exits through nozzle 26.
  • the sheath of water spirals along walls 46 of a thickness of approximately one-fourth of the diameter of nozzle 26, leaving a substantially open circular center portion with a diameter at its narrowest point of approximately one-half the diameter of nozzle 26.
  • the diameter of the open center area varies from approximately 0.3 of the exit nozzle diameter for the smaller size nozzles to over 0.75 for largest nozzles.
  • the diameter is also affected by the water pressure, the higher the pressure for a specific nozzle, the smaller the diameter of the open core.
  • a nozzle which has a spray angle of approximately with no air being passed through the hollow core of the exit nozzle will have a spray angle of only about 45 when air at, say 50 psig, is expanded through the hollow core-
  • the effect of the air is less on nozzles which have spray patterns with narrower angles when no air is flowing but in all cases, the air jet acts to decrease the spray angle to some degree.
  • the air flow rate in terms of cubic feet per minute is controlled not by the diameter of pipe 30, but instead by the area of the opening in the swirling water jet passing through exit nozzle 26.
  • maximum air velocity and minimum air temperature are achieved in the region where a large number of very small water particles are present.
  • the minute particles being entrained in the air stream as it undergoes a cooling to temperature sufficient to produce ice nuclei, at least lC., and possible as low as 40C., first sub-cool and then nucleate into small ice crystals, to produce an ice fog or mist as the air emerges from the exit nozzle.
  • a stream of high velocity air is produced which carries sufficient water particles to form ice nuclei within a conical region having boundaries on the order of to The conditions in the center area of the spray are conducive to ice nuclei growth.
  • the water particles in the water spray are contemporaneously being supercooled, i.e., cooled to a temperature below 0C., by evaporation of a portion of the droplet to the surrounding atmosphere under conditions when snow making is possible.
  • snow was made utilizing the apparatus, as described and with the method of the present invention, when the environmental air temperature was 2C. and at 75 percent relative humidity.
  • the water temperature was 6C. and the compressed air temperature at the nozzle was 4C.
  • the water pressure was 150 psig and the air pressure was 55 psig.
  • the ratio of air to water was 1 cubic foot of air to 1 gallon per minute of water.
  • the diameter of the orifice 26 was 0.110 inch, the basic nozzle before modification being a product of Delavan Manufacturing Company designated as Model No. LDA-80.
  • the snow making apparatus of the present invention does not require adjustments at the location of the nozzle when installed for actual use.
  • the water spray characteristics are determined by hardware and the water flow rate through the nozzle, by the size of the exit nozzle and by the water pressure applied, such nozzles inherently performing a metering function as well as atomization of the water.
  • the formation of ice nuclei is related to the velocity of the compressed air which is a function of the air pressure and the size of the opening through which the air passes, the quantity of air flowing being a function of the air pressure.
  • the diameter of the air passage is established providing an air velocity high enough to produce a sufficiently low temperature required to form ice nuclei by nucleation merely requires maintaining an adequate air pressure at the nozzle.
  • the air quantity is otherwise of little importance and consumption of compressed air can be kept to a minimum simply by selecting nozzles that, with the water operating pressure utilized, develop relatively small diameter hollow cores through which the air must pass.
  • the restricted air passage formed by the moving cylindrical sheet of water, which is confined by the walls of the exit nozzle, and water being virtually incompressible, provide metering of the air through the exit nozzle.
  • both air flow and water flow are regulated by system conditions which are readily controlled at the point of pressurizing the two fluids.
  • the present invention uses air pressure at the nozzle which is at a pressure substantially less than the applied water pressure. Also, the ratio of the volume of air used to the volume of water used is materially less than required by the only method in widespread use and compares favorably or is less than some newer methods which are not so widely used.
  • ice nuclei are formed inside the hollow particle water spray pattern, sufficient humidity and additional water are inherently available to assure that the formed ice nuclei will increase in number and size rather than evaporate or burn, and hence there is a more efficient production of ice nuclei to convert with great efficiency the hydraulically formed water droplets in the spray into snow. Hydraulic pressure is thus used to atomize the water mass and air pressure is used only to the extent necessary to produce the ice nuclei, which thereby allows for the use of a small unit of simplified construction that is relatively free of maintenance and operational problems.
  • a hydraulic pressure atomizing nozzle of the sizes suitable for snow making does not project the atomized droplets sufficiently to keep them suspended in the ambient air for the time required to permit complete or nearly complete freezing of the snow crystals.
  • the air required to provide air velocity of a magnitude to create a temperature low enough for nucleation has sufficient velocity pressure to induce the droplets and a quantity of sub-freezing ambient air to completely or nearly completely freeze the droplets before they contact the ground.
  • a motor driven fan is not essential to the invention as is the case with most snow making apparatus which utilize hydraulic pressure atomization to produce the droplets. However, a fan could be employed if desired to more positively control the distribution of the snow formed.
  • Apparatus for making snow comprising:
  • a snow making device located in an atmosphere having a temperature below C. and having a water channel including a hollow annular chamber, a central exit nozzle with a predetermined diameter and having a flow axis, and flow channelsincluding a fixed wall transverse to the flow axis of the exit nozzle between said chamber and said nozzle for producing a substantially hollow conical spray pattern of water particle flow from said nozzle to become supercooled in said atmosphere;
  • said device having a gas conduit having a discharge end extending through said transverse wall, sealingly engaged thereby and including a gas discharge opening with an internal diameter at least as large as the central exit nozzle diameter and being oriented to direct gas flow through said exit nozzle along the axis of said conical spray pattern, and means locating the discharge end of said gas conduit at a location near the entrance area of said exit nozzle and in alignment with the flow channels but without perceptibly affecting the hydraulic characteristics of the water flow through said exit nozzle when there is no gas flow through said conduit;
  • Apparatus for generating snow comprising:
  • a source of pressurized gas having a pressure below the pressure of the water
  • a snow-making device having an exit nozzle with a predetermined diameter and a flow axis, a water channel and a gas channel;
  • said means for introducing gas from said gas channel to said exit nozzle said means including a tube having an internal diameter at least as large as the predetermined diameter with an end portion aligned with whereby said gas is accelerated to a high velocity the'rby' entraining water from a gas-water interface of said exit nozzle which entrained water is crystallized within said nozzle; and' a generally hollow conical jet of water droplets ema nating, from said nozzle which subcool simultaneously with the growth of ice nuclei'in the expanding turbulent air jet in,the center region of the spray, the entrained crystallized water particles mixing with the subcooled water droplets togenerate snow. 7 l
  • said source of pressurized gas is a source of pressurized air.
  • said source of :pressurized'wat'er supplies water having a pressure 3 to 5 times the pressure at which said source of air delivers air.
  • said airpressure is approximately 50 psig.
  • said nozzle comprises a metering orifice for both said gas source and said water source.
  • snow-making apparatus having means for connection with a source of pressurized water, means for connection with a source of pressurized gas, an improved nozzle means for combining pressurized gas and pressurized water to formsnow comprising a body member having an internal bore with internal threads at an end thereof, and an orifice coaxial with the bore and having a predetermined diameter;
  • a screw pin threadably received by the internal threads of the body member, having an outer wall spaced radially inwardly from the internal bore to define an annular chamber therebetween, and having a plurality of generally radial openings to provide fluid communication between the inner bore and the annular chamber;
  • a distributor member having a boss received by the screw pin, an inner bore coaxial with the screw pin, a forward face with a transverse wall portion and with a conical portion which has a plurality of grooves generally tangentially oriented relative to the inner bore to provide swirl inducing fluid communication between the annular chamber and the orifice, and the distributor member being fixed in position by engagement with the screw pin and the body member;
  • a gas tube having an internal diameter at least as great as the predetermined diameter, coaxially mounted in the inner bore of the distributor memher, and having a forward end projecting through the transverse wall portion in general alignment with the tangential grooves and the orifice.
  • a method for the making of snow comprising:
  • a gas supply conduit having a gas discharge opening sufficiently large so as not to materially restrict the gas flow rate; locating the axis of the opening in said gas supply conduit near the center of the spiral water flow at said exit nozzle and orienting the conduit opening to direct the gas flow substantially along the direction of the axis of said hollow conical pattern of water particle flow; and supplying gas to the gas supply conduit at sufficient pressure and temperature to accelerate the gas to a high velocity centrally of the spirally flowing water in the nozzle thereby entraining in the gas water particles from the gas-water interface and crystallizing the entrained water particles; and
  • a method of artifically generating snow from low temperature pressurized water and pressurized gas comprising the steps of: t
  • step of exhausting includes the step of:
  • step of generating includes the steps of:

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
US441624A 1974-02-11 1974-02-11 Snow making apparatus and method Expired - Lifetime US3908903A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US441624A US3908903A (en) 1974-02-11 1974-02-11 Snow making apparatus and method
CA219,178A CA1009857A (en) 1974-02-11 1975-01-31 Snow making apparatus and method
AU77956/75A AU7795675A (en) 1974-02-11 1975-02-06 Snow making apparatus
DE2505483A DE2505483C2 (de) 1974-02-11 1975-02-10 Vorrichtung zur Schneeerzeugung
JP50016359A JPS5911835B2 (ja) 1974-02-11 1975-02-10 雪を製造するための方法
FR7504214A FR2260763B1 (en, 2012) 1974-02-11 1975-02-11

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US441624A US3908903A (en) 1974-02-11 1974-02-11 Snow making apparatus and method

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US3908903A true US3908903A (en) 1975-09-30

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US441624A Expired - Lifetime US3908903A (en) 1974-02-11 1974-02-11 Snow making apparatus and method

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US (1) US3908903A (en, 2012)
JP (1) JPS5911835B2 (en, 2012)
AU (1) AU7795675A (en, 2012)
CA (1) CA1009857A (en, 2012)
DE (1) DE2505483C2 (en, 2012)
FR (1) FR2260763B1 (en, 2012)

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US4241656A (en) * 1978-11-17 1980-12-30 Smith R. P. M. Corporation Self-cleaning nozzle for lithographic printing dampeners
US4353504A (en) * 1979-04-20 1982-10-12 Le Froid Industriel York S.A. High pressure snow gun
US4742959A (en) * 1986-11-20 1988-05-10 Killington Ltd. Snow gun
US4915302A (en) * 1988-03-30 1990-04-10 Kraus Robert A Device for making artificial snow
US4946101A (en) * 1988-06-10 1990-08-07 V.I.B. Apparatebau Gmbh Atomizer
US5018667A (en) * 1989-02-08 1991-05-28 Cold Jet, Inc. Phase change injection nozzle
US5090619A (en) * 1990-08-29 1992-02-25 Pinnacle Innovations Snow gun having optimized mixing of compressed air and water flows
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EP0855563A1 (en) * 1997-01-23 1998-07-29 LEITNER S.p.A. Snow production cannon
US5823427A (en) * 1995-11-13 1998-10-20 Snow Economics, Inc. Method and apparatus for making snow
US5909844A (en) * 1995-06-27 1999-06-08 Lenko L Nilsson Water atomizing nozzle for snow making machine
US5934556A (en) * 1996-01-22 1999-08-10 York Neige Spray nozzle carrier
WO1999063286A1 (en) * 1998-06-02 1999-12-09 Crea A/S Snow gun
EP0781909A3 (en) * 1995-12-28 2000-01-19 Hitachi, Ltd. Gas turbine with water injection
US6039265A (en) * 1999-04-01 2000-03-21 Dupre; Herman K. Portable snow making system for home use
US6129290A (en) * 1997-11-06 2000-10-10 Nikkanen; John P. Snow maker
US6412709B1 (en) 1998-03-25 2002-07-02 Shinyou Technologies Inc. Fluid mixing-jetting apparatus, fluid mixer and snowmaker
US6533195B2 (en) * 2000-05-25 2003-03-18 Glas-Craft, Inc. Variable angle airless nozzle and dispensing method
US20040074980A1 (en) * 2001-03-23 2004-04-22 Anders Ekelof Method and device for generating a liquid mist
US20040112976A1 (en) * 2002-07-31 2004-06-17 Michel Galvin Device for spraying water in the form of a thin-walled hollow jet for the formation of artificial snow
US7290722B1 (en) 2003-12-16 2007-11-06 Snow Machines, Inc. Method and apparatus for making snow
US20070266591A1 (en) * 2006-05-18 2007-11-22 R.P. Scherer Technologies, Inc. Nozzle structure
EP2071258A1 (de) 2007-12-14 2009-06-17 Bächler Top Track AG Nukleatordüse, Verwendung einer Nukleatordüse, Schneekanone, Schneilanze und Verfahren zum Erzeugen von Eiskeimen und von künstlichem Schnee
CN102019242A (zh) * 2010-11-01 2011-04-20 哈尔滨工程大学 一种造雪用双进口雾化喷头
US20110197594A1 (en) * 2010-02-12 2011-08-18 General Electric Company Method of Controlling a Combustor for a Gas Turbine
US20110197589A1 (en) * 2010-02-12 2011-08-18 General Electric Company Fuel Injector Nozzle
US20110197588A1 (en) * 2010-02-12 2011-08-18 General Electric Company Fuel Injector Nozzle
EP2520509A3 (en) * 2011-05-06 2013-05-01 EADS Deutschland GmbH Apparatus for dispending liquid droplets into a gas flow
US20140284396A1 (en) * 2013-03-22 2014-09-25 John Pentti Nikkanen Snow making apparatus
US9004375B2 (en) * 2004-02-26 2015-04-14 Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh Method and apparatus for generating a mist
US9085003B2 (en) 2008-09-25 2015-07-21 Mitchell Joe Dodson Flat jet fluid nozzles with fluted impingement surfaces
US9170041B2 (en) 2011-03-22 2015-10-27 Mitchell Joe Dodson Single and multi-step snowmaking guns
CN105004117A (zh) * 2015-07-05 2015-10-28 石哲文 一种气水同压气流式造雪机
US9395113B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2016-07-19 Mitchell Joe Dodson Nucleator for generating ice crystals for seeding water droplets in snow-making systems
US9631855B2 (en) 2011-03-22 2017-04-25 Mitchell Joe Dodson Modular dual vector fluid spray nozzles
CN111595077A (zh) * 2020-05-27 2020-08-28 清华大学合肥公共安全研究院 降雪模拟装置及设备

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US4145000A (en) * 1977-01-14 1979-03-20 Smith Fergus S Snow-making nozzle assembly
US4101073A (en) * 1977-08-25 1978-07-18 Spray Engineering Company Two-fluid spray nozzle producing fine atomization of liquid
US4241656A (en) * 1978-11-17 1980-12-30 Smith R. P. M. Corporation Self-cleaning nozzle for lithographic printing dampeners
US4353504A (en) * 1979-04-20 1982-10-12 Le Froid Industriel York S.A. High pressure snow gun
US4742959A (en) * 1986-11-20 1988-05-10 Killington Ltd. Snow gun
US4915302A (en) * 1988-03-30 1990-04-10 Kraus Robert A Device for making artificial snow
US4946101A (en) * 1988-06-10 1990-08-07 V.I.B. Apparatebau Gmbh Atomizer
US5018667A (en) * 1989-02-08 1991-05-28 Cold Jet, Inc. Phase change injection nozzle
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US5436039A (en) * 1990-02-02 1995-07-25 Miura Dolphins, Co., Ltd. Artificial snow in an aggregate form of snow granules
US5090619A (en) * 1990-08-29 1992-02-25 Pinnacle Innovations Snow gun having optimized mixing of compressed air and water flows
US5182944A (en) * 1991-01-18 1993-02-02 Brunnenkant Siegfried W Helicopter icing spray system
WO1994010516A1 (en) * 1992-11-04 1994-05-11 Louis Handfield Snowmaking gun
EP0610853A1 (en) 1993-02-09 1994-08-17 Elhanan Tavor Atomizer
US5513798A (en) * 1993-08-08 1996-05-07 Tavor; Elhanan Atomizer
US5909844A (en) * 1995-06-27 1999-06-08 Lenko L Nilsson Water atomizing nozzle for snow making machine
US5667137A (en) * 1995-08-31 1997-09-16 Dupre; Herman K. Ice and snow-free snow making tower structure
US5603228A (en) * 1995-10-13 1997-02-18 Barthold; Scott Automatic blow-out system for snowmaking machine water hoses
US5823427A (en) * 1995-11-13 1998-10-20 Snow Economics, Inc. Method and apparatus for making snow
EP0781909A3 (en) * 1995-12-28 2000-01-19 Hitachi, Ltd. Gas turbine with water injection
US5934556A (en) * 1996-01-22 1999-08-10 York Neige Spray nozzle carrier
EP0855563A1 (en) * 1997-01-23 1998-07-29 LEITNER S.p.A. Snow production cannon
EP0855564A1 (en) * 1997-01-23 1998-07-29 LEITNER S.p.A. Snow production cannon
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US6412709B1 (en) 1998-03-25 2002-07-02 Shinyou Technologies Inc. Fluid mixing-jetting apparatus, fluid mixer and snowmaker
WO1999063286A1 (en) * 1998-06-02 1999-12-09 Crea A/S Snow gun
US6378778B1 (en) 1998-06-02 2002-04-30 Crea As Snow gun
US6039265A (en) * 1999-04-01 2000-03-21 Dupre; Herman K. Portable snow making system for home use
US6533195B2 (en) * 2000-05-25 2003-03-18 Glas-Craft, Inc. Variable angle airless nozzle and dispensing method
US20040074980A1 (en) * 2001-03-23 2004-04-22 Anders Ekelof Method and device for generating a liquid mist
US7032830B2 (en) * 2001-03-23 2006-04-25 Forsvarets Materielverk Method and device for generating a liquid mist
US20040112976A1 (en) * 2002-07-31 2004-06-17 Michel Galvin Device for spraying water in the form of a thin-walled hollow jet for the formation of artificial snow
US6994278B2 (en) * 2002-07-31 2006-02-07 York Neige Device for spraying water in the form of a thin-walled hollow jet for the formation of artificial snow
US7290722B1 (en) 2003-12-16 2007-11-06 Snow Machines, Inc. Method and apparatus for making snow
US9004375B2 (en) * 2004-02-26 2015-04-14 Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh Method and apparatus for generating a mist
US20070266591A1 (en) * 2006-05-18 2007-11-22 R.P. Scherer Technologies, Inc. Nozzle structure
US7575182B2 (en) * 2006-05-18 2009-08-18 R.P. Scherer Technologies, Inc. Nozzle structure
EP2071258A1 (de) 2007-12-14 2009-06-17 Bächler Top Track AG Nukleatordüse, Verwendung einer Nukleatordüse, Schneekanone, Schneilanze und Verfahren zum Erzeugen von Eiskeimen und von künstlichem Schnee
US20110049258A1 (en) * 2007-12-14 2011-03-03 Baechler Top Track Ag Arrangement, Use of an Arrangement, Device, Snow Lance and Method for Producing Ice Nuclei and Artificial Snow
US10527336B2 (en) 2007-12-14 2020-01-07 Baechler Top Track Ag Arrangement, use of an arrangement, device, snow lance and method for producing ice nuclei and artificial snow
US9470449B2 (en) 2007-12-14 2016-10-18 Baechler Top Track Ag Arrangement, use of an arrangement, device, snow lance and method for producing ice nuclei and artificial snow
US9085003B2 (en) 2008-09-25 2015-07-21 Mitchell Joe Dodson Flat jet fluid nozzles with fluted impingement surfaces
US8555648B2 (en) 2010-02-12 2013-10-15 General Electric Company Fuel injector nozzle
US20110197594A1 (en) * 2010-02-12 2011-08-18 General Electric Company Method of Controlling a Combustor for a Gas Turbine
US20110197589A1 (en) * 2010-02-12 2011-08-18 General Electric Company Fuel Injector Nozzle
US8468834B2 (en) * 2010-02-12 2013-06-25 General Electric Company Fuel injector nozzle
CN102162640A (zh) * 2010-02-12 2011-08-24 通用电气公司 燃料喷射器喷嘴
US8584467B2 (en) 2010-02-12 2013-11-19 General Electric Company Method of controlling a combustor for a gas turbine
US20110197588A1 (en) * 2010-02-12 2011-08-18 General Electric Company Fuel Injector Nozzle
CN102019242A (zh) * 2010-11-01 2011-04-20 哈尔滨工程大学 一种造雪用双进口雾化喷头
US9170041B2 (en) 2011-03-22 2015-10-27 Mitchell Joe Dodson Single and multi-step snowmaking guns
US9631855B2 (en) 2011-03-22 2017-04-25 Mitchell Joe Dodson Modular dual vector fluid spray nozzles
WO2012152405A3 (en) * 2011-05-06 2013-05-10 Eads Deutschland Gmbh Apparatus for dispensing liquid droplets into a gas flow
EP2520509A3 (en) * 2011-05-06 2013-05-01 EADS Deutschland GmbH Apparatus for dispending liquid droplets into a gas flow
US9395113B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2016-07-19 Mitchell Joe Dodson Nucleator for generating ice crystals for seeding water droplets in snow-making systems
US20140284396A1 (en) * 2013-03-22 2014-09-25 John Pentti Nikkanen Snow making apparatus
US9441870B2 (en) * 2013-03-22 2016-09-13 Lp Snow Systems, Llc Snow making apparatus
CN105004117A (zh) * 2015-07-05 2015-10-28 石哲文 一种气水同压气流式造雪机
CN105004117B (zh) * 2015-07-05 2017-05-03 石哲文 一种气水同压气流式造雪机
CN111595077A (zh) * 2020-05-27 2020-08-28 清华大学合肥公共安全研究院 降雪模拟装置及设备

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DE2505483C2 (de) 1985-08-14
JPS5911835B2 (ja) 1984-03-17
CA1009857A (en) 1977-05-10
FR2260763A1 (en, 2012) 1975-09-05
AU7795675A (en) 1976-08-12
DE2505483A1 (de) 1975-08-14
JPS50114652A (en, 2012) 1975-09-08
FR2260763B1 (en, 2012) 1979-06-29

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