US3908736A - Methods of producing large steel ingots - Google Patents
Methods of producing large steel ingots Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3908736A US3908736A US404246A US40424673A US3908736A US 3908736 A US3908736 A US 3908736A US 404246 A US404246 A US 404246A US 40424673 A US40424673 A US 40424673A US 3908736 A US3908736 A US 3908736A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- ingot
- central
- metal
- axial
- slag
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
- B22D27/02—Use of electric or magnetic effects
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D7/00—Casting ingots, e.g. from ferrous metals
Definitions
- ABSTRACT A method for producing large ingots by the steps of casting an ingot, forming an axial hole through the ingot and progressively melting and refining the central zone of the ingot at the axial hole by electroslag remelting technique and progressively resolidifying the metal in the hole to form a solid ingot.
- This invention relates to new methods of producing large steel ingots free of central voids and cavities and particularly to methods of producing large steel ingots with refined central zones free from excessive heterogeniety, pipes, cavities and .shriiikagefvfoids that are indigenous to teemed and solidified steelingots of largev crosssections.
- liquid steel In the industrial production of large steel ingots, the liquid steel is teemed into a mold (usually of cast iron). In the case of fully deoxidized (killed) steel, a reservoir of additional liquid metal, in 'a refractory lined, or
- otherwise insulated shell is provided above the main body of the ingot, to retain sufficient steel in a liquid state while the ingot body is becoming solidified, so the liquid steel in the reservoir may feed into the ingot body and satisfy the volume change incurred by the,
- the purpose of the reservoir, or sinkhead, or hot-top is to prevent pipe or'shrinkage cavities or voids within the ingot body, and to reduce the heterogeneous characteristics in the inner portion of the ingot body. Unfortunatel y, this purpose is not always served, particularly "in those large, massive, steelin gots that may still be partially liquid in the central portion after two, three or even four days. The natural laws of selective freezing of steels dictate that some of the named defects and heterogenities will occur.
- the invention described here makes use of the well known electroslag remelting and refining process to progressively 'remelt, refine, and resolidify the major central zone of the conventionally teemedand solidithe necessary metal to complete the remelting and refining process herein described.
- the upper extension of the mold may be refractory-lined, as with a conventional sinkhead, although for the execution of this process the upper extention may also be cast-iron; In any event the upper extension should be cylindrical, without flutes or corrugations, so that it may fit within a jacket as described hereinafter.
- a round central axial hole is formed, as by forge punching, or trepanning, or by boring or trepanning on a lathe, or by other convenient means.
- the size of this axial hole will normally be about per cent of the diameter of the ingot body, although larger or smaller diameters may be used provided there is enough weight of metal available to fill the axial hole, and provided there is sufficient room in which to operate the process.
- the resulting ingot with the central axial hole is then positioned in an electroslag remelting fixture, on a stool which is preferably water cooled.
- the stool may contain a recess or pocket which contains the starting materials for-melting the slag and a portion of the slag to be used in the melting process.
- the diameter of the recess should be large enough to permit melting a major cross section of the ingot body in the ensuing process.
- a water cooled jacket is attached over the top extensionand shoulder of the ingot and sealed at the shoulde'r or ingot body to prevent leakage of slag and metal as the process proceeds.
- An electrode is located in the center of the axial hole.
- This may be a consumable electrode of a chemical composition common to that of the ingot, or as hereaft er described, the electrode may be non-consumable.
- the elec,trode, if non-consumable, should be watercooled, preferably made of copper, with a water-cooled head, faced with tungsten, molybdenum, or other electricallyconductive material that will resist attack by the liquid slag.
- the electroslag melting process is started and the slag in the pocket of the stool is melted and thelwalls of the axial hole are melted and flow into the recessed stool.
- rrpr 2 where r is the radius of the axial hole, I is the depth of 'slag,'V isthe volume of slag and p is the penetration of melted zone.
- the electrical power can be increased or decreased, and the rate of raising the electrode controlled, to produce the desired depth of slag, and thereby the desired size of the remelted and refined central zone.
- This process has a significant advantage over the well-known process of electro slag remelting in a watercooled crucible.
- the conventional electroslag remelting process particularly in the large ingot sizes, there is considerable absorption of hydrogen from the atmosphere, through the unprotected surface of the liquid slag.
- this new process is self-shielding from the absorption of hydrogen.
- the only surface of slag that is not covered is the annular space between the electrode, and wall of the axial hole in the ingot. This surface, usually less than 20 per cent and often as low as 10 per cent of the cross-sectional area of the remelted central zone, is actually not influenced by the atmosphere until it approaches the top of the ingot.
- FIG. 1 is a vertical section through an ingot, stool and jacket at the start of remelting according to this invention.
- FIG. 2 is a vertical section of the ingot, stool and jacket of FIG. 1 partway through the melting process of this invention.
- FIG. 3 is a vertical section of the ingot, stool and jacket on completion of the remelt process of this invention.
- the ingot is seated on a watercooled stool 13 having a recess or pocket 14 beneath the axial hole 12.
- Starting chips and slag 15 are placed in recess 14 beneath axial hole 12 and a water-cooled copper electrode 16 is inserted in the hole 12 to contact the starting mix 15.
- a water-cooled jacket 17 is placed around the body extension 11 and the upper ingot 10 and sealed to the ingot with a sealing material 18.
- the reference line AA indicates the intended top surface of the ingot after completion of the electroslag remelting process. In the original teeming and solidification of the ingot, allowance must be provided for more than sufficient metal above this reference line to completely fill the central axial hole, and the pocket in the recessed stool. The weight of this upper extension of the ingot body will thus be governed by the planned size of the axial hole and stool recess.
- the process is started, the slag is first melted, and the heated slag in turn melts steel from the side wall of the ingot 10 within axial hole 12.
- the liquid steel flows into the recessed stool, raising the slag level, and progressively melts more steel from the ingot wall around the axial hole.
- the resulting ingot is free from voids, shrinkage cavities and the undesirable heterogeniety characteristics of conventional large ingots.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
Priority Applications (9)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US404246A US3908736A (en) | 1973-10-09 | 1973-10-09 | Methods of producing large steel ingots |
DE2403843A DE2403843B2 (de) | 1973-10-09 | 1974-01-28 | Verfahren zum Erzeugen großer steigerungsfreier Stahlblöcke |
AU65511/74A AU474995B2 (en) | 1973-10-09 | 1974-02-12 | Methods of producing large steel ingots |
FR7405363A FR2246338B1 (ja) | 1973-10-09 | 1974-02-18 | |
CA192,763A CA1015528A (en) | 1973-10-09 | 1974-02-18 | Methods of producing large steel ingots |
IT48571/74A IT1008913B (it) | 1973-10-09 | 1974-02-20 | Perfezionamento nei procedimenti per la produzione di lingotti di acciaio di grandi dimensioni |
GB1217974A GB1460526A (en) | 1973-10-09 | 1974-03-19 | Method of producing large steel ingots |
AT0384474A AT367100B (de) | 1973-10-09 | 1974-05-09 | Verfahren zur erzeugung grosser stahlbloecke |
JP49059838A JPS52897B2 (ja) | 1973-10-09 | 1974-05-29 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US404246A US3908736A (en) | 1973-10-09 | 1973-10-09 | Methods of producing large steel ingots |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3908736A true US3908736A (en) | 1975-09-30 |
Family
ID=23598798
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US404246A Expired - Lifetime US3908736A (en) | 1973-10-09 | 1973-10-09 | Methods of producing large steel ingots |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3908736A (ja) |
JP (1) | JPS52897B2 (ja) |
AT (1) | AT367100B (ja) |
AU (1) | AU474995B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA1015528A (ja) |
DE (1) | DE2403843B2 (ja) |
FR (1) | FR2246338B1 (ja) |
GB (1) | GB1460526A (ja) |
IT (1) | IT1008913B (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4049039A (en) * | 1975-12-06 | 1977-09-20 | Leybold-Heraeus Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method and apparatus for the production of solid forging blocks with manipulator pins |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3603374A (en) * | 1969-02-10 | 1971-09-07 | Heppenstall Co | Methods of producing large steel ingots |
US3610318A (en) * | 1967-08-23 | 1971-10-05 | Ass Elect Ind | Electroslag ingot production |
-
1973
- 1973-10-09 US US404246A patent/US3908736A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1974
- 1974-01-28 DE DE2403843A patent/DE2403843B2/de not_active Ceased
- 1974-02-12 AU AU65511/74A patent/AU474995B2/en not_active Expired
- 1974-02-18 CA CA192,763A patent/CA1015528A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-02-18 FR FR7405363A patent/FR2246338B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1974-02-20 IT IT48571/74A patent/IT1008913B/it active
- 1974-03-19 GB GB1217974A patent/GB1460526A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-05-09 AT AT0384474A patent/AT367100B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-05-29 JP JP49059838A patent/JPS52897B2/ja not_active Expired
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3610318A (en) * | 1967-08-23 | 1971-10-05 | Ass Elect Ind | Electroslag ingot production |
US3603374A (en) * | 1969-02-10 | 1971-09-07 | Heppenstall Co | Methods of producing large steel ingots |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4049039A (en) * | 1975-12-06 | 1977-09-20 | Leybold-Heraeus Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method and apparatus for the production of solid forging blocks with manipulator pins |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATA384474A (de) | 1978-02-15 |
DE2403843B2 (de) | 1975-09-18 |
IT1008913B (it) | 1976-11-30 |
CA1015528A (en) | 1977-08-16 |
FR2246338B1 (ja) | 1980-01-11 |
AU6551174A (en) | 1975-08-14 |
AU474995B2 (en) | 1976-08-05 |
AT367100B (de) | 1982-05-25 |
JPS5065420A (ja) | 1975-06-03 |
JPS52897B2 (ja) | 1977-01-11 |
GB1460526A (en) | 1977-01-06 |
DE2403843A1 (de) | 1975-04-10 |
FR2246338A1 (ja) | 1975-05-02 |
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