Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F279/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of monomers having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds as defined in group C08F36/00
  • C08F279/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of monomers having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds as defined in group C08F36/00 on to polymers of conjugated dienes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F285/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to preformed graft polymers
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S525/00—Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
  • Y10S525/902—Core-shell
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S525/00—Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
  • Y10S525/932—Blend of matched optical properties

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for grafting a particular butadiene-styrene rubbery substrate (hereinafter described) in two stages to provide a grafted butadiene-styrene rubber substrate with a high nitrile content in the outer shell.
• the resulting grafted rubber may be used as per se or blended with a high nitrile polymer matrix to form a polyblend.
• the present invention fulfills a need in the art by providing a process for preparing rubber modified high nitrile polymers which may be used to prepare polyblends which have good optical properties as well as good impact, good oxygen permeability, good water vapor barrier properties and good weatherability properties.
• the resulting graft copolymer has a superstrate to substrate ratio of at least 100- and is thereafter admixed with a second polymerizable monomer composition consisting of at least 55 percent by weight of an ethylenically unsaturated nitrile vmonomer.
• the second monomer composition subjected to polymerization conditions to effect polymerization of the monomers thereof and to produce grafting of a substantial portion of the polymer being produced onto the graft copolymer to form a composite graft copolymer.
• the-grafted polymers of the first and second monomer compositions provide a superstrate containing a total of at least 40 percent by weight ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer.
• the composite graft copolymer thus formed may be utilized per se for various applications as a rubber modified material such as .those where acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) or styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) materials are employed, it has especial utility as an impact modifier for high nitrilepolymers.
• ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
• SAN styrene-acrylonitrile
• the particular butadiene-styrene rubbery polymer substrate onto which the monomers are grafted are copolymers of butadiene and styrene which contain from 68 to 72 percent of butadiene and correspondingly from 28 to 32 percent by weight of styrene based on the weight of the butadiene-styrene copolymer.
• up to 5 percent by weight of the butadiene may be replaced with a nitrile monomer such as acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile.
• the butadiene-styrene rubbery substrate must have a refractive index in the range of from 1.5375 to 1.5425, a particle size in the range of from 0.06 to 0.2 microns before grafting, a gel content in the range of from 40 to percent, a swelling index in the range of from 10 to 40, and a second order transition temperature (Tg) less than 20C. and preferably less than 40C. as determined by ASTM Test D-746-52T.
• Tg second order transition temperature
• the above specified refractive index range for the rubber substrate is required in order to have the refractive index of the rubber substrate in the same range as the refractive indices for the grafted superstrates and the high nitrile matrix in order to provide optimum optical properties.
• the above specified rubber particle size, gel content, swell ing index and second order transition temperature is required in order to provide optimum impact properties.
• the Polymerizable Monomer Compositions of the Superstrate comprises (1) from 0.1 to 2 percent by weight, prefezably 0.1 1 percent by weight, of a nonconjugated dioiefin monomer, (2) from 0 to 30 percent by weight of :m ethylenically unsaturated nitrile selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile, and mixtures of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile which contain up to 20 percent by weight methacrylonitrile, (3) from 40 to 60 percent by weight of a vinylidene aromatic hydrocarbon monomer and (4) from 20 to 50 percent by weight of an alkyl 'ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid wherein the alkyl group contains from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, wherein the percent by weight referred to above is based on the total weight of the first polymerizable monomer mixture.
• the nonconjugated diolefins employed in the practice of this invention are monomers which have two nonconjugated ethylenically unsaturated double bonds per molecule, such that at least one double bond reacts readily causing the diolefin to interpolymerize with the other monomers used in the first polymerizable monomer formulation.
• these diolefins Preferably, these diolefins have two ethylenically unsaturated double bonds with a different degree of reactivity or having a crosslinking efficiency of less than one.
• These diolefins may be aliphatic, aromatic, aliphatic-aromatic, heterocyclic, cycloaliphatic, etc.
• diolefins examples include divinyl benzene, ethylene dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, allyl methacrylate, daillyl fumarate, diallyl maleate, vinyl crotonate, and nonconjugated alpha, omega diolefins of at least carbon atoms such as 1,4-pentadiene, l,7-octadiene, etc.
• Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate is the preferred difunctional monomer.
• Exemplary of the monovinylidene aromatic hydrocarbons which are used in the superstrate are styrene, alpha-methylstyrene; ring-substituted alkyl styrenes, e.g., vinyl toluene, o-ethylstyrene, p-ethylstyrene, 2,4- dimethylstyrene, etc.; ring-substituted halostyrenes, e.g., o-chlorostyrene, p-chlorostyrene, o-bromostyrene, 2,4-dichlorostyrene, etc.; ring-alkyl, ringhalosubstituted styrenes, e.g., 2-chloro-4-methylstyrene, 2,6-dichloro-4-methylstyrene, etc.; vinyl naphthalene; vinyl anthracene, etc.
• the alkyl substituents generally have 1 to 4 carbon atoms and may include isopropyl and isobutyl groups. Mixtures of the abofe monovinylidene aromatic monomers may be employed. Styrene and alpha methyl styrene are preferred.
• the alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids used in the first polymerizable monomer composition are those wherein the alkyl group contains from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, etc.
• esters include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, Z-ethyl hexylmethacrylate, etc.
• the preferred ester is methyl methacrylate.
• a particularly preferred first polymerizable monomer composition contains l 0.1 to 2 percent by weight of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate; (2) 20 to 30 percent by weight of acrylonitrile; (3) 40 to 60 percent by weight of styrene; and (4) 20 to 50 percent by weight of methyl methacrylate; wherein the percent by weight referred to above is based on the total weight of the first polymerizable monomer mixture.
• the second polymerizable monomer composition contains from 55 to 85 percent by weight of an ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile and mixtures of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile which contains up to 20 percent by weight of methacrylonitrile based on the total weight of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile.
• an ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile and mixtures of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile which contains up to 20 percent by weight of methacrylonitrile based on the total weight of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile.
• the second polymerizable monomer composition contains from 1 to 45 percent by weight of a monovinylidene aromatic hydrocarbon monomer of the type referred to above. Up to percent of the monovinylidene aromatic hydrocarbon monomer can be replaced with a vinylidene monomer selected from the group consisting of alkyl vinyl ethers wherein the alkyl group contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate and alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids wherein the alkyl groups contain from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
• the preferred monovinylidene aromatic hydrocarbons are styrene and alpha methylstyrene.
• the preferred vinylidene monomers which are used to replace up to 10 percent by weight of the monovinylidene aromatic hydrocarbon, include methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate,
• the percent by weight referred to above in regard to the second monomer mixture is based on the total weight of the monomers in the second monomer mixture.
• the Graft Polymerization Process Although the method of the present invention has previously been described as being conducted with two distinct polymerization monomer formulations in two separate polymerization steps, it should be appreciated that the two steps can be blended into each other. Accordingly, the two formulations can be blended into each other in a process where monomers are added during the course of polymerization. In such a technique, the first monomer formulation would be provided by the monomers present initially during the first stage grafting reaction and thereafter the second stage monomer formulation would be added during the course of the polymerization reaction to provide the equivalent of the second or high nitrile monomer polymerization formulation as the grafting reaction progressed.
• the amount of the first polymerizable monomer composition relative to the amount of substrate may vary fairly widely depending upon the efficiency of the grafting reaction and the composition of the formulation. As previously indicated, of the total graft superstrate provided by the two monomer compositions, at least 40 percent by weight must be formed from ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer.
• the weight ratio of the first monomer formulation to substrate will normally be about 15-1 50: parts by weight, and preferably about 25:l20:100. It is essential that the superstrate to substrate ratio resulting from the polymerization of the first monomer formulation be at least 10: 100 and preferably about l0-90: 100. Since the barrier properties of the composition will vary with the amount of non-nitrile polymer content, it is generally desirable to minimize the amount of ungrafted polymer formed from the first polymerizable monomer mixture.
• the monomers and rubbery substrate are emulsified in a relatively large volume of water by use of suitable emulsifying agents such as fatty acid soaps, alkali metal or ammonium soaps of high molecular weight alkyl or alkaryl sulfates and sulfonates, mineral acid salts of long chain aliphatic amines, etc.
• suitable emulsifying agents such as fatty acid soaps, alkali metal or ammonium soaps of high molecular weight alkyl or alkaryl sulfates and sulfonates, mineral acid salts of long chain aliphatic amines, etc.
• Emulsifying agents which have proven particularly advantageous are sodium oleate, sodium palmitate, sodium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and other sodium soaps.
• the emulsifying agent is provided in amounts of about 1 to parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the monomers.
• the amount of water in which the monomers and rubbery polymer substrate are emulsified may vary depending upon the emulsifying agent, the polymerization conditions and the particular monomers. Generally, the ratio of water to monomer with alkali metal soaps will fall within the range of about 80-3001100, and preferably about 150-250zl00.
• the aqueous latex formed in the emulsion polymerization of the rubbery polymer substrate may provide the aqueous medium into which the monomers are incorporated with or without additional emulsifying agents, etc. However, the rubbery polymer may be dispersed in the monomers and the mixture emulsified, or a latex thereof may be separately prepared.
• Exemplary of the water-soluble peroxy catalysts are the alkali metal peroxides; the alkali metal and ammonium persulfates, perborates, peracetates and percarbonates; and hydrogen peroxide.
• Exemplary of the monomer-soluble peroxy and perazo compounds are ditert-butyl peroxide, di-benzoyl peroxide, di-lauroyl peroxide, di-oleyl peroxide, di-toluyl peroxide, di-tertbutyl diperphthalate, di-tert-butyl peracetate, di-tertbutyl perbenzoate, dicumyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, di-isopropyl peroxy dicarbonate, 2,5-dimethyl-2, 5 di-(tert-butylperoxy) hexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(- tert-butyl peroxy) hexyne-3, di-
• the catalyst is generally included within the range of 0.001 to 1.0 percent by weight, and preferably on the order of 0.005 to 0.5 percent by weight of the polymerizable material, depending upon the monomers and the desired polymerization cycle.
• reducing agents which may be employed are alkali metal and ammonium sulfites, hydrosulfites, metabisulfites, thiosulfates, sulfinates, alkali metal formaldehyde sulfoxylates, ascorbic acid, dioxyacetone, dextrose, etc.
• reducing agents for redox systems may also be employed.
• the amount of reducing agent will be about 0.001 to 1.0 percent by weight, and preferably on the order of 0.005 to 0.5 percent by weight of the polymerizable monomer formulation, depending on the catalyst and the amount thereof. Minute amounts of activators or promoters such'as ferrous salts and copper salts may be included in the redox systems.
• Molecular weight regulators may be included in the formulation for the graft polymerization reaction so as to control the molecular weight and achieve the desired properties.
• exemplary of such molecular weight regulators are alkyl mercaptans and terpenes, specifically N- dodecyl mercaptan, tertdodecyl mercaptan, n-butyl mercaptan, isopropyl mercaptan, terpinolene, d-limonene, etc., or their blends.
• the particular polymerizaton conditions will vary with the monomer formulation, the catalyst and the polymerization technique. Generally, the reaction will increase with an increase in temperature although a limiting factor is possible deterioration in product properties and also a tendency to produce problems in maintaining latex stability. Generally, temperatures of about 30 to Centigrade and pressures of about O-SO p.s.i.g. have been found suitable for a fairly efficient emulsion graft polymerization reaction. Preferably, an inert atmosphere is employed over the polymerizing latex.
• the graft copolymerblend may be recovered from emulsion by various techniques of coagulation in the form of a crumb, or by evaporation, and is washed for subsequent processing.
• the latex may be combined with a latex of the matrix polymer and coagulated or spray dried therewith.
• the amount of ungrafted interpolymers produced by the graft polymerization reaction will vary with the type and efficiency of the graft reaction and the ratio of monomer formation to rubbery polymer substrate in the charge. By these factors, the amount of ungrafted polymer in an emulsion reaction will normally vary within the range of about l0 to parts of grafted rubbery polymer substrate with the higher ratios being produced by high monomer/substrate charges.
• the Matrix lnterpolymer Generally, it is advantageous to conduct an emulsion graft polymerization reaction under conditions which are reasonably efficient so that the rubbery content of the emulsion product will range from about 25 to 65 percent thereof. Normally, the rubbery substrate content desired for the polyblends of the present invention will be in the range of 3 to 50 percent by weight and preferably 5 to 20 percent. Thus, it is generally preferred to prepare matrix interpolymer by a separate reaction and this matrix interpolymer is then blended with the graft polymer component which may include (and will normally include) some ungrafted interpolymer.
• the matrix polymer contains from 55 to 85 percent,
• an ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile and mixtures of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile which contain up to 20 percent by weight of methacrylonitrile based on the total weight of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile and from 15 to 45 percent of a monovinylidene aromatic hydrocarbon monomer of the type referred to above.
• Up to 10 percent of the monovinylidene aromatic hydrocarbon monomer can be replaced with a vinylidene monomer selected from the group consisting of alkyl vinyl ethers, wherein the alkyl group contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate; and alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids wherein the alkyl groups contain from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
• the preferred monovinylidene aromatic hydrocarbons are styrene and methyl styrene.
• the preferred vinylidene monomers which can be used to replace up to l() percent of the monovinylidene aromatic hydrocarbon include methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, methyl acry late, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate and the corresponding methacrylates, especially methyl methacrylate.
• the composition of the matrix polymer is substantially the same as the composition of the second polymerizable monomer composition.
• the method used to prepare the matrix interpolymer may be any which is commonly practiced in the art; the polymerization may be effected en masse, in solution or with the monomer in an aqueous dispersion as an emulsion or suspension. From the standpoint of economics and process control, highly suitable polymers can be prepared by a method in which the monomers are suspended in water since emulsion polymerization tends to introduce coloring impurities in the polymer by reason of the salts used for coagulation, the emulsifying agents, etc.
• the refractive index of the matrix interpolymer should closely approximate the apparent refractive index of the graft copolymer component. Although the refractive index may be measured in each instance, it is possible to present graphically the refractive indices of the various resinous and rubber interpolymers and then calculate the refractive index for the graft copolymer component.
• compositions of the present invention may be added to the compositions of the present invention depending upon the intended use and nature thereof such as, for example, plasticizers, dyes, pigments, stabilizers, antioxidants, lubricants, processing aids and fillers. The amount and nature thereof will determine the possible effect upon the transparency of the blends. Generally, it is necessary to incorporate stabilizers and antioxidants to prevent degradation of the graft polymer component. Although the stabilizers and antioxidants may be incorporated at the time of blending of the components into the final polyblend, generally it is most advantageous to incorporate these materials into the individual components after they are formed so as to minimize the tendency for degradation or oxidation during processing and storage.
• the final polymer blends may be prepared by admixing the components thereof in any of the customary ways including mill rolling, extrusion blending, etc.
• the latex thereof may be admixed with a latex of the graft copolymer blend and the mixed latex coagulated, washed and dried.
• the polymer blends may contain 3 to 50 percent by weight of rubber provided by the rubbery substrate of the graft copolymer blend and the preferred composition will normally contain about 5 to percent.
• Polymer blends produced in accordance with the present invention are substantially transparent, i.e., the transmittance through a molded specimen of 0.1 inch in thickness at 550 millimicrons wave length may have a value of at least percent and generally considerably greater. ln fact, suspension matrix polymers having a definite yellow cast may be brought to a clear less yellow blend when admixed with a suitably formulated graft copolymer component.
• the refractive indices of the graft copolymer blend and matrix polymer must be closely matched, and the average particle size of the graft copolymer component should be less than about O.4 micron. Yellowish coloration can be neutralized by incorporation of the appropriate blue dyes.
• blends which may be produced in accordance with the invention afford significantly advantageous transparency enabling their application to packaging, laminating and other uses where transparency is advantageous and where the remaining balance of properties offers significant advantages.
• the polyblends of the present invention may be formed in conventional processing equipment including injection molding apparatus, blow molding apparatus and extrusion apparatus.
• the polyblends may be compression molded if so desired. The processability of the polyblends is satisfactory for use in conventional equipment without the need for employing solvents, lubricants or other flow modifiers.
• Packaging sheet materials may be prepared from the polyblend by extrusion, calendering, casting and by other means well known to those skilled in the art. Bottles and containers may be made by any of the conventional methods such as blow extrusion, injection molding, vacuum forming, etc.
• sheet materials of the polyblends of this invention are subjected to uniaxial or biaxial orientation, still further improvements in the mechanical properties are noted.
• the films are so oriented, it is preferred that they be stretched at least about 300 percent in one or both directions. It is further preferred that the stretching be carried out at a rate of at least about 2000 percent per minute. The preferred rate of stretching ranges 10,00()20,00() percent per minute.
• Biaxial stretching can be effected in a single or continuous operation.
• a lazy-tongs-type cross-stetcher can be used to advantage, whereas in continuous-type operations either tenter-type crossstretching frames or blow-extrusion techniques can be used.
• tenterframes When tenterframes are used, the differential in speed between the front and rear rollers develops longitudinal stretching, while simultaneously the lateral spacing of the frame develops transverse] stretching so that the sheet material is biaxially stretched in both directions.
• the polyblends of the present invention have been indicated as being formed by a single graft polymerization component, it will be appreciated that the polymerization graft component need not be homogeneous. It may be comprised of two or more polymerization graft components for benefits which may be obtained thereby.
• the graft polymer of the present invention will have a total superstrate to substrate ratio of l5200:lO() and preferably 20l50: 100, one particle may have a ratio of 2045: and another may have a ratio of 55-150: 100 with the amounts thereof being varied.
• the size of the particles may be multimodal or broadly distributed.
• polyblends of the present invention may be mechanically blended with other polar poly- EXAMPLE 1
• This example illustrates the preparation of a butadiene-styrene rubber of the type used in the present invention.
• a butadiene-styrene rubber which contains 70 percent by weight of butadiene, and 30 percent by weight of styrene, is prepared using the following charge:
• the above ingredients are charged to a reaction vessel, heated at 55C. for 20 hours to a degree of conversion of 96%.
• the ethylene glycol dimethacrylate is used to crosslink the rubber.
• the resulting butadiene-styrene latices are characterized as follows:
• EXAMPLE 2 This example illustrates the use of a two-stage graft polymerization reaction to prepare the grafted polymers of the present invention.
• a solution of 11 parts sodium lauryl sulfate is charged to the reactor, and agitation and heating are continued for about 30 minutes.
• the latex is then cooled to 25C. and 5 parts of a conventional antioxiparts by weight dant is added to the batch.
• the latex is then coagulated in a hot aqueous magnesium sulfate solution, the coagulum is filtered, washed with water and dried.
• the crumb is fused and sheeted on a two-roll mill at C. Thereafter test specimens are compression molded at C. and 5000 psi for 5 minutes.
• Optical properties on the molded specimens are determined in accordance with ASTM Test D-1003-52 and impact properties are determined in accordance with ASTM Test D-256-56.
• the properties of the test specimens are listed in Table 1 below.
• EXAMPLE 3 For comparison a graft copolymer is prepared by a one step grafting procedure wherein the grafted superstrate is of substantially uniform composition throughout. In this test, the procedure of Example 2 is substantially repeated. However, tothe 2500 parts of ru ber latex, a mixture of 390 parts acylonitrile, 210 part styrene and 6 parts tert.-dodecyl mercaptan is added continuously over a ninety-minute period. The total amount of reducing agent and of persulfate used is the same as in Example 2. The latex is stirred at 60C. for 1 hour after monomer addition and the graft copolymer is recovered, processed and molded as in Example 2. The properties of the test specimens are listed in Table 1 below.
• EXAMPLE 4 This example illustrates polyblends made from an acrylonitrile/styrene copolymer and the graft copolymers produced in Examples 2 and 3 above.
• the copolymer utilized for these blends is a copolymer of 63 percent by weight acrylonitrile and 37 percent by weight styrene previously prepared by conventional suspension polymerization.
• the copolymer has a specific viscosity (0.1 g/l ml DMF) of 0.078 and a yellowish index of 35.5 and 1.5 percent haze.
• the blends are compounded by extrusion and test specimens are molded on a reciprocating screw injection molding machine at 200C. barrel temperature.
• Optical and impact properties are determined as outlined above. injection molded plaques. 0.1 inch thick, are used for determination of haze at 550 mm wave length and yellowness is determined on the same specimen with a [UL Color Eye. lzod impact strength is determined on A inch X M. inch injection molded bars with 0.10 mil notch radius. The properties of the test specimens are listed in Table 1] below.
• a first monomer composition of 150 parts styrene, 150 parts methyl methacrylate, 3 parts ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 0.75 parts di-isopropyl benzene hydroperoxide 100 percent active) is continuously added to the reaction vessel over a period of 45 minutes while maintaining a temperature differential of about 4C. between the cooling jacket temperature and the temperature of the polymerizing latex. Agitation is continued for minutes thereafter at 60C.
• the blends prepared using graft copolymers prepared according to the present invention provide significantly improved proportions both in transparency, as shown by relatively low haze. color and in impact resistance.
• EXAMPLE 5 This example further illustrates the improved properties which are obtained with the two-stage grafted rubbers of the present invention.
• Part A Preparation of Single Stage Grafted Rubber
• a mixture of 240 parts acrylonitrile, 210 parts styrene, parts methyl methacrylate and 1 part n butyl mercaptan, which contains no difunctional monomer is added continuously with a solution of 1.5 parts potassium persulfate over a period of 1 /2 hours as opposed to the two-stage monomer mixtures used in Part A.
• blends utilizing graft copolymers prepared in accordance with the present invention evidence significantly improved properties as compared to blends of similar compositionsutilizing a graft copolymer having a substrate of substantially uniform composition throughout.
• EXAMPLE 6 This example illustrates a two-stage grafted rubber which is blended with an acrylonitrile/styrene polymer matrix which contains 68 percent by weight of acrylonitrile and 32 percent styrene.
• Rubber Content Percent haze (100 mil, 550 mm) 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.5 Yellowncss index 461 39.6 33.8 31.5 Refractive index nfi" 1.5405 1.5410 1.5412 1.541 1 lzod impact (ft.lbs/in.) 0.4 1.25 1.81 9.6 Density. grams/cc 1.128 1.1 12 1.105 1.090 FDl (falling dart impact) Ft. lbs. (1) 442 16.0 99.9
• the first stage graft is carried out using a monomer composition containing 15 percent acrylonitrile, percent styrene, 4 percent methyl methacrylate and 0.8 percent of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate wherein the percent is by Weight based on the total monomer weight in the first monomer composition.
• the second stage graft is carried out using a monomer composition containing 65 percent acrylonitrile, 2 percent methacrylonitrile and 33 percent styrene containing 0.5 percent by weight tert-dodecyl mercaptan based on the total monomer weight in the second monomer mixture.
• a combination of potassium persulfate and sodium thiosulfate is used as redox initiator system for the grafting reaction.
• the ratio of substrate/first stage graft superstrate/second stage graft superstrate is 120.8104.
• the average particle size after grafting is found to be 0.13 microns.
• the graft copolymer is fused and sheeted by roll-milling and then the mechanical and optical properties are determined on compression molded test specimens.
• the physical and mechanical properties of the test specimens are found to be as follows:
• EXAMPLE 7 This example illustrates the blending of two latices to obtain the rubber modified polymer blends of the present invention.
• a graft copolymer is prepared in a two-stage polymerization procedure by grafting 100 parts of the butadiene/styrene rubber prepared in Example 1 with parts of a styrene/acrylonitrile/methyl methacrylate/ethylene glycol dimethacrylate mixture (50/25/25/O.8 by weight) and 60 parts of an acrylonitrile/styrene mixture (/35% by weight) in two consecutive steps using the procedure outlined in 'Example 2.
• the resulting latex is blended with a latex of acrylonitrile/styrene/methyl methacrylate (60/35/5% by weight) so as to provide a polyblend having a solids content of 26 percent by weight providing a rubber content of 10 percent in the polyblend.
• the polyblend is spray dried and the resulting powder blend is compounded by extrusion into pellets which are further extruded into a clear transparent sheet having a refractive index of 1.5425.
• a falling dart drop test one inch tip
• a ductile failure pattern and a strength of 0.15 foot pounds/ mil is obtained, further illustrating the good physical properties of the polyblends of the present invention.
• EXAMPLE 8 This example illustrates the preparation of three different two-stage graft copolymers.
• part A no difunc- 16 present invention using a difunctional monomer in the first monomer composition (Part C).
• Part B the difunctional monomer composition (Part B)are better than those of monomer is omitted from the first monomer mixture the graft copolymer, which contains no difunctional but included in the second monomer mixture, and in monomer (Part A), but still lower than those of the Part C the difunctional monomer is included in the first graft copolymer prepared using a difunctional monomonomer mixture in accordance with the teachings of mer present in the first stage monomer composition the present invention. 10 (Part C).
• Each example uses a latex of a 70/30 butadiene/sty-
• the graft copolymers prepared by procedures A, B rene rubbery copolymer having an average particle size and C are blended with a 65/35 acrylonitrile/styrene of 0.151 microns, as determined by turbidity measurccopolymer previously prepared by conventional susment, a gel content of 48.0 percent, a refractive index pension polymerization to provide blends containing of 1.5381, a swelling index of 37.7 and a Tg less than 15 percent of the graft copolymer substrate providing a 40C.
• the two-stage grafting procedure is carried out rubber content of 15% in the polyblend.
• the polyat 50C is carried out rubber content of 15% in the polyblend.
• PART A CONTROL
• the graft polymerization procedure of Gum copolymer in mend Example 2 is substantially repeated with the exception A Part B Purl C that the first monomer composition, which contains 50 120d impact Strength percent by weight styrene, percent methyl methafblbS/m "etch 13 13 l d 25 t l -I d t t, 25 Percent haze (550 mm. cry ate an percen acry om n e, oes no con am a mu mils) 364 m5 2" difunctional monomer. Ycllowness index 25.? 28.2 21.3
• the first monomer com osition i th The foregoing results further illustrate the improved same as in Part A above.
• the second monoproperties which are obtained when using a two-stage mer composition contains 65 percent by weight of acgraft polymerization procedure wherein the first stage r lo it ile, percent t re and ()5 e t b contains a difunctional monomer in accordance with weight of allyl methacrylate difunctional monomer. the teachings of the present invention.
• a graft copolymer is re- This example illustrates the use of a vinyl crotonate pared as in Parts A and B but using a first monomer difunctional monomer in the first monomer mixture of com osition ontaining 0,5 per ent by weight of allyl a two-stage grafting procedure. It also illustrates vari methacrylate based on the total weight of monomers in Ous grafting levels and the preparation of polyblends in the mixture. accordance with the present invention.
• graft copolymers are prepared by the monomer, the composition of the first and second stage procedure described in Example 2 above using a rubmonomer mixtures and the graft ratios are the same for t lat x Containing 69.3 percent by weight butadiene Parts A, B and C. and 30.7 percent by weight styrene and having a Tg less
• the graft copolymers are recovered by coagulation than 40C., a gel content of 87.5 percent, a swelling with calcium chloride and optical and mechanical indeX f 16-3. a particle ize of about 0.
• the first graft monomer composition contains 1 pert t i en a e f nd t be a follo cent by weight of vinyl crotonate difunctional mono- Copolymcr Part A Part B (Control) (Control) Part C
• the tensile test results reported above indicate that the strength of the graft copolymer prepared in the ab- 65 mer, the second monomer composition contains 1 persence of a difunctional monomer in the first graft monomer composition (Part A) is lower than that of the graft copolymer prepared by the method of the cent of a tertiary-dodecyl mercaptan chain transfer agent, both weight percents based on the total monomer weight in the respective mixtures.
• the graft ratios 17 of substratezfirst stage graft: second stage graft are l:O.5:0.5, l:O.6:O.6 and l:0.8:0.4.
• the graft copolymers prepared above are blended with an acrylonitrile/styrene (63/37% by weight) previously prepared by conventional suspension polymerization, to provide polyblends having a rubber content of 15 percent by weight.
• the polyblends are injection molded into /2 X /2 X inch bars, 3 X 4 X 0.1 inch plaques and V2 Va X 6 /2 inch tensile bars which are then tested for physical properties.
• the properties of the test specimens are found to be as follows:
• the polyblends of this invention exhibit oxygen permeability of less than 6.5 cc of oxygen for a film of 1 mil thickness and 100 square inches over a period of 24 hours at one atmosphere (760 mm.) of oxygen and at 73F., and a water vapor transmission rate (WVT) of less than 8.5 grams for such film of equivalent dimensions over a 24 hour period maintained at 100F. and 95 percent relative humidity (RH), as determined by ASTM Method D-1434-63 and ASTM Method E-96- 63T, respectively.
• WVT water vapor transmission rate
• the present invention provides a process for preparing a novel graft copolymer for blends with rigid matrices having highly desirable optical and mechanical properties.
• the graft copolymers are particularly useful as an impact modified for acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers high in acrylonitrile content.
• the graft copolymers and the matrix polymer are prepared so as to have closely matching refractive indices in order to provide optimum mechanical properties and optimum optical properties including a high degree of transparency.
• the present invention may be utilized to produce materials which are particularly advantageously employed in packaging and in outdoor applications.
• a process for preparing rubber modified nitrile polymer compositions which comprises: 7
• grafted polymers of said first and second admixtures providing a grafted superstrate which contains a total of at least 40 percent by weight ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer and wherein the ratio of grafted superstrate to substrate is in the range of from 15-200: 100;
• nitrile monomer used in the first polymerizable monomer is a mixture of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile.
• nitrile monomer used in the second polymerizable monomer is a mixture of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile.
• a process for preparing rubber modified nitrile polymer compositions which comprises:
• Tg second order transition temperature
• a first polymerizable monomer composition comprising:
• c. from 40 to 60 percent by weight of a vinylidene aromatic hydrocarbon monomer selected 20 from the group consisting of styrene and alpha methyl styrene; and d. from 20 to 50 percent by weight of methyl methacrylate;
• a second polymerizable composition comprising from 55 to percent by weight of an ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile and mixtures of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile which contains up to 20 percent by weight of methacrylonitrile based on the total weight of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile and from 15 to 45 percent by weight of a monovinylidene aromatic hydrocarbon monomer wherein the percent by weight is based on the total weight of the monomers in the second polymerizable monomer mixture; and
• the resulting blend contains from 3 to 50% by weight of the rubbery polymer substrate.

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• Graft Or Block Polymers (AREA)

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• 1973
  • 1973-10-09 US US404448A patent/US3900528A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1974
  • 1974-10-08 JP JP49116013A patent/JPS5066590A/ja active Pending
  • 1974-10-08 ES ES430775A patent/ES430775A1/es not_active Expired
  • 1974-10-08 BE BE149319A patent/BE820824A/fr unknown

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