US3893461A - Pacing apparatus and method utilizing improved catheter - Google Patents

Pacing apparatus and method utilizing improved catheter Download PDF

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Publication number
US3893461A
US3893461A US309996A US30999672A US3893461A US 3893461 A US3893461 A US 3893461A US 309996 A US309996 A US 309996A US 30999672 A US30999672 A US 30999672A US 3893461 A US3893461 A US 3893461A
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patient
electrode
catheter
heart
signals
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US309996A
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Thomas A Preston
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Priority to US309996A priority Critical patent/US3893461A/en
Priority to AU62635/73A priority patent/AU480993B2/en
Priority to GB5438473A priority patent/GB1446358A/en
Priority to DE2358883A priority patent/DE2358883A1/de
Priority to CH1667473A priority patent/CH570171A5/xx
Priority to CA186,775A priority patent/CA1005527A/en
Priority to NL7316196A priority patent/NL7316196A/xx
Priority to FR7342203A priority patent/FR2207732B1/fr
Priority to JP13223273A priority patent/JPS5717540B2/ja
Priority to US439315A priority patent/US3915174A/en
Priority to US05/580,876 priority patent/US4010755A/en
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Publication of US3893461A publication Critical patent/US3893461A/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02—Details
    • A61N1/04—Electrodes
    • A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
    • A61N1/056—Transvascular endocardial electrode systems

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT lmproved apparatus and method for temporary pacing comprising a catheter having a first electrode positioned for placement in the patient's heart and a second electrode positioned to be within the patient's body but sufficiently proximal that it is outside the patients heart, the second electrode having a surface area about an order of magnitude greater than the first, the electrodes being connected through respective leads within the catheter to a pacemaker (registered trademark, US. Patent Ofiice), with the first electrode connected as the cathode.
  • a pacemaker registered trademark, US. Patent Ofiice
  • Field of the Invention lies in the area of heart pacing apparatus and, more particularly, in the area of catheters used with external and implanted Pacemaker for temporary and permanent pacing in a clinical environment.
  • the apparatus and method of this invention are particularly adapted for demand pacing.
  • Temporary pacing of a patient in the post-operative period following cardiac surgery is an established and effective means of treating arrhythmias or increasing cardiac output. Additionally, temporary pacing is particularly important and widely used with respect to complete heart block, especially in patients undergoing acute myocardial infarction. Such temporary pacing has been a widely used clinical procedure in this country for many years, and the technique of inserting the catheter into the patient and pacing from an external source is a common technique of cardiology. A number of instrument manufacturers produce clinically acceptable catheters, and there are several models of Pacemakers well known to cardiologists and suitable for carrying out this technique,
  • a first type is what is referred to as a unipolar catheter, having one lead extending substantially the length of the catheter and being electrically connected to an electrode which is positioned inside the patients heart for transmitting the desired electrical signal thereto.
  • This cardiac electrode is connected through the catheter lead to a first terminal of a Pacemaker device which, in temporary pacing, is external to the patient, and which is designed to produce a desired periodic pacing signal.
  • the second terminal of the external Pacemaker is connected to an electrode which is generally clamped to the patients skin around or near the point of entry of the catheter, which may be approximately at the large vein opposite the patients right elbow.
  • Another suitable site such as in the femoral vein, may also be used for catheter insertion.
  • Such electrode must be maintained in firm electrical contact with the patient, usually requiring some sort of electrically conductive paste be applied to the patients skin, as well as the use of additional means (such as suturing an electrode beneath the skin at the site of incision) for maintaining the electrode in firm position.
  • additional means such as suturing an electrode beneath the skin at the site of incision
  • the periodic output signals from the Pacemaker terminals produce biopotentials in the patients heart of a character so as to induce stimulation of the heart, i.e., so as to pace the heart.
  • the second type of standard catheter in common use is what is referred to as a bipolar catheter.
  • the advantage of the bipolar catheter over the unipolar form is the obvious one of eliminating the requirement of making an external attachment of one electrode to the patients skin. Using the bipolar catheter, the two leads of the catheter are simply connected directly to the external Pacemaker, or to whatever device is in clinical use.
  • Pacemakers are designed to deliver 10-30 times as great a stimulus as is required for effective pacing at the time of electrode implantation.
  • Pacemaker induced ventricular arrhythmias are possible, especially if the anode is positioned on or inside the ventricle.
  • a catheter construction having a first (cardiac) electrode which is adapted to be positioned within the heart, and a second electrode positioned such that it will be within the patients body, but outside of and proximal to the heart and preferably of greater surface size than the cardiac elec trode.
  • the cardiac electrode should be used as the cathode, and the proximal electrode as the anode.
  • the second discovery which has led to my novel catheter apparatus design, and method for use of same, relates to the use of demand, or non-competitive Pacemakers.
  • the demand Pacemaker the pacing signal is generated only upon demand, i.e., when the natural pacing signal of the patient is not sensed.
  • demand Pacemakers are commonly used to avoid competition with sinus or ectopic beats. Competition between artificial and natural Pacemakers can result in an unacceptable increase in heart rate and may precipitate serious ventricular arrhythmias.
  • bipolar electrodes can be positioned so as to detect a signal too small for demand sensing.
  • a bipolar system adequate to detect sinus beats may not detect beats from a different origin such as ectopic ventricular beats.
  • a unipolar electrogram could be obtained which was greater in magnitude and sufficient for proper demand function. Conversion of a bipolar electrode system to a unipolar system, with only one electrode in the heart, results in a simple and effective means of increasing the signal detected by the Pacemaker.
  • catheter apparatus for pacing of a patients heart comprising a catheter having a first electrode, utilized as a cathode, positioned on the catheter such that it is within the patients heart when the catheter is fully positioned, and having a second electrode, utilized as an anode, and positioned proximal to the first electrode, having a surface area much larger than that of the cardiac electrode, and positioned so that it is external to the patient's heart during the pacing operation.
  • Pacing is achieved by periodically delivering the pacing signal between a cathode positioned within the heart and an anode positioned outside of the heart.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic sketch showing the placement of a catheter within a human body, and which indicates the critical areas of electrode placement according to this invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a sketch showing the catheter apparatus of this invention in combination with an artificial Pacemaker.
  • FIG. 2a is a detail sketch showing the connection of the anode of the catheter of this invention to one of the catheter electrical leads.
  • FIG. 2b is a detail sketch showing the connection of the cathode of the catheter of this invention to the other of the catheter leads.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a diagrammatic sketch of a catheter 20 inserted into a human.
  • the catheter is inserted at about position 21, into the right basilic vein.
  • the tip of the catheter is manipulated through the superior vena cava, the right atrium, and into the right ventricle.
  • the catheter may also be introduced through the external (or internal) jugular veins, subclavian veins, or femoral veins.
  • a pair of electrical leads or one lead for a unipolar
  • Pacemaker There are a number of commercially available Pacemakers which may be used in the practice of this invention. Such Pacemakers, and their manner of use, are well known to cardiologists.
  • the two electrodes are both caused to reside in the right ventricle, as shown at 24, 25.
  • a prior art unipolar catheter is utilized, there is only one heart electrode, such as 24, and a second electrode is placed upon the patient's skin near the point of entry at 21.
  • the same catheter apparatus is utilized for demand pacing.
  • Pacemaker 32 may be either a conventional Pacemaker type device or a demand type Pacemaker device.
  • the catheter is an elongated and flexible instrument, constructed preferably of a plastic material such as nylon or Teflon, and of generally tubular form with substantially constant outer diameter fron end to end.
  • the catheter of this invention has two electrical leads 34, 35, constructed of electrically conductive material, and embedded in the non-conductive plastic material.
  • the larger of the two electrodes, 38 suitably a cylindrical ring, of conductive material, is positioned so that when the catheter is in place within the patient, it is outside of the patients heart.
  • Electrode 40 which also is suitably a ring of conductive material around the outside of the catheter, and in electrical contact with the other of the two conducting leads, 35, as shown in FIG. 2b.
  • Lead 35 in turn is connected to the negative terminal of Pacemaker 32, such that electrode is the cathodal electrode.
  • This electrode is of relatively small surface area, and typically has a width of about 1-3 millimeters. For a catheter with outside circumference of approximately 6-10 millimeters, the total surface area would be approximately 6-24 square millimeters.
  • the second electrode which is used as the anode, should be placed preferably at least 4 centimeters proximal to the heart (to the right atrium). This point is indicated in FIG. 1 by the dashed line indicated at 50.
  • the anode should not extend beyond the region indicated approximately by the dashed line 52.
  • the distance from the distal electrode (cathode) to dashed line 50 is about 23 centimeters, and the distance from dashed line 50 to dashed line 52 is about an additional 6 centimeters.
  • the proximal electrode (anode) is suitably placed within this 6 centimeter distance (but need not be that long).
  • the surface of the anode should be about 100-300 square millimeters.
  • the proximalanode be much larger in surface area than the cathode, in order to distribute the anodal-induced, or positive-induced electric field intensity, so as not to stimulate surrounding structures.
  • the distal electrode of the catheter is made the cathode by connecting it to the negative terminal of the Pacemaker 32, and the proximal electrode is made the anode by connecting it, through lead 35, to the positive terminal of Pacemaker 32.
  • the apparatus of this invention provides that the anode is positioned safely outside of the patient's heart, and preferably at least 4 centimeters away from the patients heart, while the cathode is positioned within the patients right ventricle.
  • the apparatus of this invention provides the advantages of the bipolar catheter, in that both electrodes are permanently affixed to the catheter, and there is no need for external placement of an electrode upon the patients skin.
  • the positioning of the electrodes in accordance with this invention provides an effective unipolar type of pickup from the heart, so that when the catheter apparatus of this invention is used with a demand Pacemaker, the danger of detection of less than threshold signals is substantially reduced.
  • the design criterion of making the anode at least 10 times as great as the cathode is also a critical limitation necessary to ensure against anodal stimulation, but use of an anode of lesser size would still be within the broad scope of this invention.
  • Catheter apparatus adapted to be positioned in a patient for use in cardiac pacing of the patient, with a predetermined end extending into the patients heart, comprising:
  • an elongated flexible catheter tube having two conducting leads extending through respective lengths thereof;
  • a distal electrode of predetermined surface size positioned near said predetermined end of said catheter tube, and connected electrically to a first of said leads;
  • proximal electrode positioned on said catheter at a distance at least about 23 cm from said distal electrode, and connected electrically to the second of said leads.
  • proximal electrode has a surface area at least 10 times as great as said distal electrode.
  • proximal electrode is positioned a distance within a range of 23-29 cm proximal from said distal electrode.
  • proximal electrode extends less than 6 centimeters along said catheter tube.
  • Pacing apparatus adapted for generating electrical pacing signals outside of a patient, communicating said signals inside of the patient, said delivering said signals between a position within the heart of the patient and a position external to said heart, comprising:
  • a catheter adapted for insertion into a patient, having a distal electrode positioned near a first end thereof, a proximal electrode on said catheter and positioned a distance at least 23 cm from said distal electrode, a first lead connecting said distal electrode with the opposite end of said catheter, and a second lead connecting the proximal electrode with said opposite catheter end,
  • signal generating means for generating electrical pacing signals, said signal generating means having first and second terminals across which said electrical signals appear;
  • connecting means for connecting, at said opposite end of said catheter, said first lead to the first terminal of said signal generating means and said secsaid proximal electrode is positioned at a distance within a range of about 23-29 cm from said distal electrode.
  • said signal generating means is further characterized in that said signals are negative at said first terminal with respect to said second terminal, such that said distal electrode is the cathode and said proximal electrode is the anode, whereby cathodal pacing of the heart is achieved when said catheter is positioned such that said distal electrode is within the patients heart and said proximal electrode is within the patient and outside of the patients heart.
  • a method of artificially pacing a human patient comprising periodically generating outside of said patient electrical pacing signals, positioning a first electrode at a first position within said patients heart and a second electrode at a second position within said patient's vascular system but outside of said patients heart, transmitting said signals into said patient and connecting them to said electrodes with said signals being negative at said first position with respect to said second position.
  • said positioning step comprises positioning a bipolar catheter having said first and second electrodes thereon in said patient such that said first electrode is within said patients heart and said second electrode is at least 4 cm outside of said patients heart, said method further including coupling said electrical pacing signals to said electrodes, whereby said patient is cathodally paced.
  • said positioning step comprises positioning a catheter having first and second electrodes thereon in said patient such that said first electrode is positioned within the patients right ventricle.
  • said positioning step comprises positioning said second electrode at least 4 cm outside of the patients heart.
  • said positioning step comprises positioning said second electrode within about cm from the patient's heart.
  • a method of artificially pacing a human patient comprising positioning a bipolar catheter having first and second electrodes in said patient such that said first electrode is positioned within said patients heart and said second electrode is positioned at least 4 cm outside of said patients heart, periodically generating outside of said patient electrical pacing signals, connecting said electrical pacing signals between said first electrode and said second electrode with said signals being negative at said electrode within said patients heart with respect to said second electrode outside of said patient's heart, whereby said patient is cathodally paced.
  • Catheter apparatus adapted to be positioned in a patient for use in cardiac pacing of the patient, with a predetermined end extending into the patients heart, comprising:
  • an elongated flexible catheter tube having two conducting leads extending through respective lengths thereof;
  • a distal electrode of predetermined surface size positioned near said predetermined end of said catheter tube, and connected electrically to a first of said leads;
  • a proximal electrode positioned on said catheter
  • said proximal electrode being at its distal end a distance of at least about 23 cm from said distal electrode, and connected electrically to the second of said leads.
  • signal generating means for generating electrical pacing signals, said signal generating means having first and second terminals across which said electrical signals appear;
  • connecting means for connecting, at the end of said catheter opposite said predetermined end, said first lead to said first terminal and said second lead to said second terminal;
  • said signal generating means producing signals which are negative at said second terminal with respect to said first terminal, so as to provide apparatus for cathodal pacing.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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US309996A 1972-11-28 1972-11-28 Pacing apparatus and method utilizing improved catheter Expired - Lifetime US3893461A (en)

Priority Applications (11)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US309996A US3893461A (en) 1972-11-28 1972-11-28 Pacing apparatus and method utilizing improved catheter
AU62635/73A AU480993B2 (en) 1972-11-28 1973-11-19 Improved unipolar catheter apparatus and pacing method
GB5438473A GB1446358A (en) 1972-11-28 1973-11-23 Catheter device for use in heart pacing apparatus
CH1667473A CH570171A5 (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png) 1972-11-28 1973-11-27
CA186,775A CA1005527A (en) 1972-11-28 1973-11-27 Unipolar catheter for heart pacing
NL7316196A NL7316196A (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png) 1972-11-28 1973-11-27
DE2358883A DE2358883A1 (de) 1972-11-28 1973-11-27 Einadrige kathetervorrichtung und schrittmachverfahren
FR7342203A FR2207732B1 (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png) 1972-11-28 1973-11-27
JP13223273A JPS5717540B2 (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png) 1972-11-28 1973-11-27
US439315A US3915174A (en) 1972-11-28 1974-02-04 Pacing apparatus and improved catheter
US05/580,876 US4010755A (en) 1972-11-28 1975-05-27 Unipolar pacing catheter with plural distal electrodes

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US309996A US3893461A (en) 1972-11-28 1972-11-28 Pacing apparatus and method utilizing improved catheter

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US05/580,876 Continuation-In-Part US4010755A (en) 1972-11-28 1975-05-27 Unipolar pacing catheter with plural distal electrodes

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US3893461A true US3893461A (en) 1975-07-08

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US (1) US3893461A (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png)
JP (1) JPS5717540B2 (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png)
CA (1) CA1005527A (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png)
CH (1) CH570171A5 (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png)
DE (1) DE2358883A1 (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png)
FR (1) FR2207732B1 (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png)
GB (1) GB1446358A (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png)
NL (1) NL7316196A (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png)

Cited By (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3977411A (en) * 1975-06-12 1976-08-31 Research Corporation Cardiac pacer system and method
DE3046667A1 (de) * 1980-12-11 1982-07-22 Peter Dr. 7850 Lörrach Osypka Herzschrittmacher-elektrode
US4387717A (en) * 1980-10-03 1983-06-14 Research Corporation Pacer internal cardiac electrogram sensing system
US4641656A (en) * 1985-06-20 1987-02-10 Medtronic, Inc. Cardioversion and defibrillation lead method
US4699157A (en) * 1985-08-27 1987-10-13 Electro-Catheter Corporation Pacing catheter and method of making same
US5174289A (en) * 1990-09-07 1992-12-29 Cohen Fred M Pacing systems and methods for control of the ventricular activation sequence
US5267560A (en) * 1990-09-07 1993-12-07 Cohen Fred M Methods for control of the ventricular activation sequence
WO1998017345A1 (en) 1996-10-22 1998-04-30 Medtronic, Inc. Temporary transvenous endocardial lead
US5814076A (en) * 1996-02-09 1998-09-29 Cardiac Control Systems, Inc. Apparatus for improved cardiac pacing and sensing using extracardiac indifferent electrode configurations
US6267778B1 (en) 1999-04-12 2001-07-31 Fred Michael Cohen Pacing systems for treating functional ventricular conduction abnormalities of intrinsic origin
US20040147924A1 (en) * 2003-01-20 2004-07-29 Peter Osypka Bipolar stimulating electrode
US20060122649A1 (en) * 2004-12-03 2006-06-08 Ghanem Raja N Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter/defibrillator
US20060241704A1 (en) * 2005-04-25 2006-10-26 Allan Shuros Method and apparatus for pacing during revascularization
US20090053180A1 (en) * 2005-07-21 2009-02-26 Rosen Michael R Tandem cardiac pacemaker system
US20100004706A1 (en) * 2008-07-01 2010-01-07 Mokelke Eric A Pacing system controller integrated into indeflator
US20110224606A1 (en) * 2010-03-10 2011-09-15 Shibaji Shome Method and apparatus for remote ischemic conditioning during revascularization
US20110237967A1 (en) * 2008-03-25 2011-09-29 Ebr Systems, Inc. Temporary electrode connection for wireless pacing systems
US8244352B2 (en) 2008-06-19 2012-08-14 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Pacing catheter releasing conductive liquid
US20130110215A1 (en) * 2011-10-28 2013-05-02 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Electrode lead of pacemaker and pacemaker using the same
US20130110214A1 (en) * 2011-10-28 2013-05-02 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Electrode lead of pacemaker and pacemaker using the same
US20130110216A1 (en) * 2011-10-28 2013-05-02 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Electrode lead and pacemaker using the same
US8457738B2 (en) 2008-06-19 2013-06-04 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Pacing catheter for access to multiple vessels
US8639357B2 (en) 2008-06-19 2014-01-28 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Pacing catheter with stent electrode
US8874207B2 (en) 2005-12-23 2014-10-28 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Method and apparatus for tissue protection against ischemia using remote conditioning
US9037235B2 (en) 2008-06-19 2015-05-19 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Pacing catheter with expandable distal end
US9409012B2 (en) 2008-06-19 2016-08-09 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Pacemaker integrated with vascular intervention catheter
WO2018065523A1 (fr) * 2016-10-07 2018-04-12 Electroducer Ensemble de remplacement d'une valve cardiaque ou d'un ensemble d'angioplastie coronaire
FR3057155A1 (fr) * 2016-10-07 2018-04-13 Benjamin FAURIE Guide-fil bipolaire pour ensemble de remplacement d'une valve cardiaque ou ensemble d'angioplastie coronaire comprenant un catheter de delivrance ou un introducteur
US10080903B2 (en) 2007-05-23 2018-09-25 Ebr Systems, Inc. Optimizing energy transmission in a leadless tissue stimulation system

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FR2305168A1 (fr) * 1975-03-24 1976-10-22 Ieram Sarl Dispositif et procede de stimulation respiratoire
JPS5554963A (en) * 1978-10-18 1980-04-22 Fujiwara Akimasa Catheter that fix pacemaker electrode into atrium
US4386615A (en) * 1979-08-28 1983-06-07 Edgar Sowton Electrodes for cardiac pacemakers
DE3605915A1 (de) * 1986-02-25 1987-08-27 Telefunken Electronic Gmbh Steuer- und leistungsversorgungseinheit fuer implatierte elektromedizinische mess-, steuer- und regelsysteme

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US3478746A (en) * 1965-05-12 1969-11-18 Medtronic Inc Cardiac implantable demand pacemaker
US3416533A (en) * 1966-05-20 1968-12-17 Gen Electric Conductive catheter
US3815611A (en) * 1971-11-26 1974-06-11 Medtronic Inc Muscle stimulation and/or contraction detection device
US3788329A (en) * 1972-04-17 1974-01-29 Medtronic Inc Body implantable lead

Cited By (49)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3977411A (en) * 1975-06-12 1976-08-31 Research Corporation Cardiac pacer system and method
US4387717A (en) * 1980-10-03 1983-06-14 Research Corporation Pacer internal cardiac electrogram sensing system
DE3046667A1 (de) * 1980-12-11 1982-07-22 Peter Dr. 7850 Lörrach Osypka Herzschrittmacher-elektrode
US4641656A (en) * 1985-06-20 1987-02-10 Medtronic, Inc. Cardioversion and defibrillation lead method
US4699157A (en) * 1985-08-27 1987-10-13 Electro-Catheter Corporation Pacing catheter and method of making same
US5267560A (en) * 1990-09-07 1993-12-07 Cohen Fred M Methods for control of the ventricular activation sequence
US5174289A (en) * 1990-09-07 1992-12-29 Cohen Fred M Pacing systems and methods for control of the ventricular activation sequence
US5814076A (en) * 1996-02-09 1998-09-29 Cardiac Control Systems, Inc. Apparatus for improved cardiac pacing and sensing using extracardiac indifferent electrode configurations
WO1998017345A1 (en) 1996-10-22 1998-04-30 Medtronic, Inc. Temporary transvenous endocardial lead
US5851226A (en) * 1996-10-22 1998-12-22 Medtronic, Inc. Temporary transvenous endocardial lead
US6267778B1 (en) 1999-04-12 2001-07-31 Fred Michael Cohen Pacing systems for treating functional ventricular conduction abnormalities of intrinsic origin
US20040147924A1 (en) * 2003-01-20 2004-07-29 Peter Osypka Bipolar stimulating electrode
US7496408B2 (en) * 2004-12-03 2009-02-24 Medtronic, Inc. Electrodes array for a pacemaker
US20060122649A1 (en) * 2004-12-03 2006-06-08 Ghanem Raja N Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter/defibrillator
US9415225B2 (en) 2005-04-25 2016-08-16 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Method and apparatus for pacing during revascularization
US9649495B2 (en) 2005-04-25 2017-05-16 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Method and apparatus for pacing during revascularization
US7962208B2 (en) 2005-04-25 2011-06-14 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Method and apparatus for pacing during revascularization
US20060241704A1 (en) * 2005-04-25 2006-10-26 Allan Shuros Method and apparatus for pacing during revascularization
US8452400B2 (en) 2005-04-25 2013-05-28 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Method and apparatus for pacing during revascularization
US10549101B2 (en) 2005-04-25 2020-02-04 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Method and apparatus for pacing during revascularization
US20090053180A1 (en) * 2005-07-21 2009-02-26 Rosen Michael R Tandem cardiac pacemaker system
US8874207B2 (en) 2005-12-23 2014-10-28 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Method and apparatus for tissue protection against ischemia using remote conditioning
US11452879B2 (en) 2007-05-23 2022-09-27 Ebr Systems, Inc. Optimizing energy transmission in a leadless tissue stimulation system
US10080903B2 (en) 2007-05-23 2018-09-25 Ebr Systems, Inc. Optimizing energy transmission in a leadless tissue stimulation system
US10456588B2 (en) 2007-05-23 2019-10-29 Ebr Systems, Inc. Optimizing energy transmission in a leadless tissue stimulation system
US9907968B2 (en) 2008-03-25 2018-03-06 Ebr Systems, Inc. Temporary electrode connection for wireless pacing systems
US10688307B2 (en) 2008-03-25 2020-06-23 Ebr Systems, Inc. Temporary electrode connection for wireless pacing systems
US20110237967A1 (en) * 2008-03-25 2011-09-29 Ebr Systems, Inc. Temporary electrode connection for wireless pacing systems
US9283392B2 (en) * 2008-03-25 2016-03-15 Ebr Systems, Inc. Temporary electrode connection for wireless pacing systems
US11752352B2 (en) 2008-03-25 2023-09-12 Ebr Systems, Inc. Temporary electrode connection for wireless pacing systems
US9037235B2 (en) 2008-06-19 2015-05-19 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Pacing catheter with expandable distal end
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US20130110216A1 (en) * 2011-10-28 2013-05-02 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Electrode lead and pacemaker using the same
US9020609B2 (en) * 2011-10-28 2015-04-28 Tsinghua University Electrode lead of pacemaker and pacemaker using the same
US20130110214A1 (en) * 2011-10-28 2013-05-02 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Electrode lead of pacemaker and pacemaker using the same
US20130110215A1 (en) * 2011-10-28 2013-05-02 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Electrode lead of pacemaker and pacemaker using the same
CN103093865A (zh) * 2011-10-28 2013-05-08 清华大学 起搏器电极线及起搏器
US9440067B2 (en) * 2011-10-28 2016-09-13 Tsinghua University Electrode lead and pacemaker using the same
US9138577B2 (en) * 2011-10-28 2015-09-22 Tsinghua University Electrode lead of pacemaker and pacemaker using the same
CN103093865B (zh) * 2011-10-28 2015-06-03 清华大学 起搏器电极线及起搏器
WO2018065523A1 (fr) * 2016-10-07 2018-04-12 Electroducer Ensemble de remplacement d'une valve cardiaque ou d'un ensemble d'angioplastie coronaire
FR3057155A1 (fr) * 2016-10-07 2018-04-13 Benjamin FAURIE Guide-fil bipolaire pour ensemble de remplacement d'une valve cardiaque ou ensemble d'angioplastie coronaire comprenant un catheter de delivrance ou un introducteur
US11382745B2 (en) 2016-10-07 2022-07-12 Electroducer Assembly for replacing a heart valve or a coronary angioplasty assembly

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DE2358883A1 (de) 1974-06-12
CH570171A5 (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png) 1975-12-15
GB1446358A (en) 1976-08-18
JPS4996586A (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png) 1974-09-12
JPS5717540B2 (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png) 1982-04-12
FR2207732A1 (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png) 1974-06-21
CA1005527A (en) 1977-02-15
NL7316196A (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png) 1974-05-30
FR2207732B1 (US20100154141A1-20100624-C00001.png) 1977-03-04
AU6263573A (en) 1975-05-22

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