US3893303A - Rock securing method - Google Patents

Rock securing method Download PDF

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Publication number
US3893303A
US3893303A US382211A US38221173A US3893303A US 3893303 A US3893303 A US 3893303A US 382211 A US382211 A US 382211A US 38221173 A US38221173 A US 38221173A US 3893303 A US3893303 A US 3893303A
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United States
Prior art keywords
plastic
covering layer
holes
curable
resin
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Expired - Lifetime
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US382211A
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English (en)
Inventor
Ernst Rotter
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R U A HINTEREGGER oHG
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R U A HINTEREGGER oHG
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
    • E21D9/001—Improving soil or rock, e.g. by freezing; Injections
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/56—Compositions for consolidating loose sand or the like around wells without excessively decreasing the permeability thereof
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
    • E02D3/12—Consolidating by placing solidifying or pore-filling substances in the soil
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
    • E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
    • E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor

Definitions

  • Film-forming plastics are also used for lining mine tunnels, with fillers such as ground quartz being added to the plastics.
  • the mountain consolidation attainable by such compound provides only a single effect.
  • the anchoring attained by reinforced concrete in the bore holes and by a layer of spray concrete adhesively applied to the mountainside in order to prevent the breaking of the mountain areas between the anchors do not yield under local load differences; i.e., the materials hold immovably up to their breaking point with no elastic behavior. Furthermore the strength of cement mortar used for anchor securing and surface solidification is not very high.
  • An earlier invention described in German Application No. P2l048l5.7-24 involves compound build-up as a mountain solidification technique in underground mining and in open-pit mining. Broadly in this method, bore holes are drilled into a mountain surface at appropriate intervals, the walls of which are roughened and cleaned, if necessary, and into which a plastic is pressed. The plastic is applied in liquid form but cures to great strength. A closing head at the mountainside is formed with the plastic which fills the bore holes. This is accomplished by way of a moulding hood. A sealing layer consisting of a mixture of sand and plastic is applied to the surface of the mountain over the closing heads after removal of the moulding hood.
  • FIG. I is a schematic illustration, in section, of a mountain wall treated in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. IA is a schematic illustration, in section, of an alternative embodiment of the invention.
  • a spray concrete preferably containing steel fibers such as pieces of fine wire is applied in the desired thickness.
  • the plastic mortar can have glass fibers admixed therewith so that its strength is further increased and in the same manner the plastic of the plugs can contain glass fibers or other reinforcing fibers. Moulded fiber glass rods can also be inserted into the bore holes prior to the introduction of the plastic.
  • the entire technique can be locally adapted to any given mountainside.
  • fewer bore holes of a smaller diameter and less depth and a cover layer of less thickness are needed for the firm rock, while in the adjacent slidable mountainside, a more thorough consolidation is achieved by the use of deeper and larger bore holes, and by the earlier application of a thicker cover layer.
  • Joining the plugs with the cover layer by means of the closing heads results in a homogeneous and elastic mountain surface.
  • FIG. I shows schematically in section one embodiment of the compound build-up according to the invention.
  • the mountain wall I is obtained by blasting or milling the desired cavity out of the mountain.
  • the unevenness of wall 1 is smoothed by applying a layer of spray concrete 2 of from approximately 1 to 10 cm. To increase the strength of this layer, it is possible to admix steel fibers of a diameter of between 0.1 and 0.3 cm and a length of between 1.5 and 2.5 cm with the spray concrete. Over this smoothing layer is applied cover layer 3 of plastic mortar. If wall I of the mountain is already very smooth, layer 2 of spray concrete can be omitted, so that the cover layer 3 consisting of plastic mortar would be applied directly.
  • cover layer 3 glass fibers of l to 2.5 cm length are, for example, admixed to cover layer 3, so that the percentage of plastic therein is from about 20 to about 30 percent. Thereafter bore hole 4 is drilled, the spacing, depth and diameter of which or the optional use of well tubing depends upon the particular mountain condition and quality. Head 5 of hole 4 in cover layer 3, and optionally in concrete layer 2 and, if necessary, in the mountain surface as well is coneshaped.
  • injection cover 6 is sealingly applied. Thereafter the plastic is injected in liquid form under pressure through an orifice in cover 6 until it fills bore hole 4 and any crevasses 11 extending sideways from the bore hole. A plastic plug is thus obtained after curing of the plastic, for example in 4 to 5 hours.
  • an injection of water can be performed after drilling of bore hole 4 for cleansing purposes.
  • the desired adhesive result will not be diminished by this with the appropriate selection of a water compatible plastic.
  • the plastic can be mixed with glass fibers 9, or a fberglass rod 8 in the shape of a porous tubing can be inserted to increase the strength of the plug.
  • the materials used can be varied widely and are selected in order to deflect tensions across the walls of a mountain which is being secured.
  • a geological modulus of elasticity elastic deformation
  • synthetic materials having a modulus of elasticity of from 20 to 40,000 kg/cm
  • glass fiber which demonstrates a typical modulus of elasticity of from 50 to 70,000 kg/cm, can be admixed with the plastic.
  • Typical plastics which can be used for example as the covering layer include epoxide and polyester resins.
  • the injectable plastic which forms the plug can for example be a rapidly curing epoxide resin.
  • EXAMPLE 1 ln tunnel construction in underground mining, firmly standing to fragile rock at the ceiling and tunnel wall must be fortified.
  • a smoothing layer of spray concrete having a thickness of from 5 to cm is applied.
  • a cover layer of polyester resin is next applied to a depth of l to 1.5 cm. Bore holes of a diameter of 30 to 50 mm are drilled to a depth of between 3 to 4 m at median spacings of 1.2 to 1.5 m. These are then filled with curable plastic.
  • EXAMPLE 2 A slightly broken to much fractured rock formation is to be reinforced. A smoothing spray concrete layer of 5 to 15 cm is applied according to need. Cover layer 3 of plastic mortar is applied to a thickness of L5 to 2 cm. The diameter of the plastic plug varies between 40 and 50 mm, the length thereof between 3.5 and 4.5 m, while the spacing between the plugs is from l to L2 m.
  • EXAMPLE 3 In a tunnel construction, a rock formation must be reinforced.
  • the rock comprises sediments, much destroyed rock and rolling and sandy components.
  • the smoothing spray concrete layer is applied to between 10 and 20 cm.
  • the thickness of cover layer is between 2 and 2.5 cm.
  • the diameter of the plugs varies from 40 to mm, the length thereof from 4 to 6 m, and the spacing between the plugs 0.8 and 1.0 m.
  • EXAMPLE 4 In an open pit, a securing wall is needed.
  • the smoothing layer is applied to the mountain wall at a thickness of from ID to 15 cm.
  • the cover layer consists of plastic mortar having a thickness of l to 1.5 cm.
  • the diameter of the plugs varies from 40 to 50 mm, the length thereof varies from 3 to 5 m and distances between the plugs varies from 1.0 to 2 m.
  • a suitable injection pressure for the plastic is 5 atmospheres (gauge); for Example 2 up to 3.5 atm and for Example 3 up to 2 atm.
  • the improvement which comprises applying a covering layer of curable plastic to the face prior to boring the holes, boring the holes through the covering layer into the rock face with a frustroconical shape so that the diameter of the hole on the surface of the covering layer is greater than the diameter of the bore shaft, injecting a curable plastic resin under pressure into the holes so that the hole is filled with curable plastic resin in the bore shaft and in the frustroconical portion, curing the curable plastic of the covering layer, and curing the curable plastic resin in the holes to form a plurality of plastic plugs in said holes having frustroconical portions in close contact with the covering layer, whereby said covering layer is securely held against the rock face by the frustroconical portions of the plastic plugs.
  • said covering layer comprises a mixture of curable resin, sand and glass fibers.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
  • Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)
US382211A 1972-07-25 1973-07-24 Rock securing method Expired - Lifetime US3893303A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2236457A DE2236457A1 (de) 1972-07-25 1972-07-25 Verfahren zur herstellung eines verbundverbaus als gebirgssicherung im unteroder uebertagebau

Publications (1)

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US3893303A true US3893303A (en) 1975-07-08

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US382211A Expired - Lifetime US3893303A (en) 1972-07-25 1973-07-24 Rock securing method

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US (1) US3893303A (US07736425-20100615-C00009.png)
AT (1) AT347865B (US07736425-20100615-C00009.png)
CH (1) CH562928A5 (US07736425-20100615-C00009.png)
DE (1) DE2236457A1 (US07736425-20100615-C00009.png)
FR (1) FR2194206A6 (US07736425-20100615-C00009.png)
SE (1) SE387701B (US07736425-20100615-C00009.png)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4052860A (en) * 1974-12-09 1977-10-11 Environmental Engineering Dr. Ing. Alterman Ltd. Construction of underground tunnels and rock chambers
US4139323A (en) * 1976-06-01 1979-02-13 Gebirgssicherung - Ges.M.B.H. Rock anchor
US4140428A (en) * 1978-03-06 1979-02-20 Shakespeare Company Tie rod support for mine
US4247224A (en) * 1978-12-14 1981-01-27 Ppg Industries, Inc. Method for installing a mine roof bolt
US4307979A (en) * 1978-12-14 1981-12-29 Ppg Industries, Inc. Mine roof bolt and end cap
US4443132A (en) * 1978-06-22 1984-04-17 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Anchoring of tension members
US6520591B1 (en) * 1998-05-12 2003-02-18 Ruslan Borisovich Jun R.B. Jun's method of openwork mining utilizing pit wall consolidation
US20040179901A1 (en) * 2002-09-17 2004-09-16 Kulchin Steven A. Soil nailing system
US10370814B2 (en) * 2017-05-23 2019-08-06 Wenzhou University System for consolidating soft clay by combined anode boosting and electro-osmosis and method for consolidating soft clay

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2079348B (en) * 1980-03-03 1983-08-17 Mobell Blowout Services Ltd Annulus plugging
CN109184751B (zh) * 2018-11-16 2024-05-10 中铁隧道集团一处有限公司 用于隧道衬砌拱顶的内窥式防空洞监控装置及监控方法

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2110053A (en) * 1935-05-27 1938-03-01 Phillips Noel Plastic plug
US3283513A (en) * 1964-12-23 1966-11-08 Thomas W Kierans Process of mounting elongated members in drill holes
US3332244A (en) * 1964-10-28 1967-07-25 American Cyanamid Co Reinforcing bolts
US3430449A (en) * 1965-11-27 1969-03-04 Rudolf Novotny Anchor bolts and method for fixing same in drill holes especially in friable rock
US3487533A (en) * 1966-10-25 1970-01-06 Hilti Ag Method of driving fastening elements into solid material covered by a compressible material
US3716386A (en) * 1969-11-12 1973-02-13 Nat Res Dev Process for dispersing fibre in an aqueous mix
US3721094A (en) * 1971-11-26 1973-03-20 Pin Set Corp Apparatus for and method of setting pins in mine roofs

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2110053A (en) * 1935-05-27 1938-03-01 Phillips Noel Plastic plug
US3332244A (en) * 1964-10-28 1967-07-25 American Cyanamid Co Reinforcing bolts
US3283513A (en) * 1964-12-23 1966-11-08 Thomas W Kierans Process of mounting elongated members in drill holes
US3430449A (en) * 1965-11-27 1969-03-04 Rudolf Novotny Anchor bolts and method for fixing same in drill holes especially in friable rock
US3487533A (en) * 1966-10-25 1970-01-06 Hilti Ag Method of driving fastening elements into solid material covered by a compressible material
US3716386A (en) * 1969-11-12 1973-02-13 Nat Res Dev Process for dispersing fibre in an aqueous mix
US3721094A (en) * 1971-11-26 1973-03-20 Pin Set Corp Apparatus for and method of setting pins in mine roofs

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4052860A (en) * 1974-12-09 1977-10-11 Environmental Engineering Dr. Ing. Alterman Ltd. Construction of underground tunnels and rock chambers
US4139323A (en) * 1976-06-01 1979-02-13 Gebirgssicherung - Ges.M.B.H. Rock anchor
US4140428A (en) * 1978-03-06 1979-02-20 Shakespeare Company Tie rod support for mine
US4443132A (en) * 1978-06-22 1984-04-17 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Anchoring of tension members
US4247224A (en) * 1978-12-14 1981-01-27 Ppg Industries, Inc. Method for installing a mine roof bolt
US4307979A (en) * 1978-12-14 1981-12-29 Ppg Industries, Inc. Mine roof bolt and end cap
US6520591B1 (en) * 1998-05-12 2003-02-18 Ruslan Borisovich Jun R.B. Jun's method of openwork mining utilizing pit wall consolidation
US20040179901A1 (en) * 2002-09-17 2004-09-16 Kulchin Steven A. Soil nailing system
US6796745B2 (en) 2002-09-17 2004-09-28 Steven A. Kulchin Soil nailing system
US6939084B2 (en) 2002-09-17 2005-09-06 Steven A. Kulchin Soil nailing system
US10370814B2 (en) * 2017-05-23 2019-08-06 Wenzhou University System for consolidating soft clay by combined anode boosting and electro-osmosis and method for consolidating soft clay

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATA591373A (de) 1978-05-15
AT347865B (de) 1979-01-25
SE387701B (sv) 1976-09-13
DE2236457A1 (de) 1974-02-07
CH562928A5 (US07736425-20100615-C00009.png) 1975-06-13
FR2194206A6 (US07736425-20100615-C00009.png) 1974-02-22

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