US3884024A - Twisting device for the SZ twisting of electrical cables - Google Patents

Twisting device for the SZ twisting of electrical cables Download PDF

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Publication number
US3884024A
US3884024A US372341A US37234173A US3884024A US 3884024 A US3884024 A US 3884024A US 372341 A US372341 A US 372341A US 37234173 A US37234173 A US 37234173A US 3884024 A US3884024 A US 3884024A
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United States
Prior art keywords
twisting
heads
rollers
head
accumulator
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Expired - Lifetime
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US372341A
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English (en)
Inventor
Ulrich Oestreich
Wolfgang Katzschner
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Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
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Siemens Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B13/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
    • H01B13/02—Stranding-up
    • H01B13/0235—Stranding-up by a twisting device situated between a pay-off device and a take-up device
    • H01B13/0264—Stranding-up by a twisting device situated between a pay-off device and a take-up device being rollers, pulleys, drums or belts
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B3/00—General-purpose machines or apparatus for producing twisted ropes or cables from component strands of the same or different material
    • D07B3/005—General-purpose machines or apparatus for producing twisted ropes or cables from component strands of the same or different material with alternating twist directions
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B13/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
    • H01B13/02—Stranding-up
    • H01B13/0235—Stranding-up by a twisting device situated between a pay-off device and a take-up device
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2207/00—Rope or cable making machines
    • D07B2207/40—Machine components
    • D07B2207/4018—Rope twisting devices

Definitions

  • S-twists Left hand twists are generally referred to as S-twists and right hand twists as Z- twists.
  • Z- twists the type of twisting wherein S and Z- twists alternate are called SZ twists.
  • Each of the devices used for performing such twisting generally uses revolving twisting devices and often include an accumulator wherein a twist of one direction or the other may be stored.
  • accumulators of a fixed content are used and revolve with a speed or direction of rotation which changes from section to section with the velocity of the cable through the unit remaining constant.
  • Such a device is shown in US. Pat. No. 3,169,360. It is also possible to have accumulators of fixed content which revolve at a constant speed and direction of rotation and in which the velocity of the cable elements through the accumulator is changed from section to section.
  • Some twisting devices of this nature also include an accumulator which has a content which may be increased or decreased.
  • the accumulators previously used for S-Z- twisting comprises two groups of rollers arranged on parallel axis.
  • the stranding elements to be used in making the cable unit are led alternatingly around one roll of the one group of rollers and subsequently around a roll of the other group of rollers.
  • pulley like designs may be used in an accumulator as shown in German Offlengungschrift 1,817,803.
  • accumulators having two twisting heads which are arranged at a fixed distance from each other and are rigidly coupled to each other in regard to their rotary motions have been used, for example, see Wire & Wire Products, l/67, pp. 90-7 and 159-60.
  • a practical embodiment of this which uses a caterpillar chain is shown in German Offlengungschrift 1,515,730.
  • German Offlengungschrift 1,515,730 comprises two rigidly coupled twisting heads which are arranged at a fixed distance from each other and between which the stranding elements are held in a stretched condition. This aids to some degree in the problems associated with the stresses on the stranding elements. Twisting heads which grip the stranding elements combined into a strand frictionally and hold them in a stretched condition to avoid such stresses are shown in the journal Draht volume 22 (1971) No. 9, page 619-625. However, this particular apparatus operates without using the types of accumulators described above. A type of twisting head which will grip the strand in this manner to hold it stretched is disclosed in German Pat. No. 1,765,452.
  • the present invention provides an improved SZ twisting device which operates using accumulators which have a variable storage content otherwise referred to as breathing accumulators.
  • the present invention provides at least one revolving accumulator having a storage content which is increased and decreased at intervals and also includes means for drawing the wire off reels and means for winding up the completed stranded cable unit.
  • the accumulator comprises a rotating first twisting head stationary in the direction of the twisting axis, and a second twisting head rotating in the same direction as the first stationary head but which is moved back and forth along the twisting axis with respect to the first twisting head.
  • Each of the twisting heads grips the stranding elements, which are combined into a strand, frictionally in the direction of the circumference of the rollers in a twisting head which holds the strand in a stretched condition gripping in such a manner so that the pulling through of the strand is not materially affected.
  • the second twisting head of the first accumulator and the first twisting head of the second accumulator are supported directly adjacent to each other in a frame which is movalbe back and forth in a lengthwise direction, i.e. in the direction in which the strand is running through the accumulators.
  • twisting heads used must grip the stranding elements frictionally in the direction of the circumference of the rollers of the twisting heads in such a manner as to firmly hold the strand but to still allow it to be easily pulled through.
  • a particularly advantageous twisting head which comprises essentially one or several pairs of rollers arranged on parallel axis and facing each other and in which the strand elements run between the running surfaces of the rollers and are frictionally gripped thereby is shown.
  • the elements are held between the two rollers which are pressed together and thus maintained in a stretched condition.
  • the design of the rollers is such that the strands are firmly held but that the pulling through of the strand is not impeded.
  • a friction lining of rubber-elastic material is embedded in such a manner that a hollow space remains between the elastic surface and the bottom of the groove of the roller in which it is inserted.
  • this friction winding is made in a U-shaped cross section and with the ends of the legs of the U firmly connected to the roller and the bottom of the U forming the friction member which contacts the strands and forms the running surface of the roll.
  • the two twisting heads of the accumulator will generally revolve with the same direction of rotation and the same rotational speed.
  • the design of the accumulator is such that as the stranding elements run through the accumulator in a stretched condition only halfa turn is stored between the twisting heads as compared to the prior art accumulators having groups of rollers arranged on parallel axis. This makes it possible to let the twisting heads of an accumulator rotate simultaneously at different speeds of rotation. In this manner a modulation of the lay of the S2 twisted units is accomplished; that is, the length of lay of the S2 twisted units produced is not constant over the length of the unit but varies continually within definite limits.
  • FIG. 1 is an elevation view of the preferred embodiment of the twisting device of the present invention showing two tandem accumulators having twisting heads on a common movable frame.
  • FIG. 2 is an elevation view partially cut away illustrating the preferred type of twisting head for use in the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a plan view partially in cut away section of the twisting head of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 1 An elevation view of the preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated by FIG. 1.
  • Four wires 40 are taken from stationary wire supplies 4], such as reels, across pulleys 42 supported by a frame 43 to a laying top 56 where they are combined into a strand.
  • the laying top 56 which forms a first twisting point is located in one end 62 of the frame of the twisting device designated generally as 50.
  • Drawing pulley 58 is supported by a frame 59.
  • the twisting device 50 in general comprises four twisting heads 51, 52, 53 and 54. Twisting heads 51 and 52 form a first variable or breathing accumulator and twisting heads 53 and 54 a second similar accumulator. Twisting head 51, a stationary twisting head has as its twisting point the laying top 56. The twisting point for twisting head 54 is the deflection pulley 57.
  • twisting heads 52 and 53 have as their twisting points the other respective twisting heads, i.e. the twisting point for twisting head 52 is twisting head 53 and that for twisting head 53 is twisting head 52.
  • Twisting head 51 is driven through belt 66 by a motor 65.
  • Twisting head 54 is driven through a belt 71 by a motor 70.
  • twisting heads 52 and 53 are driven respectively by motors 73 and 74 through belts 67 and 72.
  • Twisting heads 51 and 54 are supported for rotation respectively in the ends 62 and 63 of the machine frame. Twisting heads 52 and 53 are rotatively supported in the frame 75. Frame or housing 75 is supported by guide rods running between the ends 62 and 63 (not shown). Motors 73 and 74 are secured to the housing 75 on its underside.
  • the twisting heads 51 through 54 are preferably driven so that they always revolve with a uniform speed and direction of rotation. The direction of rotation of twisting heads 51 and 52 is opposite to that of twisting heads 53 and 54.
  • a threaded shaft 76 is provided which contains cross threads which engage threads in the extending arms 79 and 80 of the housing 75.
  • a pulley is securely attached to the shaft 76 so that it may be driven by the motor 65.
  • a separate motor may be provided for driving shaft 76.
  • the cross threads on the shaft 76 are arranged so that the housing 75 will alternately be driven back and forth between predefined limits.
  • twisting heads 51 through 54 grip the strand or spiral quad 45 frictionally in the direction of the circumference of the rollers contained therein.
  • all twisting heads revolve at the same speed of rotation.
  • advantages can be obtained if the two twisting heads of the one or both accumulators are driven at different speeds of rotation.
  • the speeds of one or both of the twisting heads of one or both of the accumulators may also be varied continuously or in discreet steps. By doing so it is possible to impart, to the spiral quad produced, a twist whose length of lay varies continuously as a function of the length of the spiral quad produced.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 A particularly advantageous twisting head for use in the twisting device of FIG. 1 is illustrated by FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • the twisting head designated generally as l, and which will be called a roller twister comprises essentially the two pairs of rollers 2 and 3 and 4 and 5.
  • the two rollers of each pair are arranged on parallel axis and disposed with their running surfaces opposite each other.
  • the rollers 2 and 4 are supported by an upper roll carrier 7 and the lower rolls 3 and 5 by a lower roll carrier 8.
  • the roll carriers 7 and 8 are attached at one end to a left hand frame 9 and at the other a right hand frame 10.
  • the entire twisting head is rotatably supported in conventional fashion about the axis of rotation 11.
  • spindles 12 and 13 which are provided with a left handed thread at one end and a right handed thread at the other end are provided in frames 8 and 9.
  • the upper and lower frames 7., 8 are guided by respective threaded sleeves l4 engaging the threaded portion of the spindles 12 and 13.
  • a set screw 15 is provided to hold the spindles in place once the desired setting has been made.
  • FIG. 3 is a plan view of the assembly of FIG. 2.
  • the roller 4 is shown in a cut-away cross section. Essentially, it is made up of two roll halves l8 and 19 which are of symmetrical design and bolted together by bolts 20. The two halves are pressed against the outer race of a ball bearing which is axially secured to a sleeve 22 by means of a snap ring 23. The roller shaft 24 is led through the sleeve 22 and holds the roller between the upper roll carriers 7.
  • the two halves of the roll 18 and 19 contain a grooved portion around their circumference. Into this groove 28 is fitted a friction winding 27 which is a rubber elastic material.
  • the friction winding 29 is of a U-shaped cross section with its legs 30 and 31 abutting the inner surface of the groove 28.
  • the bottom or base 29 of the U forms the running surface which grips the strand of FIG. 1.
  • the hollow space 34 results in the ability flex and thus to firmly grip the strand 45 preventing any motion which would cause it to slip out from between the rollers but still permitting ease of pulling through the rollers.
  • the friction lining 27 will be a closed ring which can be inserted into one of the sides l8, 19 prior to assembly.
  • the bottom of the groove should be painted with an adhesive prior to assembly so that the legs 30 and 31 will be firmly bonded to the bottom of the groove 28.
  • Particularly useful as a friction lining is a material having a basis of polyurethane such as that marketed by the firm Bayer-Leverkusen under the tradename Vulkollan.
  • An SZ twisting device for twisting the stranding elements of a cable so as to form a stranded unit which has a twist direction which changes from section to section comprising:
  • an accumulator which has a storage content which may be increased and decreased comprising:
  • each of said first and second twisting heads having rollers therein, and each of said first and second twisting heads gripping the stranding elements which are being combined into a stranded unit frictionally in the direction of the circumference of the rollers within said twisting heads so as to permit ease of pulling through of the stranded unit and holding the stranded unit in a stretched condition between the twisting heads.
  • each of said first and second twisting heads comprise:
  • each roller includes;
  • a friction lining made of an elastic material embedded in said groove and bonded to the bottom thereof in a manner such that a hollow space is formed between the bottom of the groove and the portion of said lining forming the roller running surface.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
  • Processes Specially Adapted For Manufacturing Cables (AREA)
  • Wire Processing (AREA)
US372341A 1972-06-28 1973-06-21 Twisting device for the SZ twisting of electrical cables Expired - Lifetime US3884024A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2232329A DE2232329C2 (de) 1972-06-28 1972-06-28 Vorrichtung zum Verseilen von Verseilelementen für elektrische Kabel zu einer Verseileinheit mit abschnittsweise wechselnder Verdrillungsrichtung

Publications (1)

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US3884024A true US3884024A (en) 1975-05-20

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US372341A Expired - Lifetime US3884024A (en) 1972-06-28 1973-06-21 Twisting device for the SZ twisting of electrical cables

Country Status (14)

Country Link
US (1) US3884024A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5549365B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AT (1) AT318040B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE801510A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH552881A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2232329C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FI (1) FI55733C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2191221B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1375805A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT989382B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7308826A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE380662B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
TR (1) TR17626A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ZA (1) ZA734125B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3979897A (en) * 1974-01-25 1976-09-14 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method for locating conductor breaks during the two stage twisting of a communications cable
US4006582A (en) * 1973-08-07 1977-02-08 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and apparatus for reducing the electrical coupling in communicating cables
US4127982A (en) * 1976-10-23 1978-12-05 Felten & Guilleaume Kabelwerke Gmbh Method of and an apparatus for manufacturing a SZ twisted strand of elongated elements for telecommunication cables
US4196576A (en) * 1977-06-08 1980-04-08 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and apparatus for S-Z twisting of electrical cables
US4207928A (en) * 1977-12-16 1980-06-17 Egorov Vladimir D Process for manufacturing twisted wire articles with variable direction of twist and a machine for accomplishing same
US4217750A (en) * 1977-10-21 1980-08-19 Hills Bruce W Machine for twisting wire strands of electric cables
US4586327A (en) * 1984-02-09 1986-05-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft SZ stranding method and apparatus
US4813223A (en) * 1988-04-06 1989-03-21 Cooper Industries, Inc. Apparatus for forming an SZ cable and method of use
US20080134655A1 (en) * 2005-02-04 2008-06-12 Nexans Helically-wound electric cable
CN102051830A (zh) * 2011-01-20 2011-05-11 黄兰昌 一种制股、合股、制绳一体机
US20140029881A1 (en) * 2012-07-24 2014-01-30 Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co., Kg Support disc bearing for an open-end spinning device
DE102017222107A1 (de) * 2017-12-07 2019-06-13 Leoni Bordnetz-Systeme Gmbh Verfahren sowie Vorrichtung zur Herstellung einer Leitung
KR102247556B1 (ko) * 2020-11-13 2021-05-04 주식회사 에너피아 온수관 열선 삽입 장치
CN113130132A (zh) * 2020-01-16 2021-07-16 特乐斯特机械(上海)有限公司 一种搓线设备
CN115482968A (zh) * 2022-10-26 2022-12-16 江苏欣宏泰机电有限公司 一种铜包钢绞线用高速绞线机

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2648368C3 (de) * 1976-10-26 1985-06-05 Felten & Guilleaume Kabelwerke GmbH, 5000 Köln Verfahren zum SZ-Verseilen von in Bündeln verdrillt zusammengefaßten Verseilelementen
DE2833701C3 (de) * 1978-07-28 1982-03-25 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Vorrichtung zum SZ-Verseilen von Verseilelementen elektrischer oder optischer Kabel und Leitungen
DE2816392C3 (de) * 1978-04-15 1985-08-22 Philips Kommunikations Industrie AG, 8500 Nürnberg Verfahren zum SZ-Verseilen einzelner oder in Bündeln verdrillt oder unverdrillt zusammengefaßter Verseilelemente und Vorrichtung zu seiner Durchführung
DE3149159A1 (de) * 1981-12-08 1983-07-21 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Sz-verseilvorrichtung fuer verseilelemente elektrischer kabel und leitungen
JPS6167515A (ja) * 1984-09-07 1986-04-07 Nippon Steel Corp 圧延材料の幅方向板厚制御方法
GB2235475B (en) * 1989-08-26 1993-05-05 Stc Plc Method and apparatus for making twisted cables
JP2962099B2 (ja) * 1993-05-14 1999-10-12 住友電装株式会社 回転式電線癖取り装置

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3481127A (en) * 1966-12-16 1969-12-02 Siemens Ag Apparatus for manufacturing lay-reversed communication cable
US3491525A (en) * 1965-02-17 1970-01-27 Sumitomo Electric Industries Method for stranding in the manufacture of communication cables and stranding apparatus
US3507108A (en) * 1965-03-01 1970-04-21 Fujikura Ltd Method of producing s-z alternating twists and the apparatus therefor
US3645079A (en) * 1969-05-12 1972-02-29 Kabel Metallwerke Ghh Stranding machine
US3782092A (en) * 1971-01-25 1974-01-01 Siemens Ag Sz cabling device for communication cables

Family Cites Families (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2679924A (en) * 1950-04-22 1954-06-01 Western Electric Co Strand-advancing apparatus
CH371310A (de) * 1958-03-24 1963-08-15 Thaelmann Schwermaschbau Veb Kabelzugvorrichtung
FR1436781A (fr) * 1965-03-17 1966-04-29 Stephanois Constr Meca Perfectionnement aux chenilles de tirage
DE1928591C3 (de) * 1969-06-05 1976-01-08 Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum SZ-Verseilen von Elementen für Kabel oder Leitungen, insbesondere für Nachrichtenkabel
DE1941611C3 (de) * 1969-08-14 1974-02-14 Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin U. 8000 Muenchen Anordnung zum Verseilen von Elementen für Nachrichtenkabel zur nächsthöheren Verseilgruppe mit abschnittsweise wechselnder Drallrichtung

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3491525A (en) * 1965-02-17 1970-01-27 Sumitomo Electric Industries Method for stranding in the manufacture of communication cables and stranding apparatus
US3507108A (en) * 1965-03-01 1970-04-21 Fujikura Ltd Method of producing s-z alternating twists and the apparatus therefor
US3481127A (en) * 1966-12-16 1969-12-02 Siemens Ag Apparatus for manufacturing lay-reversed communication cable
US3645079A (en) * 1969-05-12 1972-02-29 Kabel Metallwerke Ghh Stranding machine
US3782092A (en) * 1971-01-25 1974-01-01 Siemens Ag Sz cabling device for communication cables

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4006582A (en) * 1973-08-07 1977-02-08 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and apparatus for reducing the electrical coupling in communicating cables
US3979897A (en) * 1974-01-25 1976-09-14 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method for locating conductor breaks during the two stage twisting of a communications cable
US4127982A (en) * 1976-10-23 1978-12-05 Felten & Guilleaume Kabelwerke Gmbh Method of and an apparatus for manufacturing a SZ twisted strand of elongated elements for telecommunication cables
US4196576A (en) * 1977-06-08 1980-04-08 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and apparatus for S-Z twisting of electrical cables
US4217750A (en) * 1977-10-21 1980-08-19 Hills Bruce W Machine for twisting wire strands of electric cables
US4207928A (en) * 1977-12-16 1980-06-17 Egorov Vladimir D Process for manufacturing twisted wire articles with variable direction of twist and a machine for accomplishing same
US4586327A (en) * 1984-02-09 1986-05-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft SZ stranding method and apparatus
US4813223A (en) * 1988-04-06 1989-03-21 Cooper Industries, Inc. Apparatus for forming an SZ cable and method of use
US20090126969A1 (en) * 2005-02-04 2009-05-21 Nexans Helically-wound electric cable
US7497070B2 (en) * 2005-02-04 2009-03-03 Nexans Helically-wound electric cable
US20080134655A1 (en) * 2005-02-04 2008-06-12 Nexans Helically-wound electric cable
US8069644B2 (en) 2005-02-04 2011-12-06 Nexans Helically-wound electric cable
CN102051830A (zh) * 2011-01-20 2011-05-11 黄兰昌 一种制股、合股、制绳一体机
US20140029881A1 (en) * 2012-07-24 2014-01-30 Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co., Kg Support disc bearing for an open-end spinning device
US9051970B2 (en) * 2012-07-24 2015-06-09 Saurer Germany Gmbh & Co. Kg Support disc bearing for an open-end spinning device
DE102017222107A1 (de) * 2017-12-07 2019-06-13 Leoni Bordnetz-Systeme Gmbh Verfahren sowie Vorrichtung zur Herstellung einer Leitung
DE102017222107B4 (de) * 2017-12-07 2019-10-31 Leoni Bordnetz-Systeme Gmbh Verfahren sowie Vorrichtung zur Herstellung einer Leitung
US11626217B2 (en) 2017-12-07 2023-04-11 Leon Bordnetz-Systeme GmbH Method and device for producing a cable
CN113130132A (zh) * 2020-01-16 2021-07-16 特乐斯特机械(上海)有限公司 一种搓线设备
KR102247556B1 (ko) * 2020-11-13 2021-05-04 주식회사 에너피아 온수관 열선 삽입 장치
CN115482968A (zh) * 2022-10-26 2022-12-16 江苏欣宏泰机电有限公司 一种铜包钢绞线用高速绞线机
CN115482968B (zh) * 2022-10-26 2023-10-03 江苏欣宏泰机电有限公司 一种铜包钢绞线用高速绞线机

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1375805A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-11-27
DE2232329C2 (de) 1974-08-08
SE380662B (sv) 1975-11-10
JPS5549365B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1980-12-11
CH552881A (de) 1974-08-15
TR17626A (tr) 1975-07-23
FR2191221A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-02-01
JPS4943180A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-04-23
IT989382B (it) 1975-05-20
DE2232329B1 (de) 1974-01-17
NL7308826A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-01-02
BE801510A (fr) 1973-10-15
FI55733C (fi) 1979-09-10
AT318040B (de) 1974-09-25
FR2191221B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1978-12-29
FI55733B (fi) 1979-05-31
DE2232329A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-01-17
ZA734125B (en) 1974-07-31

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