US3881236A

US3881236A - Method of providing ball ends on guitar strings

Info

Publication number: US3881236A
Application number: US373950A
Authority: US
Inventors: William H Chaffee; Alfred M Rubio; Richard L Lorenz
Original assignee: Columbia Broadcasting System Inc
Current assignee: CBS Broadcasting Inc; Fender Musical Instruments Corp
Priority date: 1972-07-24
Filing date: 1973-06-27
Publication date: 1975-05-06
Anticipated expiration: 1992-05-06

Abstract

The method comprises providing the end of a guitar string in a metal ferrule, exerting lateral compressive forces on opposite sides of the ferrule and at longitudinally-spaced points therealong in order to grip spaced portions of the string and also cause lateral offsetting of such string portions from each other, and thereafter exerting longitudinal compressive forces on the ferrule to effect tight folding and cold flow of the metal and to cause the string end to assume an S-shape. The resulting article is an S-shaped string end which is embedded in a tightlyfolded mass of metal, the metal having axially-spaced lateral fold planes on opposite sides of the bent regions of the string. The apparatus comprises two laterally-adjacent chambers each adapted to hold a metal ferrule, one of such chambers being associated with a means to apply lateral compressive forces, the other of such chambers being associated with a means to apply longitudinal compressive forces. The end of a guitar string is inserted into the ferrule in the one chamber, being pinched and held in such ferrule as the result of application of the lateral compressive forces. Because the string end is thus held in the ferrule, the string end moves with the ferrule to the other chamber in which longitudinal compression occurs to effect controlled folding of the ferrule. The ferrules are mounted on a feed belt which is actuated by a feeding device, and are sheared off the belt as the result of the longitudinal compression.

Description

May 6, 1975 1 METHOD OF PROVIDING BALL ENDS ON GUITAR STRINGS [751 Inventors: William H. Chaffee; Alfred M.

Rubin; Richard L. Lorenz, all of Chicago, Ill.

[73] Assignee'. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.,

New York, NY.

[22] Filed: June 27, 1973 [21] Appl. No.: 373,950

Related US. Application Data [60] Division of Ser. No. 274,810, July 24, 1972, Pat. No 3,777,613, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 160,734, July 8, 1971, abandoned.

[52] US. Cl. 29/l69.5 [51] Int. Cl. Gl0d 3/00 [58} Field of Search... 29/l69.5, 630 A, 520, 208 R; 72/352, 356; 59/2; 24/1145, 129; 84/297 S, 297 R, 199

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,507,916 9/1924 Granat 29/243.52 2,008,227 7/1935 Reilly 29/520 2,603,680 7/1952 Snyder 29/520 2,869,911 1/1959 Dickey et a1 H 29/520 3,155,136 11/1964 Laskowski 29/202 3,431,632 3/1969 Wright 29/520 3,590,140 6/1971 Robb et a1. H 29/629 FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 451,488 9/1949 Italy 84/297 S 633,966 2/1962 ltaly i. 29/520 Primary Examiner-Richard J. Herbst Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Gausewitz, Carr & Rothenberg [57] ABSTRACT The method comprises providing the end of a guitar string in a metal ferrule, exerting lateral compressive forces on opposite sides of the ferrule and at longitudinally-spaced points therealong in order to grip spaced portions of the string and also cause lateral offsetting of such string portions from each other, and thereafter exerting longitudinal compressive forces on the ferrule to effect tight folding and cold flow of the metal and to cause the string end to assume an S-shape. The resulting article is an S-shaped string end which is embedded in a tightly-folded mass of metal, the metal having axially-spaced lateral fold planes on opposite sides of the bent regions of the string,

The apparatus comprises two laterally-adjacent chambers each adapted to hold a metal ferrule, one of such chambers being associated with a means to apply lateral compressive forces, the other of such chambers being associated with a means to apply longitudinal compressive forces. The end of a guitar string is inserted into the ferrule in the one chamber, being pinched and held in such ferrule as the result of application of the lateral compressive forces. Be cause the string end is thus held in the ferrule. the string end moves with the ferrule to the other chamber in which longitudinal compression occurs to effect controlled folding of the ferrule. The ferrules are mounted on a feed belt which is actuated by a feeding device, and are sheared off the belt as the result of the longitudinal compression.

81 Claims, 23 Drawing Figures PATENIEBHAY ems 3.881236 SHEET 10F 9 FATENIEMY siars 3.881.236

sum 30F 9 PATENTEUHAY 6 i975 SHEET 7 P 9 PATENTED HAY 6 I975 SHEET 9 BF 9 METHOD OF PROVIDING BALL ENDS ON GUITAR STRINGS CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a division of our copending patent application Ser. No. 274,810, filed July 24, I972, now US. Pat. No. 3,777,61 3 for Method of and Apparatus for Providing Ball Ends on Guitar Strings, and Article Resulting Therefrom. Said application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 160,734, filed on July 8, [97], for Method of Providing Ball Ends on Guitar Strings and Article Resulting Therefrom.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to the field of providing enlarged end portions on guitar strings, both wrapped strings and bare or unwrapped strings. The enlarged end portions may for convenience be referred to as ball ends, but this does not denote sphericity or even roundness.

2. Description of Prior Art One end of each string of an electric guitar or similar musical instrument is normally provided with an enlarging means which prevents such end from being drawn through a hole in an anchoring means near the tail of the instrument. Thus, the end not enlarged is first threaded through the hole and is then connected to the tuning screw or peg, so that turning of the tuning screw tensions the string.

Conventionally, the enlargement of the one end is effected by manually looping such end around a metal eyelet having an external annular groove therein, and then manually twisting the end upon an adjacent por tion of the string in order to lock the eyelet in place. If the string is one which is to be wrapped, the wrapping is thereafter provided on the string.

The procedure indicated in the preceding paragraph is relatively slow and expensive, and also produces the undesired results set forth below. Where the string is one which is to be wrapped, the indicated procedure makes it impractical to effect pre-wrapping of the core wire of the string. Accordingly, the entire process of manufacturing wrapped strings is conventionally a laborious string-by-string operation instead of being a continuous operation whereby a long length of string is machine wrapped and then cut off to length and ballended.

Although manufacturing problems relative to conventional methods of manufacturing guitar strings are severe, as outlined above, they are not to be regarded as overshadowing another major disadvantage of the conventional approach. When the string is manually looped around the eyelet and then twisted, the twisting causes cold-working of the string metal and therefore reduces the strength of the string. Because of differences between operators, and differences in the number and tightness of twists the degree of cold-working varies to a considerable extent from string to string. Accordingly, the tensile strength of the different strings varies throughout a relatively wide range. Since it is not conventional to give a tensile test to each string manufactured, but only to randomly selected strings, it follows that a substantial number of relatively weak strings are sold to customers. This is a severe defect since the problem of string breakage by musicians is an important one, not only because of expense but also because strings may break during television and other performances.

It is therefore highly desirable to provide a method of end-enlarging or ball-ending a guitar string which is either bare or has been pre-wrapped by automated or other equipment, in a short period of time and in a manner which maintains a relatively high tensile strength. Very importantly, it is highly desirable that the tensile strengths of a large number of ball-ended strings be uniform to within a small number of pounds. It is emphasized that the providing of a high-strength ball end on a wrapped guitar string is particularly difficult, because the soft-metal wrapping tends to act as a lubricant and diminish the anchoring force. The provision of a high-strength ball end on an unwrapped guitar string is also very difficult, because of the small string diameter and because the steel wire is coated with a corrosion-resistant coating of tin or other metal.

Not only is it desirable and important to provide a method of ball-ending a bare or pre-wrapped guitar string, and to provide a ball-ended string having uniformly high-strength characteristics, but it is also desirable and important to provide an automatic manufacturing apparatus (and method) which is fast-acting and substantially foolproof. A major problem relates to the provision of an appartus wherein at least two operations (namely, lateral and longitudinal compression) are performed simultaneously, so that a high rate of production is achieved. The second (additional) embodiment of the present apparatus achieves such simultaneous performance of two operations, by effectively gripping the string end in a ferrule at a first location, and then automatically shifting the ferrule and gripped string end to a second location where longitudinal compression is effected. Because the string is long, springy, etc., it is surprising that the string portion adjacent the laterally-compressed ferrule may be accurately and automatically located in the port adjacent the longitudinal compression chamber.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The end of a metal guitar string is provided longitudinally within a metal ferrule or tube, and lateral compressive forces are applied externally to the ferrule to deform the same, Longitudinal compressive forces are then applied to the ferrulee while it is confined within a forming chamber. The longitudinal forces are such that the ferrule metal cold flows to substantially fill the forming chamber and to surround and grip the string end for prevention of withdrawal thereof.

Stated more specifically, the lateral compressive forces are applied by staking longitudinally spaced points along the ferrule and on opposite sides thereof. The ferrule is thus deformed in a controlled manner ef fecting pinching of one string portion against one side of the ferrule, and of another string portion against the opposite side of the ferrule. The string is accordingly gripped in the ferrule in a manner causing the string end to be S-shaped (generally sinusoidal) after the longitudinal compressive forces have been applied to achieve controlled folding of the ferrule. The resulting article comprises the combination of a guitar string with a ball end, the string portion in the ball end being S-shaped, the ball end having lateral fold planes on opposite sides thereof.

Additional features of the method include providing notches on the ferrule end and causing the teeth between such notches to cam into the string to grip the same. In addition, a neck is extruded adjacent the main body of the ball end, not only to further grip the string but also to permit a single set of dies to operate on strings of different diameters. The forces, particularly the longitudinal forces, are hydraulically created and result in variable strokes, as required by factors including string diameter.

The automatic apparatus (and the corresponding method) for achieving high-speed mass production of ball-ended guitar strings comprises two adjacent chambers in which are simultaneously held two tubes or ferrules. The two chambers are defined in a die apparatus which, while it is closed, permits lateral deformation of the ferrule in one chamber, and longitudinal deformation and controlled folding of the ferrule in the other. After the dies open, the laterally-deformed ferrule is shifted from the one chamber to the other, and carries with it the end of the guitar string to be ball-ended. Such shifting from one chamber to the other is effected automatically by a feeding and guide means for a feed strip to which are connected a large number of ferrules.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. I is an exploded isometric view schematically illustrating a first embodiment of die and cylinder apparatus for performing the present method, a showing of the lower staking mechanism being omitted;

FIG. 2 is an enlarged longitudinal sectional view schematically representing the dies in closed condition and prior to performance of the staking (lateral deformation) step;

FIG. 3 is a further enlarged view corresponding to the central portion of FIG. 2 but showing the conditions of the elements upon completion of the staking operation;

FIG. 4 is a corresponding view illustrating the commencement of the longitudinal deformation (compression) step;

FIG. 5 illustrates the positions of the parts at the completion of the longitudinal deformation (compression) step;

FIG. 5a is an enlarged view showing the ball-end of FIG. 5;

FIG. 6 is an isometric view showing the string end disposed in the ferrule prior to any deformation;

FIG. 6a is a transverse sectional view on line 6a-6a of FIG. 6;

FIG. 7 is a view corresponding to FIG. 6 but showing the parts after completion of the staking step;

FIG. 8 shows the conditions of the parts after the initial portion of the longitudinal compression step;

FIG. 9 illustrates the parts after completion of the longitudinal compression step;

FIGS. l0l2, inclusive, correspond respectively to FIGS. 35, inclusive, but illustrate the provision of a ball end on a relatively small-diameter bare or unwrapped string;

FIG. 13 is generally similar to FIG. I, but showing a second embodiment of the apparatus;

FIGS. 14 and 140 are enlarged vertical sectional views taken longitudinally of the feed strip (tape or belt) for the ferrules, as viewed in a direction from lower-left to upper-right in FIG. I3, and showing the dies in both open and closed positions;

FIG. 15 is another vertical sectional view, but taken forwardly of the feed strip, and showing the dies in closed condition;

FIG. 16 is an enlarged vertical sectional view taken longitudinally of the staking (lateral deformation) chamber, showing the condition of the parts prior to operation of the staking pins;

FIG. 17 corresponds to FIG. 16 but shows the condition of the parts after operation of the staking pins;

FIG. 18 is an enlarged vertical sectional view taken longitudinally of the longitudinal compression or folding chamber, and illustrating the operation of the ram not only to effect longitudinal compression and thus controlled folding of the ferrule, but also to effect shearing-off of the ferrule from the feed strip;

FIG. 19 is a greatly enlarged isometric view generally corresponding to the lower-central region of FIG. 13; and

FIG. 20 is an enlarged isometric view of a section of the tape having ferrules or tubes thereon.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The words guitar string" as used herein contemplate not only strings for guitars but also for related musical instruments, such as banjos, mandolins, electric basses,

etc.

Referring first to FIGS. 1 and 2, the first embodiment of the apparatus for performing the present method may comprise an upper die 10 having downwardlyextending guide posts I] thereon, and a lower die 12 having bores 13 respectively adapted to receive the guide posts II. An upper stake pin 14 and helical retraction spring 15 are mounted in a bore (and a counterbore) in upper die 10, the stake pin being adapted to be forced downwardly by a hydraulic cylinder I6. A lower stake pin I7 and spring I8 are mounted in a bore (and counterbore) in the lower die 12, and a second hydraulic cylinder 19 is provided to force such lower stake pin upwardly. The bore (and counterbore) for elements 14-15 is numbered 21, whereas the bore (and counterbore) for elements 17-18 is numbered 22. Bore 21 is offset from bore 22 in order that the stake pins 14 and I7 will operate upon opposite sides of a metal ferrule or tube 23 at longitudinally-spaced regions therealong.

The cylinders I6 and 19 are connected, respectively, to dies 10 and 12 by suitable means. for example by screws (not shown) adapted to be projected through openings indicated at 24 and 25 in FIG. I.

The opposed surfaces of upper and lower dies 10 and 12 have formed therein corresponding semicylindrical chambers adapted to form a cylindrical die cavity or forming chamber 26 when the dies are in the closed condition illustrated in various views other than FIG. I. Cavity 26 communicates coaxially, when the dies are in closed condition, with an elongated wire or string port 27 which, in turn, communicates coaxially with a divergent or conical mouth 28 as best shown in FIGS. I and 2. It is to be understood that, like the die cavity 26, the port and

mouth

27 and 28 are each formed half by upper die 10 and half by lower die 12.

At its end adjacent wire port 27, die cavity 26 is generally hemispherical. The cavity walls at such end thus formed rounded cam surfaces 29 (FIG. 3) which converge toward wire port 27. The cavity walls at such end may be termed a closure.

The portion of the die cavity remote from cam surfaces 29 receives coaxially a cylindrical ram 31 having a dished or concave end surface 32. The ram 31 connects coaxially to a piston 33 of larger diameter, such piston being disposed slidably in a piston chamber 34 half of which is defined by upper die and the other half of which is defined by lower die 12. As shown in FIG. 1, piston 33 connects through a pivot connection 36 with the piston portion of a hydraulic cylinder 37 which is suitably supported by means, not shown.

The

bores

21 and 22, and associated stake pins 14 and 17, are spaced sufficient distances from cam surfaces 29 that the entire ferrule 23 may be shifted for wardly (to the left) and away from the stake pins during the latter portions of the forming operation. The stake pins are shown as having cylindrical inner end portions the tips of which are hemispherical, such cylindrical portions projecting through upper and lower ports indicated at 38 and 39.

The stake pins are sufficiently close to each other, in a direction longitudinally of the ferrule or tube, that the staking will occur at regions which are respectively spaced from the ends of the ferrule.

The cylindrical inner end portions of the stake pins, which engage ferrule or tube 23, have diameters much smaller than the diameter of the ferrule. However, the diameters of such inner end portions are sufficiently large to assure that the string will be properly gripped and flexed, in response to the staking operation, as set forth below.

Suitable means, not shown, are provided to open and close the dies 10, 12, and to mount the various elements in proper relationship.

DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD RELATIVE TO A RELATIVELY LARGE-DIAMETER WRAPPED STRING Referring to FIGS. 1-9, inclusive, the method is illustrated relative to the ball-ending of a pre-wrapped string for a guitar or the like. Relative to FIGS. 10-12, the method is illustrated relative to a small-diameter bare or unwrapped string. It is to be understood that the method may also be performed relative to numerous intermediate and other sizes and types of strings for musical instruments.

The wrapped string is indicated by the reference numeral 41. It comprises a core wire 42 (FIGS. 6-9) of high tensile strength metal such as steel and which is relatively stiff and springy. Around such core 42 is wrapped, in tightly-wound helical relationship, a wrap wire 43 of a softer metal such as nickel or bronze. The core may also be double-wrapped, there being two wrap wire instead of one.

The outer diameter of the string 41 (that is to say, of the helical wrap thereon) is slightly smaller than the diameter of the wire (string) port 27 whereby the string will not be a tight fit in such port.

In performing the present method, the inner end of string 41 is disposed longitudinally within the elongated ferrule 23. This may be done by positioning the ferrule 23 in die cavity 26 by first opening and then closing the dies l0, l2. Ferrule 23 is positioned adjacent the inner end 32 of ram 3! (when such ram is in the predetermined retracted position shown in FIGS. 2 and 3), and also adjacent the ports 38-39 for staking pins 14 and 17. The string 41 is then inserted into mouth 28 and through port 27 and through cavity or chamber 26 into the ferrule 23, until the string end engages the dished end 32 of ram 3] as shown in FIG. 2. The inserted string is also shown in FIG. 6.

Ferrule 23 is a tube formed of a relatively hard metal but one which is capable of deformation and cold flow when very high pressures are applied as stated below. The tube has a length much larger than its outer diameter, for example, between two and three times its outer diameter. As indicated above, the tube length is such that the staking takes place at regions spaced inwardly from the extreme ends of the tube.

The outer diameter of the ferrule or tube 23 is only slightly smaller than the diameter of cavity 26, so that the ferrule is a sliding fit in such cavity. The inner diameter of the ferrule is much larger than the outer diameter of the string. Thus, the inner diameter of the ferrule may range from about twice the outer diameter of the string (including any wrapping thereon) to many times the diameter of the string (in the case of small-diameter strings). Because the inner diameter of the tube is thus much larger than the string diameter, the string may assume a generally S-shaped configuration in the tube.

The string end having been disposed longitudinally within ferrule 23, the next step in the method comprises applying lateral compressive or deforming forces to the ferrule in order to deform the same. Because of the offsetting of the staking pins 14 and 17 (longitudinally of the tube or ferrule) as described above, the lateral compressive forces are applied at longitudinallyspaced points along the ferrule and on diametricallyopposite sides thereof. (In its broader aspects, the present method also comprises inserting the string end after lateral deformation of the ferrule has been at least partially completed.)

Stated more specifically, the upper hydraulic cylinder ]6 is employed to force staking pin 14 downwardly, against the bias of spring 15, until the rounded lower end of the staking pin deforms the upper wall of ferrule 23 into pressure contact with the guitar string 41, such string then being gripped or pinched (FIG. 3) between the deformed upper wall of the ferrule and an undeformed portion of the lower wall thereof. Correspondingly, the lower cylinder 19 is employed to force the lower staking pin 17 upwardly to deform the lower wall of the ferrule 23 and cause the same to grip or pinch the adjacent string portion between the deformed lower wall and an undeformed part of the upper wall. Because the described staking is done in a chamber the side walls of which are closely adjacent the ferrule, such staking does not effect collapse or squashing of the entire ferrule.

The result of the staking operation is, as illustrated in FIG. 3, a relationship whereby the string is gripped or pinched at two points and, furthermore, the string regions are laterally offset relative to each other. The inwardly-deformed portions of the ferrule wall, and which receive the staking pins 14 and 17, are respec tively numbered 45 and 46. The staked ferrule is addi tionally shown in FIG. 7.

The hydraulic pressure in

cylinders

16 and 19 is then released, so that the springs I5 and I8 retract the staking pins 14 and 17 to the retracted positions shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.

As the next step in the method, hydraulic pressure is introduced into cylinder 37 (FIG. I) to shift piston 33 and ram 31 to the left (toward port 27). This slides ferrule 23 and string 41 to the left until the left end of the ferrule engages the outer regions of cam surfaces 29. Such left end of the ferrule is provided with a plurality (preferably, four) of V-shaped notches 47 which define triangular teeth 48 therebetween as best shown in FIGS. 6 and 7.

Additional leftward shifting of ram 31 by the cylinder 37 causes the teeth 48 to be cammed inwardly along surfaces 29 until the inner ends of the teeth engage the string 41 as shown in FIGS. 4 and 8. This provides an additional gripping action whereby the extreme left end of the ferrule cooperates with the

elements

45 and 46 in preventing longitudinal shifting of the string end out of the ferrule during subsequent compression steps. In addition, the teeth 48 minimize the possibility that the left end of the ferrule will shear off the string in response to the compressive forces described below.

Referring again to FIGS. 4 and 8, the condition is illustrated whereby the teeth have not only gripped the string 41 but, also, the

elements

45 and 46 have commenced to buckle. Furthermore, the right end of the ferrule has commenced to turn inwardly in response to pressure applied by the dished end 32 of ram 31. Thus, the string end has assumed more of an S-shaped configuration than is illustrated in FIG. 3.

Longitudinal compressive forces are then continued and increased due to further leftward shifting of the ram 31. In accordance with the present method, these forces are very high and effect cold flow of the metal forming ferrule 23 to fill or substantially fill the various gaps or voids around the string end. The string end is thus effectively seized, locked in and gripped by the metal. The compressive forces are so great that the ferrule metal conforms to the dished end surface of the ram 31 and also conforms to the cam surfaces 29. The S-shaped string configuration of FIG. 4 is tightened to form a tighter (more compact) S as shown in FIG. 5. In addition, a small neck 49 is extruded into the annulus between string 41 and the wall of string or wire port 27, such annulus being small in size for the present large-diameter string.

The

inwardlydeformed parts

45 and 46 are collapsed to result in longitudinally-offset radially-extending fold planes 51 and 52, FIGS. 5, a and 9, each such plane extending outwardly from one of the bends in the S. The S-shaped string portion which is disposed within the resulting ball end is given the reference numeral 53 in FIGS. 5 and 5a. The finished ball end is denoted 54 in FIGS. 5, 5a and 9.

It is an important advantage of the present method that the tube or ferrule is thus tightly folded in a controlled, predetermined manner which makes possible the mass manufacture of ball-ended strings having substantially uniform high-strength characteristics. Such folding effects bending, or additional bending, of the string end. The staking or lateral deformation step prepares or preconditions the tube so that the longitudinal deformation step will achieve predetermined folding thereof. The lateral deformation step is preferably also such that the string end is pinched and thus retained in the tube. Therefore, the string end is not separated from the tube either during shifting of the ferrule from its lateral deformation station to its longitudinal deformation station, or during the actual performance of the longitudinal deformation and folding step.

Referring, for example, to FIG. 4, it is to be noted that the combined volumes of the tube and of the string end are much less than the volume of the forming chamber or cavity. Therefore, large voids are present in the chamber or cavity, the word large" being employed in its relative sense instead of its absolute sense because the entire forming chamber or cavity is actually small. Referring next to FIG. 5, the tube is caused to flow until the voids are substantially eliminated. Such flow is effected by moving ram 31 to progressively reduce the size of the forming chamber or cavity.

The hydraulic pressure is preferably applied to cylinder 37 for a time period sufficiently long to insure that there will be no substantial spring back of the metal with consequent loosening of the grip on the S-shaped portion 53 of the string 41 (FIGS. 5 and 5a). As an example, the time required to shift ram 31 from the FIG. 4 position to the FIG. 5 position may be, for example, a little under l second, including the hold" which occurs before the ram 31 is retracted.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ARTICLE After completion of the described ball-ending operation, the dies 10 and 12 are opened to permit withdrawal of the resulting article. Such article comprises a string, including a core wire and a wrap wire, which has an S-shaped end portion disposed within a tightlyfolded and compressed mass of metal, such mass having radial fold planes (5] and 52) adjacent the bends in the S and on opposite sides of the ball end.

To amplify upon the above, and with particular reference to FIGS. 5 and 5a, the embedded string end portion is shaped generally as a single full cycle of a sine wave. Thus, the embedded string end portion is bent in two places, at B and C in FIG. 50, each such bend being either the crest or trough of the sine wave (depending upon whether the string end portion is positioned as shown in FIG. 5a, or is inverted). One of the fold planes, number 51, is directly opposite the bend 8, whereas the other fold plane, number 52, is directly opposite bend C. The inner region of each fold plane 51 and 52 is generally between adjacent portions of the sine wave or S" (that is to say, the inner portion of plane 51 is in the trough above bend B, whereas the inner portion of plane 52 is in the crest below bend C).

It is to be noted that each fold plane 51 and 52 is transverse (preferably, generally perpendicular) to the portion of string 41 which is adjacent the mass of folded metal but is not embedded therein. Such adjacent string portion is indicated at P in FIG. 50. It is also to be noted that the fold planes S1 and 52 are substantially parallel to each other, and spaced from each other. The word plane is not employed in a precise sense, but only a general sense, since the folds may actually be somewhat irregular.

The portion P, FIG. 5a, lies between two lines L and L which are respectively tangential to bends C and B in the S-shaped embedded string end portion.

Because the mass of tightly-folded metal conforms to the shape of the outer (left) end portion of the die cavity or chamber 26, the mass has a cylindrical outer surface generally coaxial with the string portion P (FIG. Also, one end of the cylindrical mass is generally hemispherical (corresponding to cam surfaces 29), whereas the other end of the cylindrical mass is convex (corresponding to dished end 32 of ram 31). There is a neck 49 around the string at the small portion of the generally hemispherical end.

It is a feature of the present invention that each bend in the guitar string is smooth, not sharp, since a sharp bend in the string may cause a point of weakness.

DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD AS PERFORMED RELATIVE TO A SMALL-DIAMETER UNWRAPPED STRING It is a feature of the method that the same apparatus, and the same ferrule 23, may be employed for both wrapped and unwrapped strings, and strings having diameters which vary throughout a substantial range.

Referring to FIGS. 10-12, the method is illustrated as employed in ball-ending a small-diameter unwrapped string 56 formed of music wire, a relatively springy steel. Such music wire is coated with tin or other corrosion-resistant metal. As the first step in the method, the end of the wire is disposed longitudinally within the ferrule 23 as described relative to FIG. 2 of the previous embodiment. Thereafter,

hydraulic cylinders

16 and 19 are supplied with hydraulic fluid under pressure to cause radial'inward shifting of staking pins 14 and 17 until such pins move inwardly as far as they can go, namely until spaced portions of string 56 are pinched against opposite wall portions of the ferrule 23 as shown in FIG. 10.

Because of the relatively small diameter of the string 56 in comparison to that of the string 41, and because the staking pins are caused to bottom out, the resulting inwardly-deformed portions of the ferrule wall (and which are numbered 57 and 58) are much deeper in FIG. 10 than is shown relative to FIG. 3. The string portions are pinched and gripped by the inward protuberances 57 and 58, whereby the string is prevented from shifting axially relative to the ferrule during the subsequent longitudinal compression step. In addition, and as described relative to the first embodiment, longitudinally-spaced portions of the string are laterally offset relative to each other.

The staking pins 14 and 17 are then retracted, following which fluid pressure is applied to cylinder 37 to shift ram 31, ferrule 23 and string 56 to the left. Continued leftward movement of the ram 31 causes the initial longitudinal compression illustrated relative to FIG. 1 1, whereby the toothed left end of the ferrule is cammed around surfaces 29 to pinch the string 56.

Additional leftward shifting of ram 31 then causes cold flow of the ferrule metal to fill in the voids or gaps, to form the fold planes 59 and 60, and to create the neck 61. Because of the relatively small diameter of the string 56, neck 6] is substantially thicker than that shown in FIG. relative to neck 49. The planes 59 and 60 are deeper in FIG. 12 than in FIGS. 5 and 5a, because of the deeper elements 57 and 58 (FIG.

Because the string 56 occupies a much smaller volume within the ferrule than did string 41, the longitudinal compression continues through a longer stroke of ram 3]. Thus. the resulting ball end is substantially shorter in FIG. I2 than is the ball end shown in FIG. 5. In each case, the ram 3I is caused to bottom out."

The article resulting from the embodiment of FIGS. l0-] 2 is generally the same as the previously-described article, except that the string is smaller in diameter and is not wrapped, and except that the neck 61 is larger and the body of the ball end is shorter.

SPECIFIC EXAMPLE The ferrule 23 is formed of sheet metal which is bent into cylindrical shape whereby a longitudinal seam (which need not be soldered or otherwise fused or ioincd) is provided at 62 (FIG. 6a). Seam 62 is an unfused, longitudinal butt seam. It is a feature of the invention that the lower staking pin may operate on the seamed portion of the ferrule 23.

The diameter of the ferrule 23 is such that it is (as stated above) a sliding fit in the die cavity 26. The outer diameter of the ferrule is 0. I56 inch, whereas the inner diameter is 0.114 inch. The length of the ferrule, including teeth 48, is 0.375 inch.

The pressure of the fluid introduced into cylinder 37 is such that a compressive force of 157,000 pounds per square inch is applied to the ferrule in a longitudinal direction in order to compress the same from the FIG. 11 position to the FIG. 12 position (or from the FIG. 4 position to the FIG. 5 position). The pressure of the hydraulic fluid introduced into staking

cylinders

16 and 19 is such that the pressure at the inner end of each staking pin is 56,600 pounds per square inch.

The sheet metal forming the ferrule 23 is caused to be relatively hard in order to provide an effective grip on the wire therein, particularly on the small-diameter wires which tend to pull out unless very firmly gripped. An exemplary metal is tin-coated rolled sheet steel, the tin providing resistance to corrosion and rusting. More specfically, the tin-coated rolled steel is tin mill, having a Rockwell hardness (30 T scale) of about 62/68, and a Rockwell hardness (B scale) of about 68/77.

The string size employed with the described ferrule and apparatus may range from about 0.009 inch diameter to about 0.059 inch diameter (including the wrap). It is to be understood, however, that other diameters may be employed with other ferrules and modified apparatus.

The above specific example is given by way of illustration only, and is not to be construed to limit the appended claims other than as specified in such claims. Also, the statement relative to the time (a little under one second) of leftward movement of the ram is given by way of illustration only.

AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT There has thus been described, in schematic form, a single cavity apparatus for performing the present method and for producing the resulting article. It is to be understood, however, that to achieve high-speed mass production the apparatus may be much more complex. In such more complex apparatus, a large number of ferrules 23 are each connected to a connector strip or belt by means of a suitable tab or ear which is adapted to be sheared off by the ram 31 (or its equivalent) when the ram shifts to the left.

Furthermore, the ferrule 23 may be formed around the

string

41 or 56, instead of being first formed and then the string introduced therein. This may be done at a first station, following which staking by means of pins l4, 17 or their equivalents is effected at a second station, following which the longitudinal forming effected by shifting of ram 31 is effected at a third station. Thus, and by analogy to separate progressive dies, the operation may be performed simultaneously (in parallel) on different parts at the different stations, which increases the rate of manufacture. With such a mode of forming, the die cavity 26 need not be as long as that shown in the present drawings since it is not then necessary to shift the ferrule 23 away from the staking pins (staking having been performed at another station).

ADDITIONAL EMBODIMENT OF THE APPARATUS (AND METHOD) FOR BALL-ENDING STRINGS In the embodiment of the apparatus shown and de scribed relative to FIGS. 1-5 and -12, a lateral deformation step is performed when the ferrule is in one location, following which a longitudinal deformation and folding step is performed when the ferrule is in a different location. For example, relative to FIG. 3, the lateral deformation (staking) step is performed at one end of die cavity 26, whereas the longitudinal deformation step is performed at the other end of such cavity as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. After completion of the lateral deformation step, the ferrule 23 and the string end gripped therein are shifted from the one location to the other. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-5 and 10-12, such shifting of the ferrule 23 and of the string end gripped therein is in a direction longitudinal to the ferrule (namely, along the die cavity 26).

There will next be described, relative to FIGS. 13-20, inclusive, a second or additional apparatus embodiment wherein the ferrule and the string end gripped therein are not shifted longitudinally in the same chamber after completion of the lateral deformation (staking) step, but instead are shifted laterally from one chamber to a completely different chamber after completion of such step. Furthermore, the apparatus and method of FIGS. 13-20 are such that lateral deforma tion and longitudinal deformation occur simultaneously relative to ferrules in the two chambers or die cavities, thus greatly increasing the rate of production of the ball-ended strings. The embodiment of FIGS. 13-20 also incorporates an automatic means for sensing when the end of the guitar string has been fully inserted into a ferrule, and for initiating the cycle of operation in immediate response to such full insertion. It is thus assured that no ball end will be manufactured wherein the string has been only partially inserted. and it is also assured that the maximum speed of production will be achieved.

Except as specifically stated below, the apparatus, method and article described relative to FIGS. 13-20 are identical to those described relative to FIGS. 1-12.

Referring to FIG. 13, the second embodiment of the apparatus comprises an upper die 66 which mates with a lower die 67, the upper and lower dies being associated with each other by means of posts 68 and bores 69. When dies 66 and 67 are in closed condition, touching or substantially touching each other, they define therebetween first and second laterally-spaced

die cavities

71 and 72. Both die

cavities

71 and 72 are cylindrical, and each is adapted to receive snugly a cylindrical tube or ferrule 73. The outer end of die cavity 72 is rounded or hemispherical as described relative to cam surfaces 29. FIGS. 3 and 4.

The first die cavity, number 71, is adapted to hold ferrule 73 during the lateral compression or staking operation, whereas the second die cavity 72 is adapted to hold the ferrule 73 during the longitudinal compression or folding operation. In order that a string end may be inserted into cavity 71, such cavity communicates coaxially with an elongated string post 74 the outer end of which is conical to form a mouth 76.

Elements

74 and 76 generally correspond to string port 27 and mouth 28 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.

The second die cavity 72, in which the longitudinal compression or folding occurs, communicates coaxially with a string port 77 the outer end of which connects with a frustoconical intermediate portion 78. Interme diate portion 78, in turn, communicates with a large mouth portion 79 formed in the lower die 67 but not necessarily formed in upper die 66.

Upper and lower staking means are associated, respectively, with the uper and lower dies 66 and 67 and with the first die cavity 71, in order to effect lateral deformation or compression of the ferrule 73 in such die cavity. The staking means correspond substantially to those described above relative to the first embodiment of the invention, and therefore have been given the same reference numerals except followed by the letter a in each instance. The upper and lower stake pins 14a and 17a, respectively, are therefore positioned and adapted to penetrate die cavity 71 from diametrically opposite sides thereof and at longitudinally-spaced points therealong.

The means for effecting longitudinal compression of the tube or ferrule 73 in the second die cavity 72 corresponds generally to that described above relative to FIG. 1. Thus, a hydraulic cylinder 370 (FIG. 13) is connected by a suitable connector means 81 to a piston 33a and thus to a ram 31a. In contrast to the first embodiment, however, the piston and ram of the present embodiment do not extend between the mated upper and lower dies but instead extend through the lower die only. In all embodiments of the invention, the lower die is preferably maintained stationary at all times, whereas the upper die is moved upwardly and downwardy by suitable actuating means (schematically represented at 94) in order to open and close the dies.

MEANS FOR FEEDING AND GUIDING THE FERRULES 73 A multiplicity of tubes or ferrules 73 are formed in equally-spaced locations integrally with a feed belt (strip or tape) 82, as best shown in FIGS. 13 and 20. Each ferrule 73 is connected at its rear end by an integral tab 83 (FIGS. 15, 16 and 17) with the forward edge of belt 82. Each tab 83 extends downwardly from the forward belt edge to the upper portion of the rear end of each ferrule. The ferrules extend perpendicularly away from the belt edge. The unfused seam of each ferrule, which is best shown at 62 in FIG. 6a, is at the lowermost point thereof and lies in a vertical plane which extends through the central portion of the tab 83 for the ferrule. The axis of each ferrule lies parallel to, and spaced below, a horizontal plane containing the feed belt 82.

The spacing between adjacent ferrules 73 on belt 82 is sufficient to provide adequate metal to permit the ferrules to be formed into cylindrical shape. Furthermore, the distance between adjacent ferrules is such that one ferrule may be disposed in the first die cavity 71 at the same time that a second ferrule is disposed in the second die cavity 72, so that operations may be performed simultaneously on the ferrules in the two die cavities.

Feed belt or strip 82 is fed longitudinally toward dies 66 and 67 by suitable feeding and indexing means represented diagrammatically by the block 84 in FIG. 13. The feeding and indexing means 84 includes a suitable pawl and ratchet mechanism which feeds belt 82 forwardly, one step, each time the upper die 66 is fully separated from the lower die 67. The distance of forward feeding, during each step, corresponds to the distance between the die cavities 71 and 72 (which, in turn, is the same as the distance between adjacent ferrules 73 on feed belt 82).

The feed belt is provided with spaced circular holes 86 adapted to receive actuating portions of the pawl and ratchet mechanism in the feeding and indexing means 84. In addition, the feed belt 82 is provided with a longitudinal slot 87 adjacent each tab 83. Each slot 87 results from piercing of belt or strip 82 in order to form a downwardly-extending runner or tab element 88 (which runner extends the full length of each slot 87).

Feed belt 82 fits into a groove 89 (FIGS. 14 and 19) which is formed beneath the upper and generally horizontal flange 91 of a biasing means 92. The biasing means 92 is illustrated to comprise an elongated block which is pivotally mounted (at a pivot means 90, FIGS. 14 and 14a) in the lower die 67 and is adapted to pivot vertically between the position shown in FIG. 14 and that shown in FIG. 14a. The biasing means or block 92 is spring-pressed toward the upper position (FIG. 14) by a suitable spring means, such as the one indicated at 93.

When the upper die 66 is closed downwardly into engagement with lower die 67, due to operation of the die-actuating means indicated at 94 in FIG. 13, a lower portion of the die 66 presses downwardly on flange 91 to force biasing means 92 downwardly against the pressure exerted by spring 93. As soon as the actuating means 94 raises the upper die 66, the spring 93 is operative to lift the elements 92 and 91 and thus the feed belt 82 to thereby lift ferrules 73 for purposes described below.

During the period when the dies are closed, the ferrules 73 rest in a groove 96 which is formed between the dies, as best shown in FIG. 15. However, opening of the dies and consequent lifting of belt 82 causes lifting of the ferrules at least partially out of groove 96, so that the ferrules may be shifted or indexed in response to operation of feed means 84. Very importantly, the ferrule in staking cavity 71 is also lifted, and therefore may be fed to cavity 72.

The biasing means or block 92 terminates adjacent an insulator block 97 formed of a suitable electrical insulating material, such block being fixedly mounted in lower die 67 adjacent the rear (inner) end of staking cavity 71 (FIGS. 16 and 17). Insulator block 97, in turn, is mounted adjacent a track portion 98 of the lower die 67, which portion 98 extends from a region rearwardly adjacent the die cavity 72 to a region adjacent a discharge port 99 for scrap belt material. The upper surfaces of insulator block 97 and of track portion 98 are flush with each other and are substantially horizontal, and are also flush with the upper surface of the main body of biasing block 92 (not flange 91) when the dies are in closed condition (see FIG. 14a).

It is pointed out that the ram 310 passes beneath the upper surface of track portion 98 of the lower die. The spacing between the upper region of the ram and the upper surface of track portion 98 is sufficiently small (FIG. 18) that a ferrule 73 may be disposed in die cavity 72 when the dies are in closed condition.

A suitable track is formed in biasing means 92, in insulator block 97 and in track portion98. in the form of grooves 101-103, respectively. which are in alignment with each other (FIG. 140) when the dies are closed.

The grooves 101-103 serve as track means for the runner or tab elements 88 (FIGS. 14 and 20) which extend downwardly from feed belt 82, the relationship being such that belt 82 is thus prevented from moving laterally to any substantial extent. Belt 82 and the ferrules thereon are therefore effectively guided into the dies, and it is assured that closing of the dies will cause two adjacent ferrules 73 to be properly located in the two

chambers

71 and 72 as desired.

As indicated above, when the dies 66 and 67 are open the biasing block 92 is spring-biased to the upper position, shown in FIG. 14, which causes elevation of tape 82 to lift the ferrules 73 substantially out of groove 96 (at least at the inner end of such groove) and also to lift the staked ferrule out of the lower half of die cavity 71. There is then no resistance or impepdance to shifting of the belt 82 due to operation of the feeding means 84. Such meanss 84 then feeds the belt outwardly one step, causing the staked ferrule to be disposed above the lower half of the second die cavity (folding cavity) 72. The ferrule immediately to the rear of the staked ferrule is then disposed above the lower half of first die cavity (staking cavity) 71.

The die actuating means 94 is then operated to shift the upper die element 66 downwardly, which acts on flange 91 to force the biasing means 92 downwardly to the position of FIG. 140. Furthermore, the tape 82 is forced downwardly into engagement with the upper surfaces of the insulator block 97 and of the track portion 98 of the lower die. The resulting downward shifting of tape 82 and of the ferrules 73 thereon causes the staked ferrule and the one immediately adjacent thereto to fit, respectively, into the

cavities

72 and 71.

It is important that the ferrules 73 be properly oriented relative to tape 82 when the ferrules approach the forming

cavities

71 and 72, in order to insure that the ferrules will properly enter such cavities in response to closing of the dies. To insure this result, the present apparatus incorporates a pair of pins (FIGS. 13 and 15) which are mounted on the upper die 66 and are adapted to penetrate holes or bores 106 in the lower die. The pins 105 have rounded lower ends, and are adapted to closely straddle one of the ferrules 73 each time the dies close. Because the tape 82 is held in position by flange 91 and by the runners 88 which fit in track groove 101, it follows that downward movement of the pins 105 into straddling relationship with each ferrule will cause straightening of the ferrule relative to tape 82 in the event that the ferrule was not perfectly perpendicular to a vertical plane containing the axis of such tape. The integral tabs 83 on the steel tape are adapted to retain permanent sets, so that effect of the described straightening continues after the pins 105 are elevated.

It is a feature of the present method and apparatus that each ferrule 73 is sheared off automatically from its associated tab 83 in response to the forcing of ram 310 longitudinally into folding chamber 72. This occurs when the leading face of ram 31a moves past an edge 109 (FIG. 18) formed at the inner end of cavity 72. After the ferrule is thus separated from the feed belt 82, the belt is merely scrap. To facilitate disposal of such scrap. and to insure that the belt does not interfere with proper operation of the feeding or other portions of the present ball-ending apparatus, a section of the belt is severed each time the dies 66 and 67 close.

As shown in FIG. 14, upper die 66 is provided with a shear member or portion 107 which is adapted to cooperate with a sharp edge member 108 on the lower die, the latter being formed at the end of track portion 98 remote from insulator block 97. Each time the upper die 66 is shifted downwardly by the die-actuating means 94, the shear member 107 moves closely adjacent edge 108 and severs the portion of the tape 82 which extends past such edge I08. The severed scrap then falls through discharge port 99 into a suitable receptacle.

DESCRIPTION OF ELECTRICAL SENSING AND CONTROL MEANS The problem of knowing when the guitar string has been fully inserted (but not excessively inserted) into the ferrule 73 in staking chamber 71 is severe, particularly in the case of relatively small-diameter strings or wires. As mentioned above, these wires may be as small as ten thousandths of an inch in diameter or less. Such small-diameter strings are so flexible that it is difiicult or impossible for the operator to manually sense when the wire engages the inner end wall of the staking chamber. The operator may therefore believe that the string has been fully inserted before such is the case. Alternatively, the operator may insert the string excessively far and cause it to bend in various undesired ways after hitting the end wall of the staking chamber.

The present apparatus incorporates an electrical sensing and control means which not only insures that the staking operation (and subsequent operations) will start as soon as the wire end has reached the end of staking chamber 7], but is sufficiently fast acting that there is relatively little time for the operator to pass the string inwardly through an excessive distance, thus causing undesired bending of the string end. Also the operator is prevented from pulling the string outwardly and thus decreasing the anchoring force.

The sensing and control apparatus comprises the above-mentioned insulating block 97 which is mounted at the inner end of the first or staking cavity 71. Mounted in block 97 coaxially of cavity 71 is a rigid conductor 110, for example a brass cylinder. The conductor extends through an over-sized bore 111 in lower die 67, and is held coaxially in such bore and in spaced relationship from the walls thereof by means of an insulator 112 shown in FIG. 16. Thus, when no string is present, no part of conductor 0 is in electrical contact with the die or other portions of the present apparatus.

The diameter of conductor 110 is at least equal to the diameter of the passage through each ferrule 73. It follows that when a metal guitar string, such as the unwrapped string shown at 56, is inserted through string port 74 and into ferrule 73, the end of the string will engage the end of conductor 110. In extending through the string port 74, the string 56 necessarily engages one of the walls thereof. Therefore, the string comprises an electrical contact means which extends between one of the walls of string port 74 and the end of conductor III). Contact is therefore made as soon as the string end engages the end of conductor I10, and not before.

A suitable low-voltage power source is connected to the die means, such source having sufficiently low voltage that there is no possible danger to the operator. The source is indicated at 113 in FIG. 16, one side of the source connected to lower die 67 and the other side being grounded. The voltage of the source may be for example, about 6 to [2 volts. The conductor is connected to one side ofa suitable relay I I4 (FIG. 16), the other side of the relay being grounded. Therefore, when a string 56 is fully inserted into the ferrule 73 and comes into engagement with conductor 110, a circuit is completed from power source 113 through die 67, thence through the inner end of string 56 to conductor I10, thence through relay 114 to ground, and thence through ground back to the power source H3.

The resulting energization of relay 114 causes the same to effect immediate initiation of operation of a control circuit indicated schematically at in FIG. 16. The control circuit effects immediate operation of cylinders 16a and 19a (FIG. 13) to actuate the staking pins and 17a and effect the staking operation, which causes the ferrule to grip and pinch the inner end of string 56. The control circuit also effects operation of ram cylinder 37a to cause the ram 31a to efiect folding and cold flow of the ferrule in chamber 72. Control circuit I15 additionally, after both staking and longitudinal compression functions are completed, effects operation of the die actuating means 94 to raise upper die 66, and also operatiton of the strip feeding and indexing means 84 to efiect feeding of the tape and ferrules as soon as the dies are opened, and to effect closing of die 66 onto die 67 as soon as the feeding has been completed. The entire cycle is thus automatic and is initiated the instant that the end of string 56 engages conductor 110.

SUMMARY OF OPERATION, EMBODIMENT OF FIGS. 13-20 Let it be assumed that the apparatus is in operation, that dies 66-67 are closed, that there is an empty and unstaked ferrule 73 in die cavity 71, and that there is a staked ferrule 73 in die cavity 72. The staked ferrule 73 in cavity 72 grips the inner end of a guitar string or the like (for example, bare string 56), which string extends outwardly through port 77.

The operator then inserts a guitar string or the like into mouth 76 and through string port 74 into the ferrule 73 in cavity 71, until the inner end of the string (such as the bare string 56 shown in FIGS. 16-18) engages conductor 110 and thus initiates the automatic cycle of operation described in detail above. The cycle includes operation of cylinders 16a and 19a to effect staking in chamber 71, and operation of cylinder 37a to effect folding in chamber 72, these operations occurring simultaneously in order to increase greatly the speed of manufacture. Operation of cylinder 370 also shears a ferrule 73 off of felt 82, as described relative to FIG. 18.

The upper die 66 is then lifted off the lower, as part of the described automatic cycle of operation, following which the completely ball-ended string drops automatically from the apparatus. as indicated by phantom showings S6-ll7 in FIG. 18. More specifically, the weight of the protruding long operative section of the string 56 causes a pivoting action about the intermediate mouth portion 78, which is followed by a pivoting action about the outer edge of die 67 at the outer end of large mouth 79, after which the ball-ended string drops out of the apparatus.

It is to be understood that the staking operation which occurs in chamber H, and the folding operation which occurs in chamber 72, are identical (except that staking and folding take place in separate chambers) to those operations described above relative to FIGS. 10-l2 (in the case of bare strings as distinguished from wrapped strings). Where the strings being manufactured are of the wrapped variety, the operations are identical (except that staking and folding take place in separate chambers) to those operations described above relative to FIGS. 3S.

At the same time that the completely ball-ended string is dropping out of the apparatus after opening of the dies, the indexing and feeding means 84 is operative to shift the feed belt 82 one step forwardly or to the left (which is part of the above-described automatic cycle of operation). Such shifting is possible, despite the fact that the staked ferrule 73 in cavity 71 is still connected to the tape 82, since the biasing means 92 lifts the tape to the FIG. 14 position, and thus causes elevation of the staked ferrule out of the lower portion (half) of cavity 71.

Not only is the staked ferrule lifted out of the lower half of cavity 71, but the associted string end is also lifted out of the lower half of string port 74, thus being because the staking operation effects a firm gripping of the string end which is in the staked ferrule. Thus, the shifting of belt 82 by the indexing and feeding means 84 causes the staked ferrule and, additionally, the gripped string end to shift from a position over the lower half of caity 71 to a position over the lower half of cavity 72 (the latter position being shown in phantom at the upper-left, FIG. 19). The string end is held so firmly by the staked ferrule, and the tape 82 is positioned so precisely by the track means 101-403 and by the runner or tab elements 88, that the string end is, after completion of the feeding step, accurately positioned directly above the lower half of string port 77.

It is pointed out that the positioning of the string above the lower half of port 77 must be precise, or else subsequent closing of the dies will not cause the string to be disposed in the port but, instead, to be damaged by the dies. It is also to be notd that the port 77 must be small in diameter in order to prevent excessive extrusion of metal when cylinder 37a is operated. Port 74, to the staking chamber, is also made small in diameter so that the staking operation will cause the gripped string end portion to lie generally in a vertical plane di ametral to ferrule 73 and passing through the usfused seam 62 (FIGS. 60 and 20) and also through tab 83. Such precise positioning of the string end in the staked ferrule contributes to the accurate string positioning above the lower half of port 77.

Correct positioning of the string is also aided by the downwardly concave (and downwardly convergent) outer edge at the wide end of mouth 79( FIG. 1). When the staked ferrule 73 is in the position shown phantom at the upper left in FIG. 19, the string 56 flexes downwardly by gravity and engages, and is centered by, such concave edge (waich acts as a cam). The string then being aligned between the ferrule and the center of such concave edge, closing of the dies results in precise string positioning in port 77.

As the next part of the automataic cycle of operation, actuating means 94 shifts the upper die 66 downwardly to closed position. Because of the above-stated precise string positioning, the end of string 56 then drops into the lower half of port 77, despite the small port diameter. in response to lowering of the staked ferrule into cavity 72. and in response to downward movement of the upper hlf of port 77 (in die 66). Closing of the dies also causes the shear member 107 to cooperate with edge 108 in shearing the portion of belt 82 which is disposed over discharge port 99, causes the pins 105 to 5 align a ferrule 73, and fully defines the two die

cavities

71 and 72 and the two

string ports

74 and 77. The apparatus is then ready for a new cycle of operation, which commences immediately upon insertion of the string 56 into contact with the electrical conductor 110.

There is as indicated relative to the first embodiment, no necessity of providing a stop for the

elements

330 and 310 which are shifted by the cylinder 37a. However, in order to insure against breakage of ram 31a or associated parts in the event of malfunction, the apparatus may incorporate a stop 118 (FIG. 13) the upper part of which is adapted to be engaged by the vertical end of connector 81. Stop 118 is so positioned that it is normally not engaged during any part of the opera tional cycle being instead only engaged, in the event of malfunction, in order to prevent damage to the apparatus.

The ferrules 73 employed in the embodiment of FIGS. 13-20 may be identical to those described in the specific example relative to the first embodiment. However, the teeth at the ferrule ends are truncated as shown clearly in FIG. 20 relative to teeth 48a. The teeth being truncated, notches 47a of FIG. 20 are less deep than are notches 47 of FIGS. 6 and 7.

In the appended claims, when it is indicated that the forming chamber is caused to be substantially filled with ferrule (and string) metal, the chamber which is referred to is the one present at the end of the forming operation. For example, relative to the embodiments of FIGS. 5, 12 and 18, the forming chamber referred to is the one defined between the face of the ram (when such face is at its position closest to string port 27 or 77) and the chamber end (the left end, in FIGS. 5, l2 and 18) opposite such face.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 1320, the tape 82 and ferrules 73 are suitably formed, from sheet metal, at a location different from the location of the ilustrated apparatus. It is, however, possible to provide an apparatus wherein the tape 82 and ferrules 73 are formed at additional stations in a single overall machine, which single machine not only forms the tape and ferrules from sheet metal stock, but also incorporates all portions of the apparatus of FIGS. 13-20 and thereore performs all functions of such apparatus. It is also possible, as previously stated, to form the ferrules around the string instead of inserting the string into previously-formed ferrules. Furthermore, it is possible to provide apparatus for effecting automatic feeding of the strings into the staking chamber. If desired, in order to regulate the amount of metal in each neck 49 or 61, inserts may be provided in dies 66 and 67 to define ports 77 having different diameters for use with different diameters of strings.

The foregoing detailed description is to be clearly understood as given by way of illustration and example only, the spirit and scope of this invention being limited solely by the appended claims.

We claim:

1. A method of providing an enlarged end on a string for a musical instrument, which comprises:

disposing an end portion of a string for a musical in strument longitudinally within an elongated object;

applying lateral compressive forces externally to said object to deform the same in such manner as to effect bending of said string end portion; and

applying longitudinal compressive forces externally to said object while said object is confined within a forming chamber having a predetermined shape, said longitudinal compressive forces being of a magnitude sufficient to deform said object into generally the shape of said forming chamber and to cause said object to seize the bent string end portion for prevention of withdrawal thereof.

2. The invention as claimed in claim 1, in which said method further comprises employing as said object a metal tube the inner diameter of which is much larger than the diameter of said string.

3. The invention as claimed in claim 2, in which said method further comprises employing as said forming chamber an elongated chamber the diameter of which is only a small amount greater than that of said tube, orienting said tube longitudinally within said forming chamber, and applying said longitudinal compressive forces by forcing a ram longitudinally along said form ing chamber.

4. The invention as claimed in claim 3, in which said method further comprises effecting said forcing of said ram by means of pressure sufficiently high to cause the metal of said tube to flow around and tightly grip substantially all of the bent string end portion within said tube.

5. The invention as claimed in claim 1, in which said method further comprises applying said lateral compressive forces to said object in such manner as to pinch at least one region of said string end portion between opposed wall portions of said object.

6. A method of providing a ball end on a metal string for a musical instrument, which comprises:

providing an elongated metal tube longitudinally around the end portion of a metal string for a musical instrument;

applying externally to said tube and in a direction transverse to said tube a compressive force sufficiently great to deform at least one side wall portion of said tube laterally inwardly through a substantial distance, said external transverse compressive force being applied to at least one region of said tube spaced from the ends thereof, thereby pre-conditioning said tube for collapse and folding in response to application of a longitudinal compressive force; and

thereafter applying externally to said tube and in a direction longitudinal to said tube a compressive force sufficiently great to collapse and tightly fold said pre-conditioned tube and thereby cause the same to seize said string end portion and thus prevent withdrawal thereof.

7. The invention as claimed in claim 6, in which said method further comprises applying said longitudinal compressive force to said tube while said tube is confined in a forming chamber, and causing the magnitude and duration of said longitudinal compressive force to be sufficient to effect cold flow of tube metal around said string end portion, and to cause said tube metal to conform to the shape of at least a substantial part of said string end portion and of said forming chamber.

8. The invention as claimed in claim 6, in which said method further comprises applying said transverse compressive force at two longitudinally-spaced regions of said tube and on opposite sides thereof, each of said regions being spaced from the ends of said tube, to thus offset spaced regions of said string end portion, whereby said string end portion assumes an S-shape in response to said longitudinal compressive force.

9. A method of ball-ending a metal string for a guitar or the like, which comprises:

providing wall means to define an elongated forming chamber which communicates with a relatively small string opening formed through said wall means at one end of said chamber;

disposing the end portion of a metal string longitudinally within a length of metal tube which has an inner diameter much larger than the diameter of said string;

deforming laterally-inwardly a part of the wall of said tube,

said deforming being effected by forcing an object laterally-inwardly against the exterior surface of said tube;

disposing said tube and string end portion longitudinally within said chamber and with the string passing through said string opening; and

moving a ram longitudinally along said forming chamber and in a direction toward said string opening to thereby longitudinally collapse said tube be tween said ram and the region of said wall means adjacent said string opening.

10. The invention as claimed in claim 9, in which said method further comprises providing teeth on the end of said tube which is adjacent said string opening, and providing cam surfaces on said wall means around said string opening and shaped to effect radial-inward bending of said teeth into gripping relationship to said string in response to said longitudinal movement of said ram.

11. The invention as claimed in claim 9, in which said method further comprises causing said forming chamber to be cylindrical, employing as said tube a ferrule the outer diameter of which is only slightly smaller than the diameter of said forming chamber, and effecting said movement of said ram with sufficient force to effect cold flow of ferrule metal to embed and seize said string end portion and to cause said ferrule metal and the metal of said string end portion to substantially completely fill said chamber between said ram and said string opening.

12. A method of ball-ending a metal string for a guitar or the like, which comprises:

defomring laterally-inwardly a part of the wall of said tube,

said lateral-inward deformation step being performed at longitudinally-spaced points along said tube and on opposite sides thereof, whereby to laterally offset from each other sections of said string end portion;

disposing said tube and string end portion longitudf nally within said chamber and with the string passing through said string opening; and

Claims

1. A method of providing an enlarged end on a string for a musical instrument, which comprises: disposing an end portion of a string for a musical instrument longitudinally within an elongated object; applying lateral compressive forces externally to said object to deform the same in such manner as to effect bending of said string end portion; and applying longitudinal compressive forces externally to said object while said object is confined within a forming chamber having a predetermined shape, said longitudinal compressive forces being of a magnitude sufficient to deform said object into generally the shape of said forming chamber and to cause said object to seize the bent string end portion for prevention of withdrawal thereof.

3. The invention as claimed in claim 2, in which said method further comprises employing as said forming chamber an elongated chamber the diameter of which is only a small amount greater than that of said tube, orienting said tube longitudinally within said forming chamber, and applying said longitudinal compressive forces by forcing a ram longitudinally along said forming chamber.

6. A method of providing a ball end on a metal string for a musical instrument, which comprises: providing an elongated metal tube longitudinally around the end portion of a metal string for a musical instrument; applying externally to said tube and in a direction transverse to said tube a compressive force sufficiently great to deform at least one side wall portion of said tube laterally inwardly through a substantial distance, said external transverse compressive force being applied to at least one region of said tube spaced from the ends thereof, thereby pre-conditioning said tube for collapse and folding in response to application of a longitudinal compressive force; and thereafter applying externally to said tube and in a direction longitudinal to said tube a compressive force sufficiently great to collapse and tightly fold said pre-conditioned tube and thereby cause the same to seize said string end portion and thus prevent withdrawal thereof.

9. A method of ball-ending a metal string for a guitar or the lIke, which comprises: providing wall means to define an elongated forming chamber which communicates with a relatively small string opening formed through said wall means at one end of said chamber; disposing the end portion of a metal string longitudinally within a length of metal tube which has an inner diameter much larger than the diameter of said string; deforming laterally-inwardly a part of the wall of said tube, said deforming being effected by forcing an object laterally-inwardly against the exterior surface of said tube; disposing said tube and string end portion longitudinally within said chamber and with the string passing through said string opening; and moving a ram longitudinally along said forming chamber and in a direction toward said string opening to thereby longitudinally collapse said tube between said ram and the region of said wall means adjacent said string opening.

12. A method of ball-ending a metal string for a guitar or the like, which comprises: providing wall means to define an elongated forming chamber which communicates with a relatively small string opening formed through said wall means at one end of said chamber; disposing the end portion of a metal string longitudinally within a length of metal tube which has an inner diameter much larger than the diameter of said string; defomring laterally-inwardly a part of the wall of said tube, said lateral-inward deformation step being performed at longitudinally-spaced points along said tube and on opposite sides thereof, whereby to laterally offset from each other sections of said string end portion; disposing said tube and string end portion longitudinally within said chamber and with the string passing through said string opening; and moving a ram longitudinally along said forming chamber and in a direction toward said string opening to thereby longitudinally collapse said tube between said ram and the region of said wall means adjacent said string opening.

13. The invention as claimed in claim 12, in which said method further comprises causing the lateral-inward deformations resulting from said deformation step to be sufficient to pinch longitudinally-spaced regions of said string against opposite sides of said tube.

14. The invention as claimed in claim 12, in which said method further comprises performing said lateral-inward deformation step in a forming chamber.

15. The invention as claimed in claim 12, in which said method further comprises effecting said longitudinal ram movement in a relatively slow manner and with great force.

16. The invention as claimed in claim 15, in which said method further comprises effecting said longitudinal ram movement by means of a hydraulic cylinder.

17. A method of providing a ball end on a string for a musical instrument of the guitar type, which comprises: providing an elongated ferrule formed of deformable metal and having an inner diameter much larger than the diameter of the string to be ball ended; disposing longitudinAlly within said ferrule the end portion of a metal string for a musical instrument; deforming radially-inwardly one side wall portion of said ferrule at one point along the length thereof and in sufficient amount to pinch the corresponding part of said string end portion against the side wall portion of said ferrule which is opposite said one point; deforming radially-inwardlly another side wall portion of said ferrule at another point along the length thereof and in sufficient amount to pinch the corresponding part of said string end portion against the side wall portion of said ferrule which is opposite said other point, said one point and said other point being on opposite sides of said ferrule and being spaced from each other longitudinally of said ferrule, said radial-inward deformations of said ferrule at said one point and said other point effecting offsetting of parts of said string end portion relative to each other; and applying a very large compressive force to said ferrule in a direction longitudinal thereof to thus longitudinally collapse said ferrule and cause said string end portion to be S-shaped and to be firmly anchored in said collapsed ferrule.

18. The invention as claimed in claim 17, in which said method further comprises applying said longitudinal compressive force in a forming chamber, and causing said longitudinal compressive force to be sufficiently large to effect cold flow of ferrule metal around said S-shaped end portion for high-strength seizing and anchoring thereof.

19. The invention as claimed in claim 17, in which said method further comprises effecting said radial-inward deformations by means of staking pins the diameters of which are much smaller than the diameter of said ferrule.

20. The invention as claimed in claim 17, in which said method further comprises causing said one point and said other point to be spaced substantial distances from the ends of said ferrule.

21. The invention as claimed in claim 17, in which said method further comprises employing as said ferrule a sheet-metal ferrule having an unfused longitudinal butt seam therein.

22. The invention as claimed in claim 17, in which said method further comprises employing as said deformable metal a relatively hard rolled steel.

23. A method of mounting a ball end on a guitar string, which comprises: providing an elongated cylindrical ferrule formed of deformable sheet metal, and having an inner diameter much greater than the diameter of the string to be ball ended; providing an elongated cylindrical forming chamber having a diameter only slightly greater than the outer diameter of said ferrule; providing at one end of said forming chamber a closure which has a central string port therein; causing said ferrule to encompass the end portion of the metal guitar string to be ball ended, in such manner that said string end portion is disposed longitudinally of said ferrule; forcing staking pins radially-inwardly into diametrically opposite sides of said ferrule at longitudinally-offset points along the length of said ferrule and in spaced relationship from the ends of said ferrule, to thereby offset laterally from each other different sections of said string end portion; disposing said staked ferrule longitudinally in said forming chamber and with said guitar string extended outwardly from said chamber through said string port; and forcing a ram longitudinally of said forming chamber and toward said closure through a sufficient distance to longitudinally collapse said ferrule, to cause said string end portion to assume an S-shape in said ferrule, and to effect flow of ferrule metal around said S-shaped string end portion until said chamber between said ram and said string port is substantially completely filled with said string end portion and with ferrule metal.

24. The invention as claimed in claim 23, in which said method further comprises effecting said forcing of said staking pins into said ferrule whIle the outer cylindrical surface of said ferrule is confined in a chamber.

25. The invention as claimed in claim 23, in which said method further comprises effecting said forcing of said staking pins through distances sufficiently great that one part of said string end portion is pinched against one side wall of said ferrule, and another part of said string end portion is pinched against the opposite side wall of said ferrule.

26. The invention as claimed in claim 23, in which said method further comprises employing as said staking pins pins which have diameters only a fraction of the diameter of said ferrule.

27. The invention as claimed in claim 23, in which said method further comprises effecting said forcing of said staking pins by hydraulic pressure, and effecting said forcing of said ram by hydraulic pressure.

28. The invention as claimed in claim 23, in which said method further comprises causing the end of said ram to be dished, whereby to aid in shaping said string end portion into S-shaped configuration.

29. The invention as claimed in claim 23, in which said method further comprises causing the surface of said closure facing said chamber to be a cam surface which converges, in a direction away from said chamber, toward the inner end of said string port.

30. The invention as claimed in claim 29, in which said method further comprises providing teeth on the end of said ferrule adjacent said closure, whereby said teeth are bent inwardly by said cam surface in response to said movement of said ram, to thus cause said teeth to grip said string.

31. The invention as claimed in claim 23, in which said method further comprises employing as said string a core of springy, high tensile-strength metal wrapped with a tightly-wound helical cover wire of soft metal.

32. The invention as claimed in claim 23, in which said method further comprises employing as said string an unwrapped music wire.

33. The invention as claimed in claim 23, in which said deformable sheet metal is a relatively hard rolled steel.

34. A method of providing an enlarged end on a guitar string or the like, which method comprises: at least substantially enclosing an end portion of said string in a metal element; and thereafter folding said metal element tightly and in a controlled, predetermined manner causing substantial bending of the axis of said string end portion and also causing anchoring of said bent string end portion in said metal element.

35. The invention as claimed in claim 34, in which said method further comprises employing as said metal element an element formed of sheet metal.

36. The invention as claimed in claim 35, in which said method further comprises causing said sheet metal to be relatively hard.

37. The invention as claimed in claim 35, in which said method further comprises causing said sheet metal to be sheet steel which is coated with corrosion-resistant material.

38. The invention as claimed in claim 34, in which said method further comprises effecting said folding of said metal element tightly upon itself, in a manner creating at least one fold plane between adjacent portions of said metal element.

39. The invention as claimed in claim 34, in which said method further comprises causing said metal element to be elongated, orienting said string end portion longitudinally of said metal element, and performing at least part of said folding by applying longitudinal compressive force to said metal element while said string end portion is at least substantially enclosed therein.

40. The invention as claimed in claim 34, in which said method further comprises effecting said controlled folding in a forming chamber, and causing said metal element to flow into substantially the shape of said forming chamber.

41. The invention as claimed in claim 40, in which said method further comprises causing said metal element to flow until substantially all portions of said forming chamber are filled by said metal element and by saId string end portion.

42. The invention as claimed in claim 34, in which said method further comprises causing said metal element to be elongated, orienting said string end portion longitudinally of said metal element, applying a lateral force to said metal element, and thereafter applying a longitudinal force to said metal element to effect said controlled folding thereof.

43. The invention as claimed in claim 42, in which said method further comprises applying said longitudinal force while said element is confined in a forming chamber, and causing the magnitude of said longitudinal force to be sufficiently high that said metal element cold flows into substantially the shape of said forming chamber and fills substantially all portions of said forming chamber around said string end portion.

44. A method of providing an enlarged end on a string or wire, which comprises: providing a forming chamber having a shape substantially corresponding to the desired shape of the enlarged end; disposing in said forming chamber the unknotted string end and also a deformable metal element, the combined volumes of said string end and of said metal element being much smaller than the volume of said forming chamber, whereby large voids are present in said chamber when said string end and said metal element are disposed therein; and effecting compression and flow of said metal element while it remains in said forming chamber, until it substantially conforms to the shape of said forming chamber and until said voids are substantially eliminated, and also in such manner that said string end is anchored in said metal element, said flow of said metal element being effected by means of high-magnitude mechanical forces and in the absence of melting of said metal element, said flow of said metal element being additional to mere bending thereof.

45. The invention as claimed in claim 44, in which said method comprises effecting said flow by moving a ram in said forming chamber to progressively diminish the size of said chamber until said voids are substantially elminated.

46. A method of manufacturing a ball-ended string or wire, which method comprises: providing an elongated metal element shaped to at least substantially enclose an end portion of said string; effecting lateral deformation of said metal element while said metal element is disposed at a first location, said lateral deformation being effected by forcing an object laterally-inwardly against the side of said elongated metal element; moving said metal element to a second location different from said first location; and effecting longitudinal deformation of said metal element at said second location and while said end portion is at least substantially enclosed in said metal element, said longitudinal deformation effecting anchoring of said end portion in said metal element.

47. A method of providing an enlarged end on a string or wire, which comprises: providing wall means to define a cavity and also to define a relatively small-diameter string port communicating with said cavity; disposing in said cavity a hollow metal element the inner diameter of which, at least at regions spaced from said string port, is much greater than that of said string port, said metal element having an opening therein relatively adjacent said string port; inserting the unknotted end portion of a string through said string port and through said opening into said metal element; holding said string to prevent expulsion thereof from said metal element and from said string port; moving a ram forcibly into said cavity in a direction toward said string port, thereby causing compression of said metal element between said ram and the portion of said wall means which encompasses said string port; and continuing said ram movement until said metal element cold flows and thus causes all voids in said cavity to be substantially completely eliminated, saId holding of said string preventing said string end portion from being expelled from said metal element in response to movement of said ram, whereby said string end portion is anchored in said metal element as the result of said compression and said void elimination.

48. A method of providing an enlarged end on an elongated flexible metal element, which comprises: disposing an end portion of an elongated flexible metal element longitudinally within an elongated generally tubular metal object; applying lateral compressive forces externally to said object to deform the same, said lateral compressive forces being applied by forcing a laterally-movable element laterally inwardly against said object; and thereafter applying longitudinal compressive forces externally to said object while said object is confined within a forming chamber having a predetermined shape, said longitudinal compressive forces being of a magnitude sufficient to deform said object into generally the shape of said forming chamber and to cause said object to seize said end portion of said flexible metal element for prevention of withdrawal thereof.

49. The invention as claimed in claim 48, in which said method further comprises applying said lateral compressive forces in such manner that longitudinally offset wall portions of said object are forced inwardly sufficiently far to cause bending of said end portion of said flexible metal element, said inwardly-forced wall portions providing the nuclei for predetermined fold regions which form in said object in response to said application of said longitudinal compressive forces, said longitudinal compressive forces effecting increased bending of said end portion.

50. The invention as claimed in claim 4, in which said method further comprises causing said pressure to be sufficiently high that said tube is compressed into a substantially void-free metal mass containing said bent string end portion therein.

51. The invention as claimed in claim 6, in which said method further comprises causing said external transverse compressive force to be sufficiently great to force said one side wall tube portion laterally inwardly until said string end portion is pinched and gripped between opposed side wall portions of said tube.

52. The invention as claimed in claim 7, in which said method further comprises causing the inner diameter of said tube to be much larger than the diameter of said string, and in which said method additionally comprises causing said longitudinal compressive force to be sufficiently great and of sufficiently long duration to compress said tube into a substantially void-free metal mass containing said string end portion therein.

53. The invention as claimed in claim 52, in which said method further comprises causing said string end portion to be substantially straight when initially disposed in said tube, and effecting said pre-conditioning, collapse and folding of said tube in such manner that said string end portion is bent when disposed in said substantially void-free metal mass.

54. The invention as claimed in claim 34, in which said method is so performed that said bending of the axis of said string end portion creates a smooth bend, not a sharp bend.

55. The invention as claimed in claim 34, in which said method is so performed that said bending of said string end portion causes it to assume an S-shape, and in which said method is also so performed that a fold plane is created in the tightly-folded metal between each bend of the S.

56. The invention as claimed in claim 34, in which said string is a single-strand steel music wire.

57. The invention as claimed in claim 56, in which said music wire is helically wrapped with soft metal.

58. The invention as claimed in claim 44, in which said deformable metal element is a tube the diameter of which, prior to said flow of said metal element, is much larger than that of said unknotted string end.

59. The invention as claimed in claim 44, in which said method is so performed that said unknotted string end becomes bent and is anchored in said metal element in bent condition.

60. The invention as claimed in claim 48, in which said method further comprises forcing said laterally-movable element laterally against a region of said object directly opposite which there is no such element, whereby to laterally deform said object in asymmetrical manner.

61. The invention as claimed in claim 48, in which said method further comprises withdrawing said laterally-movable element before applying said longitudinal compressive forces.

62. The invention as claimed in claim 48, in which said elongated generally tubular metal object has an inner diameter much larger than the diameter of said flexible metal element, in which said laterally-movable element is forced into said object at a region spaced from the ends thereof and in such manner as to bend said end portion of said flexible metal element, and in which said longitudinal compressive forces are applied sufficiently to increase the amount of bending of said end portion, and to substantially eliminate the voids caused by the oversized condition of said tubular metal object.

63. A method of providing an enlarged end on an elongated flexible metal element, which comprises: causing an unknotted end portion of said flexible metal element to be disposed within a hollow element the inner diameter of which is much larger than the diameter of said end portion, said hollow element being pre-conditioned for collapse in a predetermined manner which effects substantial bending of the axis of said end portion; and effecting collapse of said pre-conditioned hollow element to thus effect substantial bending of the axis of said end portion and to effectively anchor said bent end portion in said collapsed hollow element.

64. The invention as claimed in claim 63, in which said step of effecting collapse is performed in a forming chamber by compressing said hollow element until substantially all voids resulting from the oversized condition of said hollow element are eliminated.

65. The invention as claimed in claim 63, in which said hollow element is an elongated metal tube, in which said pre-conditioning of said tube is effected by forcing a pin laterally-inwardly into the side of said tube to indent the same at a region spaced from the ends of said tube, and in which said collapse is effected in a direction longitudinal to said tube, said collapse causing a fold to be present at the tube region thus indented by said pin.

66. The invention as claimed in claim 65, in which no pin or other element is introduced into the side of said tube directly opposite said pin, whereby said pre-conditioning of said tube is asymmetrical at the vicnity of said pin.

67. The invention as claimed in claim 65, in which said pin is forced into the side of said tube after said end portion is disposed in said tube.

68. The invention as claimed in claim 65, in which said method further comprises withdrawing said pin prior to said longitudinal-collapse step.

69. The invention as claimed in claim 65, in which said method further comprises forcing said pin inwardly sufficiently far to pinch said end portion against the opposed wall portion of said tube, and to effect pre-bending of said end portion.

70. The invention as claimed in claim 65, in which said method further comprises effecting said pre-conditioning of said tube when said tube is closely confined in a chamber, and in which the diameter of said pin is much smaller than that of said tube.

71. The invention as claimed in claim 63, in which said elongated flexible metal element is a single-strand guitar string formed of high tensile strength steel.

72. The invention as claimed in claim 71, in which said steel is helically wrapped with a soft wrap element.

73. The invention as claimed in claim 65, in which said metal of said tube is a hard and thin sheet steel, and in which said elongated flexible eleMent is a single-strand guitar string formed of hard steel.

74. The invention as claimed in claim 49, in which said metal element is initially hollow and initially has an inner diameter much larger than that of said string end portion, whereby large voids are initially present around said string end portion between it and the inner surface of said metal element.

75. The invention as claimed in claim 74, in which said method further comprises applying to said metal element a compressive force sufficiently great to cause cold flow of said metal element around said bent string end portion and to effect substantially complete elimination of said voids, said folding and said cold flow and void elimination cooperating with the bent condition of said string end portion to create a very strong and uniform anchoring of said string end portion in said metal element.

76. The invention as claimed in claim 59, in which said string is formed of metal and in which said deformable metal element is initially hollow and has said string end enclosed therein, the inner diameter of said metal element being initially much larger than the outer diameter of said string end whereby to create said voids, and in which said method further comprises causing said flow to be preceded by bending of the said metal element in a predetermined, controlled manner which also effects bending of the axis of said string end into a predetermined shape, said bending of said metal element and of said string end axis cooperating with each other and with said flow and said void elimination to achieve very strong and uniform anchoring of said string end in said metal element.

77. The invention as claimed in claim 76, in which said method further comprises causing said string to consist essentially of a single-strand stiff steel wire having a high tensile strength.

78. The invention as claimed in claim 44, in which said method further comprises causing said string to consist essentially of a single-strand steel wire having a high tensile strength.

79. The invention as claimed in claim 46, in which said method further comrises performing said step of forcing said object laterally-inwardly while said end portion is enclosed in said metal element and with sufficient force and stroke that said end portion is pinched between opposed sides of said metal element, said pinching being sufficiently tight that said end portion moves with said metal element to said second location.

80. The invention as claimed in claim 4, in which said forcing of said ram is effected by hydraulic pressure.

81. The invention as claimed in claim 45, in which said forcing of said ram is effected by hydraulic pressure.