US3873437A - Electrode assembly for multipolar electrolytic cells - Google Patents

Electrode assembly for multipolar electrolytic cells Download PDF

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Publication number
US3873437A
US3873437A US305063A US30506372A US3873437A US 3873437 A US3873437 A US 3873437A US 305063 A US305063 A US 305063A US 30506372 A US30506372 A US 30506372A US 3873437 A US3873437 A US 3873437A
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United States
Prior art keywords
electrode assembly
anode
electrically conductive
cathode
lateral surface
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Expired - Lifetime
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US305063A
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English (en)
Inventor
Dale R Pulver
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Diamond Shamrock Chemicals Co
Eltech Systems Corp
Diamond Shamrock Corp
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Diamond Shamrock Corp
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Application filed by Diamond Shamrock Corp filed Critical Diamond Shamrock Corp
Priority to US305063A priority Critical patent/US3873437A/en
Priority to ES420298A priority patent/ES420298A1/es
Priority to AU62277/73A priority patent/AU475206B2/en
Priority to BE137519A priority patent/BE807053A/xx
Priority to IT53575/73A priority patent/IT996412B/it
Priority to AR250904A priority patent/AR200745A1/es
Priority to FR7339691A priority patent/FR2206131B1/fr
Priority to DE2355876A priority patent/DE2355876C2/de
Priority to NL7315338A priority patent/NL7315338A/xx
Priority to CA185,370A priority patent/CA1027517A/en
Priority to GB5191273A priority patent/GB1406395A/en
Priority to JP12556773A priority patent/JPS5713636B2/ja
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Publication of US3873437A publication Critical patent/US3873437A/en
Assigned to DIAMOND SHAMROCK CHEMICALS COMPANY reassignment DIAMOND SHAMROCK CHEMICALS COMPANY CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS), EFFECTIVE 9-1-83 AND 10-26-83 Assignors: DIAMOND SHAMROCK CORPORATION CHANGED TO DIAMOND CHEMICALS COMPANY
Assigned to ELTECH SYSTEMS CORPORATION reassignment ELTECH SYSTEMS CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: DIAMOND SHAMROCK CORPORATION, 717 N. HARWOOD STREET, DALLAS, TX 75201
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for

Definitions

  • An electrode assembly adapted for arrangement between th Cleveland. Ohio e terminal monopolar electrodes of a multipolar electrolytic cell includes a compartment wall, an anode carried by a lateral surface of the wall and provided with means for movement of the anode in a direction toward an opposed cathode surface to maintain a narrow gap between the electrodes and improve the cell power efficiency; a cathode carried by the opposed lateral surface of the same compartment wall and optionally provided with means for movement in a direction toward an opposed anode surface for maintenance of a narrow spacing of the electrodes.
  • the electrode assembly provides for the construction of electrolytic cells of the membrane or diaphragm or diaphragm-less types which are useful for production of chlorine and caustic and for various other products of electrolytic processes.
  • This invention relates to an electrode assembly for construction of multipolar electrolytic cells capable of operating at optimum power efficiencies and requiring a minimum of maintenance over extended periods of time. More particularly this invention relates to bipolar electrode assemblies for construction of multipolar electrolytic cells of commercial size wherein the electrodes are large and must be maintained in closely spaced uniform planar relationship to each other for the cell to operate at optimum power efficiency and at low maintenance requirements.
  • the electrode assembly of this invention is particularly adapted for electrochemical conversion of aqueous sodium chloride to chlorine and caustic in a diaphragm or membrane cell. It should be understood however that the electrode assembly of this invention is not limited to the construction of cells for the production of chlorine and caustic only for it may be used in cells for other electrochemical operations such as, for example, the manufacture of alkali and alkaline earth metal hypochlorites, chlorates, perchlorates, and various organic compounds.
  • bipolar electrodes are positioned intermediate to the terminal monopolar electrodes in any desired manner in closely spaced compact position, sealed at their edges to the cell side and bottom walls to prevent leakage between the adjacent cell compartments which are separated by partitions. Electrical connections are made only to the terminal monopolar electrodes and the electrolyte is circulated in contact with the electrodes in each of the individual compartments. The sum total of the voltage of the intermediate bipolar electrodes is equal to the voltage between the monopolar electrodes. in one type of prior art, multipolar cell the bipolar electrodes are constructed as single sheet of titanium which serves as the compartment partition.
  • One side of the titanium sheet is uncoated and acts as a cathode and the other side has at least a partially active surface coating and operates as the anode portion of the bipolar electrode.
  • This assembly is positioned so that the anode surface of one titanium sheet is positioned adjacent the cathode position of an opposed assembly and any desired number of assemblies may be arranged between the mono-.
  • a similar electrode assembly for multipolar cells which has also been previously used is a graphite plate assembly which functions in the same manner as titanium sheets, the plates serving as compartment partitions with one lateral surface of the plate operating as the anode and the opposed lateral surface acting as a cathode.
  • Such graphite bipolar electrode assemblies are still in use but because of their limited resistance to erosion and chemical attack have been, and are being, replaced by the metallic sheet type bipolar assemblies.
  • Another type of bipolar electrode assembly presently in use comprises a number of metallic solid or foraminous anode and cathode sheets which are positioned in opposed closely spaced manner within an electrolytic cell, each pair being separated by partitions and the total number of assemblies being arranged between terminal monopolar electrodes.
  • the graphite type elec trodes are subject to erosion which results in contamination of the electrolyte and reduction of power efficiency.
  • the increased voltage required to overcome the resistance of the larger quantity of the electrolyte present between the constantly increasing spaces between the electrodes caused by the continuous erosion reduces power efiiciency.
  • the titanium sheets which serve as the cell partition and provide a cathode on one lateral surface and an anode on the opposed lateral sheet surface have the disadvantage of being subject to corrosion of the cathode surface by the formation of titanium hydride, with resultant deterioration of the cathode surface, disintegration of the entire sheet and failure of the cell.
  • bipolar assemblies wherein op posed sheets are positioned within individual compartments intermediate monopolar terminal electrodes, suffer from the disadvantage of the difficulty of maintenance of a closely spaced electrode gap across the entire lateral surface of the electrodes. Consequently, the establishment of a desired predetermined minimum voltage drop between the electrodes by maintaining a minimum distance between the entire cathode and anode surfaces to reduce the internal resistance loss in the electrolyte layer is virtually impossible.
  • the closely spaced electrodes are fabricated to close tolerance flat, uniformly planar sheets and mounted at a predetermined minimum operating distance from each other in a rigid frame
  • the varying operating parameters of electrolytic processes such as temperature, agitation of the electrolyte and variable stress in different areas of the lateral surface induced by inherent mechanical characteristics cause variations in the spacing of the electrodes.
  • Such variations in spacing cause objectionably high current density at random areas of the working surfaces of the electrodes or electrode segments, resultant inefficient cell operation and, if not corrected, ultimate premature failure of the electrodes.
  • this invention comprises at least one bipolar electrode assembly adapted for arrangement intermediate to the terminal monopolar electrodes of a multipolar electrolytic cell.
  • the assembly includes an electrically non-conductive partition at least one rigid electrical conductor mounted in and extending beyond each lateral surface of the partition, a dimensionally stable anode and a cathode, respectively connected to the rigid conductor in opposed parallel relation to the partition at opposed surfaces of the conductor, and movable conductive means connecting the nonworking lateral surface of at least one electrode to a portion of the rigid conductor facing the non-working lateral surface of said electrode for adjustable movement of the working surface of the electrode in a direction toward the working lateral surface of an opposed electrode of an adjacent bipolar assembly.
  • the assembly is useful for constructing a bipolar electrolytic cell having monopolar electrodes positioned in each of the two terminal compartments of the cell and at least one bipolar electrode assembly of the invention arranged intermediate said terminal monopolar electrodes and means for connecting the terminal electrodes to the respective positive and negative poles of an electrical power source.
  • a bipolar electrolytic cell having monopolar electrodes positioned in each of the two terminal compartments of the cell and at least one bipolar electrode assembly of the invention arranged intermediate said terminal monopolar electrodes and means for connecting the terminal electrodes to the respective positive and negative poles of an electrical power source.
  • Such a cell may be used for various electrolytic processes wherein either a diaphragm or a diaphragm-less type cell is required.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatical view of one type of bipolar electrode assembly of this invention showing a number of resilient members as the electrically conductive means for movement of the anode, the resilient members being shown connected to several individual rigid electrical connectors.
  • FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1 illustrating the anode constructed in segment form, all other parts being similar to FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 1 but additionally including a diaphragm positioned over the cathode and a number of electrically conductive resilient members for movement of the cathode, such assembly being adaptable for use in diaphragm type multipolar electrolytic cells.
  • FIG. 4 is another view of the bipolar electrode assembly of this invention wherein the electrically conductive means for adjustably moving the anode consists of a unitary resilient member connected to the surface of the number of rigid electrically conductive members and a rigid bar connected to one surface of the cathode and a portion of the surface of a number of electrically conductive rigid members.
  • FIG. 5 is another view of the bipolar electrode assembly of this invention showing a number of resilient members as the electrically conductive means for movement of the cathode only.
  • FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 5 showing the cathode in segmented form.
  • FIG. 7 is another view similar to FIG. 3 illustrating the anode and cathode, respectively, constructed of segments.
  • the electrode assembly is shown generally at numeral 10 and comprises an electrically non-conductive partition 11, which may be constructed of any suitable non-conducting material such as polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyvinylidene chloride and various other plastics and the like.
  • Rigid electrically conductive metal stud members or studs 12 extend through the partition and beyond both opposed lateral surfaces thereof and may be any suitable electrically conductive metal resistant to the corrosive conditions of the cell environment such as titanium, titanium sheathed copper and tantalum.
  • the rigid conductive members 12 may be of various configurations provided they perform the function of conducting the current between the electrodes of the cell assembly and are usually designed of a geometrical configuration to provide maximum currentcarrying efficiency.
  • the movable electrically conductive members 15 for movement of the electrodes may be constructed of any suitable electrically conductive metal which is resistant to the cell environment and which is sufficiently resilient to permit movement of the electrodes.
  • the means 15 for movement of the electrodes are constructed of metal such as titanium, titanium-sheathed brass, steel and nickel but any suitably resilient material resistant to the cell environment may be used.
  • the shape of the electrically conductive members for adjustably moving the electrodes can vary with the design of the cell and may be a plurality of resilient members connected to individual rigid conductors extending through the partitions or may be in the form of a unitary resilient member connected to a number of the electrical conductors.
  • the means for move ment of the anodes are a plurality of resilient members connected to a plurality of rigid members 12 in FIGS. 1 to 3, inclusive and FIGS. 6 and 7, and a unitary resilient member connected to a plurality of rigid members 12, in FIG. 4.
  • the means for adjustable movement of the cathode are shown as a plurality of resilient members in FIGS. 3, S, 6 and 7.
  • the anodes 13 comprise an electrically conductive substrate with a surface coating thereon of a solid solution of at least one precious metal oxide and at least one valve metal oxide.
  • the electrically conductive substrate may be any metal which is not adversely affected by the cell environment during use and also has the capability, ifa breakdown in the surface coating develops of preventing detrimental reaction of the electrolyte with the substrate.
  • the size of the anodes and anode segments may vary provided foraminous or solid anodes of suitable close tolerance flatness for forming the structural bipolar electrode assembly are used.
  • the substrate is selected from the valve metals including titanium, tantalum, niobium and zirconium. Expanded mesh titanium sheet is preferred at the present time.
  • valve metals include titanium, tantalum, niobium and zirconium while the implanted precious metals encompass platinum, ruthenium, palladium, iridium, rhodiam and osmium. Titanium dioxide-ruthenium dioxide solid solutions are preferred at this time.
  • the molar ratio of valve metal to precious metal varies between (ll-5:1, approximately 2:l being presently preferred.
  • the solid solutions may be modified by the addition of other components which may either enter into the solid solution itself or admix with same to attain a desired result. For instance, it is known that a portion of the precious metal oxide, up to 50%, may be replaced with tin dioxide without substantial detrimental effect on the overvoltage.
  • the defect solid solution may be modified by the addition of cobalt compounds particularly cobalt titanate. Solid solutions modified by the addition of cobalt titanate, which serves to stabilize and extend the life of the solid solution, are described more completely in co-pending application Ser. No. 104,743 filed Jan. 7, [971, now abandoned. Other partial substitutions and additions are encompassed.
  • Another type of dimensionally stable anode coating which may be used with good results in the practice of this invention consists of mixtures of chemically and mechanically inert organic polymers and solid solutions of valve metal and precious metal oxides as at least a partial-coating on the electrically conductive substrate.
  • Particularly useful materials in such anode coatings are the above-described solid solutions in admixture with fluorocarbon polymers such as polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride and the like coated on at least part of the'surface of an electrically conductive substrate consisting of the above-described valve metals and other suitable metals.
  • fluorocarbon polymers such as polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride and the like coated on at least part of the'surface of an electrically conductive substrate consisting of the above-described valve metals and other suitable metals.
  • One other type of dimensionally stable anode capable of satisfactory use in this invention consists of a valve metal substrate bearing a coating of precious metals or precious metal alloys, particularly platinum and alloys thereof on at least part of its surface.
  • the cathodes 14 may be foraminous as shown and may be any metal capable of sustaining the corrosive cell conditions.
  • a useful metal is generally selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, nickel, titanium, steel, lead and platinum.
  • the cathodes may be coated with the solid solutions abovedescribed for coating the dimensionally stable anodes.
  • the cathodes may be either directly attached to a number of rigid electrically conductive members 12 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 or to a unitary rigid member 17, as illustrated in FIG. 4.
  • the working face of the cathode is covered by a diaphragm or membrane 19, when the multipolar cell is to be used as a diaphragm or membrane cell.
  • the cell casing may be any of the usual types of construction materials such as polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, various other reinforced plasticsand any other materials which are inert to the environment of the particular cell electrolytes and resultant products of the process.
  • monopolar electrodes are positioned at each of the terminal compartments at the ends of the casing and, for example, may be connected to the end walls of the casing.
  • At least one bipolar electrode assembly is then arranged intermediate the terminal monopolar electrodes with the adjacent anodes and cathodes spaced as close as possible without causing a short circuit.
  • any desired number of bipolar electrode assemblies may be arranged in the tank dependent upon the production volume and design features of the particular cell.
  • electrically nonconductive spacers may be and preferably are interwoven through or positioned within the openings of foraminous electrodes or electrode segments to prevent electrical contact of the opposed electrode or segment surfaces.
  • flat or cylindrical elements are used as spacers they are generally interwoven through alternate openings on the outer edges of the lateral surfaces of the electrodes or electrode segments, but may also be interwoven through other openings in the foraminous electrodes.
  • the electrically non-conductive spacers should be constructed of materials inert to the cell environment and may have any suitable geometric configuration.
  • the spacers are polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated polyvinylfluoride, polyvinylfluoride, tetrafluoroethylene and the like and may be of solid or hollow, cylindrical, flat or other suitable configuration.
  • Other types of spacers capable of satisfactory use are electrically nonconductive strips provided with projections adapted to be tightly engaged within the electrode openings and button-type members such as semi-spherical elements arranged on opposite sides of the electrode openings and joined by an engaging member such as a stem extending through the electrode openings.
  • the spacers are preferably arranged to prevent electrical contact by shorting between the opposed electrode surfaces and, at the same time, provide maximum flow of the electrolyte solution through the openings in the electrodes.
  • the bipolar electrode assembly of this invention offers many advantages over the prior art electrodes uti lized in multipolar electrolytic cells.
  • the electrically conductive means for moving the electrodes assure maximum power efficiency by maintaining the smallest possible space for electrolyte flow between the electrodes plus assuring a low IR of the current passage through the electrolyte.
  • the flexibility of movement of the electrodes resulting from the electrically conductive means for movement of the electrodes maintains even large size electrodes in a flat or planar position thus assuring uniform spacing of electrodes as well as compensating for wear rates of individual sections of said electrodes.
  • the bipolar electrode assembly also affords a great flexibility in construction of multipolar electrolytic cells in that any number of the assemblies may be mounted intermediate the monopolar terminal electrodes at each end of the cell thus providing for variable production rates, ease of construction and disassembly of said cells for cleaning or other maintenance services.
  • the bipolar electrode assembly may be used for any size multipolar cell and enables the use of large size electrodes with excellent power efficiency.
  • the construction of the cells is simple in that the electrode assemblies have been preconstructed and it is merely necessary to position the desired number of assemblies intermediate the terminal monopolar electrodes and connect the terminal electrodes to negative and positive poles of an electrical power source.
  • large size cells can be economically constructed since the precise tolerances in fabricating the planar surfaces of electrodes required by prior art cell construction to obtain maximum power efficiency are not required as the bipolar electrode assemblies of the present invention provide such close tolerance without precise surface fabrication.
  • the movable, resilient, electrically conductive means connecting the non-working lateral surface of one electrode to the rigid conductor, the movable, resilient means being capable of causing movement of the lateral working surface of the electrode in a direction toward the working lateral surface of an opposed electrode of opposite charge of an adjacent bipolar assembly while maintaining intraelectrode electrical integrity.
  • anode comprises a number of segments and electrically conductive, resilient, movable means are connected to a non-working lateral surface of each anode segment and to the rigid conductor.
  • the electrode assembly according to claim 1 wherein the movable electrically conductive means is a unitary resilient member connected to the nonworking lateral surface of the anode and to a plurality of rigid electrically conductive members.
  • the electrode assembly according to claim 1 wherein the movable electrically conductive means is a plurality of resilient members connected to the nonworking lateral surface of the cathode and to a plurality of rigid electrically conductive members.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
US305063A 1972-11-09 1972-11-09 Electrode assembly for multipolar electrolytic cells Expired - Lifetime US3873437A (en)

Priority Applications (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US305063A US3873437A (en) 1972-11-09 1972-11-09 Electrode assembly for multipolar electrolytic cells
ES420298A ES420298A1 (es) 1972-11-09 1973-11-06 Un sistema de electrodo bipolar.
CA185,370A CA1027517A (en) 1972-11-09 1973-11-08 Electrode assembly for multipolar electrolytic cells
IT53575/73A IT996412B (it) 1972-11-09 1973-11-08 Complesso di elettrodo per celle elettrolitiche multipolari
AR250904A AR200745A1 (es) 1972-11-09 1973-11-08 Disposicion de electrodos bipolar adecuada para ser dispuesta en series paralelas, entre los electrodos monopolares terminales de una celula electrolitica multipolar
FR7339691A FR2206131B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-11-09 1973-11-08
AU62277/73A AU475206B2 (en) 1972-11-09 1973-11-08 Electrode assembly for multipolar electrolytic cells
NL7315338A NL7315338A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-11-09 1973-11-08
BE137519A BE807053A (fr) 1972-11-09 1973-11-08 Ensemble bipolaire d'electrodes et son application a la construction de cellules electrolytiques multipolaires
GB5191273A GB1406395A (en) 1972-11-09 1973-11-08 Bipolar electrode assemblies for electrolytic cells
DE2355876A DE2355876C2 (de) 1972-11-09 1973-11-08 Bipolare Elektrode
JP12556773A JPS5713636B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-11-09 1973-11-09

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US305063A US3873437A (en) 1972-11-09 1972-11-09 Electrode assembly for multipolar electrolytic cells

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US305063A Expired - Lifetime US3873437A (en) 1972-11-09 1972-11-09 Electrode assembly for multipolar electrolytic cells

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US (1) US3873437A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5713636B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AR (1) AR200745A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU475206B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE807053A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1027517A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2355876C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES420298A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2206131B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1406395A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT996412B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7315338A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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US4013525A (en) * 1973-09-24 1977-03-22 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Electrolytic cells
US4026782A (en) * 1974-07-29 1977-05-31 Rhone-Poulenc Industries Electrolysis cell having bipolar elements
US4026785A (en) * 1975-12-22 1977-05-31 Olin Corporation Adjustable electrode
US4028213A (en) * 1976-02-09 1977-06-07 Olin Corporation Variable gap anode assembly for electrolytic cells
US4033849A (en) * 1975-05-09 1977-07-05 Diamond Shamrock Corporation Electrode and apparatus for forming the same
US4040935A (en) * 1975-04-11 1977-08-09 Basf Wyandotte Corporation Protective covering for electrolytic filter press cell frames
US4053385A (en) * 1975-10-30 1977-10-11 Basf Wyandotte Corporation Bonding stable materials to resinous cell frames
US4069130A (en) * 1975-01-29 1978-01-17 Kerr-Mcgee Chemical Corporation Bipolar electrode and method for constructing same
US4076609A (en) * 1975-01-14 1978-02-28 Societe De Recherches Techniques Et Industrielles Electrolysis apparatus
US4080279A (en) * 1976-09-13 1978-03-21 The Dow Chemical Company Expandable anode for electrolytic chlorine production cell
US4085027A (en) * 1975-01-29 1978-04-18 Kerr-Mcgee Chemical Corporation Hybrid bipolar electrode
US4089771A (en) * 1977-04-18 1978-05-16 Gow Enterprises Limited Electrode for electrolytic process involving hydrogen generation
US4096054A (en) * 1977-10-26 1978-06-20 Olin Corporation Riserless flexible electrode assembly
US4101395A (en) * 1976-08-30 1978-07-18 Tokuyama Soda Kabushiki Kaisha Cathode-structure for electrolysis
US4119519A (en) * 1977-04-04 1978-10-10 Kerr-Mcgee Corporation Bipolar electrode for use in an electrolytic cell
US4136235A (en) * 1977-01-21 1979-01-23 Diamond Shamrock Technologies S.A. Secondary batteries
US4146457A (en) * 1976-11-12 1979-03-27 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Diaphragm cells
US4162953A (en) * 1977-07-01 1979-07-31 Oronzio De Nora Impianti Elettrochimici S.P.A. Monopolar electrolytic diaphragm cells with removable and replaceable dimensionally stable anodes and method of inserting and removing said anodes
FR2433592A1 (fr) * 1978-07-27 1980-03-14 Oronzio De Nora Impianti Cellule d'electrolyse et procede de production d'halogenes
US4247376A (en) * 1979-01-02 1981-01-27 General Electric Company Current collecting/flow distributing, separator plate for chloride electrolysis cells utilizing ion transporting barrier membranes
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US4385150A (en) * 1980-10-17 1983-05-24 Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. Organic solution of fluorinated copolymer having carboxylic acid groups
US4389289A (en) * 1980-01-16 1983-06-21 Oronzio Denora Impianti Elettrochimici S.P.A. Bipolar electrolyzer
US4469580A (en) * 1981-03-30 1984-09-04 The Dow Chemical Company Method of making an improved internally supported electrode
US4561959A (en) * 1983-12-09 1985-12-31 The Dow Chemical Company Flat-plate electrolytic cell
WO1986003896A1 (en) * 1984-12-17 1986-07-03 The Dow Chemical Company A method of making an electrochemical cell and an electrochemical cell
US4668372A (en) * 1985-12-16 1987-05-26 The Dow Chemical Company Method for making an electrolytic unit from a plastic material
US4670123A (en) * 1985-12-16 1987-06-02 The Dow Chemical Company Structural frame for an electrochemical cell
US4746415A (en) * 1985-12-16 1988-05-24 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Electrode
US4869800A (en) * 1987-07-01 1989-09-26 Messerschmitt-Boelkow Blohm Gmbh Cell arrangement for a filter press type stack of cells
US5013414A (en) * 1989-04-19 1991-05-07 The Dow Chemical Company Electrode structure for an electrolytic cell and electrolytic process used therein
US5306410A (en) * 1992-12-04 1994-04-26 Farmer Thomas E Method and device for electrically coupling a conductor to the metal surface of an electrolytic cell wall
US5411642A (en) * 1993-05-28 1995-05-02 De Nora Permelec Do Brasil S.A. Chlor-alkali electrolysis process carried out in cells provided with porous diaphragms
AU719026B2 (en) * 1996-12-04 2000-05-04 Outokumpu Oyj Electrolytic cell with bipolar electrodes
EP1067216A4 (en) * 1998-12-25 2002-08-14 Asahi Glass Co Ltd ELECTROLYTIC BATHROOM WITH MULTIPOLY REPLACEMENT MEMBRANE
GB2483627A (en) * 2010-04-06 2012-03-21 Metalysis Ltd A bipolar electrolysis cell and method of operation
WO2016009031A1 (en) * 2014-07-17 2016-01-21 Industrie De Nora S.P.A. Catalytic or electrocatalytic generation of chlorine dioxide
US11479870B2 (en) * 2018-06-14 2022-10-25 Thyssenkrupp Uhde Chlorine Engineers Gmbh Electrolysis cell having resilient support elements
US11492609B2 (en) 2017-08-16 2022-11-08 Amgen Inc. Adaptive electrode arrangement and method

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GB1581348A (en) * 1976-08-04 1980-12-10 Ici Ltd Bipolar unit for electrolytic cell

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US3770611A (en) * 1971-11-24 1973-11-06 Olin Corp Multiple tier horizontal diaphragm cells

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US3616445A (en) * 1967-12-14 1971-10-26 Electronor Corp Titanium or tantalum base electrodes with applied titanium or tantalum oxide face activated with noble metals or noble metal oxides
US3562008A (en) * 1968-10-14 1971-02-09 Ppg Industries Inc Method for producing a ruthenium coated titanium electrode
US3770611A (en) * 1971-11-24 1973-11-06 Olin Corp Multiple tier horizontal diaphragm cells
US3752757A (en) * 1972-06-07 1973-08-14 Basf Wyandotte Corp Bipolar electrode seal at barrier sheet

Cited By (54)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4013525A (en) * 1973-09-24 1977-03-22 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Electrolytic cells
US4026782A (en) * 1974-07-29 1977-05-31 Rhone-Poulenc Industries Electrolysis cell having bipolar elements
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IT996412B (it) 1975-12-10
NL7315338A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-05-13
GB1406395A (en) 1975-09-17
JPS5713636B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1982-03-18
CA1027517A (en) 1978-03-07
DE2355876A1 (de) 1974-05-16
DE2355876C2 (de) 1982-12-30
FR2206131B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1977-06-03
ES420298A1 (es) 1977-01-01
FR2206131A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-06-07
AU6227773A (en) 1975-05-08
AU475206B2 (en) 1976-08-12
BE807053A (fr) 1974-05-08
JPS49134573A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-12-25
AR200745A1 (es) 1974-12-13

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