US3872421A - Standing wave acoustic parametric source - Google Patents

Standing wave acoustic parametric source Download PDF

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US3872421A
US3872421A US408038A US40803873A US3872421A US 3872421 A US3872421 A US 3872421A US 408038 A US408038 A US 408038A US 40803873 A US40803873 A US 40803873A US 3872421 A US3872421 A US 3872421A
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waveguide
high frequency
thin
frequencies
resonant cavity
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Peter H Rogers
Buren Arnie Lee Van
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US Department of Navy
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K15/00—Acoustics not otherwise provided for
    • G10K15/02—Synthesis of acoustic waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/18—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound
    • G10K11/22—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound for conducting sound through hollow pipes, e.g. speaking tubes

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  • ABSTRACT A piston type transducer in combination with a thin wall waveguide which is terminated by a thin plug of pressure release material to form a resonant cavity.
  • the transducer is driven simultaneously at two closely spaced high intensity, high frequency signals.
  • the two frequencies are chosen to be either neighboring resonances or to be within the bandwidth of a single resonance.
  • a low frequency acoustic wave is generated by the nonlinear interaction of the two high frequency standing waves in the fluid within the resonant cavity and radiates omnidirectionally into the surrounding medium through the thin walled waveguide.
  • This invention is directed to sonar transducers and more particularly to omnidirectional, low frequency underwater sound sources.
  • TWAPS traveling wave acoustic parametric source
  • a small source is driven simultaneously by two signals of high frequency f, and f and a low frequency wave at the difference frequency f f is generated by the nonlinear interaction of the high frequency sound waves in the water medium.
  • the desirability of such a device is 2 enhanced by the lack of sidelobes in the radiation pattern and by the relatively large bandwidth at the difference frequency.
  • the chief disadvantage of the TWAPS is the low efficiency of the conversion due to the absorption and diffraction of f and f and to the nonlinear generation and subsequent absorption of both the harmonies of f and f and the sum frequency wave f +f
  • the high directivity, inherent with the TWAPS due to the long interaction region may also be a disadvantage.
  • a piston transducer is mounted in one end of a waveguide.
  • the waveguide is terminated by a thin plug of soft" pressure release material to form a resonant cavity.
  • the transducer is driven simultaneously by two closely spaced high intensity, high frequency signals of frequenciesf, and f creating standing waves within the cavity.
  • the thin wall of the waveguide is designed to be highly reflective at the high frequencies f and f
  • the cavity is designed to be resonant or nearly resonant at both f, and f to provide a very high energy density within the cavity and hence a very strong nonlinear interaction.
  • the low frequency sound generated by this interaction cannot be contained by the relatively thin walls and ends of the cavity and thus is radiated into the surrounding medium.
  • the soft reflector which terminates the cavity serves the following purpose:
  • phase shift of 180 which accomplishes reflection from a soft material serves to inhibit the growth of harmonics in the cavity.
  • STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTS lt is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an underwater sound transducer which is an effective radiator at low frequencies.
  • Another object is to provide an underwater transducer which is light in weight and smaller in size than such prior art transducers with an equivalent performance.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a transducer made in accordance with this invention.
  • a thin wall cylindrical acoustic waveguide having for example a thickness of about 1/64 to about l/32 inch, an inside diameter of about 2 to 5 inches and a length of about 3 to 7 inches.
  • Such a device would be designed to produce a low frequency f,, less than about 1 kHz using two high frequency signals f and f both about equal to KHZ.
  • a piston type transducer 12 such as lead zirconate titanate, barium titanate, or piezoelectric, is mounted at one end of the waveguide in order to transmit sound waves within the waveguide.
  • the waveguide is terminated at its opposite end by a thin plug of pressure release material 13 such as a thin, air backed mica sheet 14 in which the air backing 15 is enclosed by a thin brass sheet 16 through which low frequencies will be transmitted to form a resonant cavity.
  • the cavity is filled with a fluid 10 such as water, carbon tetrachloride, or perfluoroheptane that has a sound-speed equal to or substantially less than that of the surrounding medium.
  • the transducer is driven simultaneously by two closely spaced high intensity, high frequency sinusoidal current components of equal amplitude at frequencies f, and f close to a resonance frequency of the system.
  • Such high frequency signal systems are well known in the art and are not shown for simplification of the drawing.
  • the high intensity, high frequency signals are chosen to be either two neighboring resonance frequencies of the cavity (hereafter referred to as operating mode 1) or two frequencies within the bandwidth of a single resonance of the cavity (hereafter referred to as operating mode 2).
  • the nonlinear interaction of the two high frequency standing waves within the resonant cavity generates a low frequency acoustic wave of frequency f f f, where f, is less than f
  • the waveguide must be at least one-half wavelength long at the difference frequency when operating mode 1 is used, but it may be as short as one-quarter wavelength at the high frequency when operating mode 2 is used. It is therefore expected that only operating mode 2 will be used for very low frequency applications.
  • the thin wall is designed to be highly reflective at the two high frequencies f, and f but by virtue of its thinness, it is transparent acoustically at the low frequency f,,.
  • the cavity is resonant-or nearly resonant at both f and f: to provide a very high energy density within the cavity.
  • the soft pressure release material which plugs the end of the cavity acts as a good reflector at high frequencies to insure high energy densities within the cavity for both f and f
  • the plug acts as an acoustic window for the generated low frequency wave, because it is acoustically thin in the low frequency range.
  • the pressure release reflector inhibits the growth of both the sum frequency and harmonics of the primary frequency. This occurs because each frequency component in a plane wave undergoes a 180 phase shift upon reflection from a pressure release boundary.
  • a sinusoidal wave leading the piston As the wave propagates, harmonics are generated with a fixed phase relationship to the fundamental. ignoring dispersion, the phase relationship is maintained while the "most stable" waveform, the sawtooth is approached.
  • the 180 phase shift produces a least stable" waveform or a reverse sawtooth.
  • new harmonic generation cancels the existing harmonic content, and the waveform tends to return to a sinusoid. Thus, relatively little energy will be lost as a result of competing nonlinear interactions.
  • the fluid in the cavity may be water or any other fluid which has a specific acoustic impedance that lies within the range from about 0.5 Kg sec"m' to about 5.0 Kg Sec"m". It may be desirable, for example, to use a fluid with a sound/speed lower than that of water in order to decrease the overall length of the device or to use a fluid with a higher parameter of nonlinearity in order to achieve a larger nonlinear conversion.
  • the device of this invention is a small underwater sound source which is an effective radiator at low frequencies.
  • a device for producing omnidirectional, low frequency acoustic waves which comprises:
  • a thin wall acoustic waveguide having a first and second open end
  • a first and second high intensity, high frequency signal producing means connected with said transducer for simultaneous operation thereof producing first and second high intensity, high frequency standing waves within said resonant cavity;
  • said first standing wave having a frequency higher than said second standing wave
  • said pressure release material inhibiting the growth of sum frequencies and harmonics whereby a low frequency output wave is generated by a nonlinear interaction of the two high frequency standing waves in the fluid within said waveguide, and
  • said wall thickness is sufficiently thin that said wall is transparent to said low frequency while reflecting said first and second high frequency signals.
  • high frequency standing waves are neighboring resonance frequencies of said resonant cavity.
  • the frequencies of said first and second high intensity, high frequency standing waves are both within the bandwidth of a single resonance of said resonant cavity.
  • said thin wall acoustic waveguide has a thickness of from about l/64 inch to about l/32 inch, an inside diameter of from about 2 inches to about 5 inches, and a length of from about 3 inches to about 7 inches.
  • said pressure release material is formed by a thin brass sheet backed by a thin sheet of mica with air in between said brass and mica.

Abstract

A piston type transducer in combination with a thin wall waveguide which is terminated by a thin plug of pressure release material to form a resonant cavity. The transducer is driven simultaneously at two closely spaced high intensity, high frequency signals. The two frequencies are chosen to be either neighboring resonances or to be within the bandwidth of a single resonance. A low frequency acoustic wave is generated by the nonlinear interaction of the two high frequency standing waves in the fluid within the resonant cavity and radiates omnidirectionally into the surrounding medium through the thin walled waveguide.

Description

United States Patent 1191 Rogers et a1.
11 1 3,872,421 1 1 Mar. 18, 1975 1 STANDING WAVE ACOUSTIC PARAMETRIC SOURCE 175] Inventors: Peter H. Rogers, Reston; Arnie Lee Van Buren, Alexandria, both of Va.
[22] Filed: Oct. 19, 1973 [21] Appl. No.: 408,038
Related US. Application Data [63] Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 316,605, Dec. 19,
1972, abandoned.
[52] US. Cl 340/10, 310/82, 3l0/8.l;8.2
{51] Int. Cl. H04b 13/00 [58] Field of Search 340/8, 10, 12, 13, 8 LF, 340/9 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3.333.213 2/1966 Harris 340/8 R 3371.233 2/1968 Cook 3lO/8.1
OTH ER PU BLlCATlONS JRL Report 7513 "Adaptation of the NRL Acoustic Research Tank Facility for Experiment in Parametric Sonar with Preliminary Results Eller l-29-73.
Parametric Acoustic Array Westewelt, J. Acoustical Soc., of Amer., April 1963, 535-537.
Extraneous Frequencies Generated in Air Carrying Intense Sound Waves Jenkins et al.; J. Acoustical Soc. of Amer., Jan. 1935, 173-180.
Primary ExaminerBenjamin A. Borchelt Assistant Examiner-H. .1. Tudor Attorney, Agent, or Firm-R. S. Sciascia; Arthur L. Branning; Melvin L. Crane [57] ABSTRACT A piston type transducer in combination with a thin wall waveguide which is terminated by a thin plug of pressure release material to form a resonant cavity. The transducer is driven simultaneously at two closely spaced high intensity, high frequency signals. The two frequencies are chosen to be either neighboring resonances or to be within the bandwidth of a single resonance. A low frequency acoustic wave is generated by the nonlinear interaction of the two high frequency standing waves in the fluid within the resonant cavity and radiates omnidirectionally into the surrounding medium through the thin walled waveguide.
5 Claims, 1 Drawing Figure STANDING WAVE ACOUSTIC PARAMETRIC SOURCE CROSS REFERENCE TO A RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 316,605, filed Dec. 19, 1972, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention is directed to sonar transducers and more particularly to omnidirectional, low frequency underwater sound sources.
Heretofore, very large, massive underwater sound devices have been required to radiate effectively low frequency 1 KHz) sound underwater. In the past, the generation of narrow beam, low frequency acoustic radiation from a relatively small piston source has been accomplished by the use of a traveling wave acoustic parametric source (TWAPS). In such devices, a small source is driven simultaneously by two signals of high frequency f, and f and a low frequency wave at the difference frequency f f is generated by the nonlinear interaction of the high frequency sound waves in the water medium. The desirability of such a device is 2 enhanced by the lack of sidelobes in the radiation pattern and by the relatively large bandwidth at the difference frequency. The chief disadvantage of the TWAPS is the low efficiency of the conversion due to the absorption and diffraction of f and f and to the nonlinear generation and subsequent absorption of both the harmonies of f and f and the sum frequency wave f +f For certain applications, the high directivity, inherent with the TWAPS due to the long interaction region, may also be a disadvantage.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A piston transducer is mounted in one end of a waveguide. The waveguide is terminated by a thin plug of soft" pressure release material to form a resonant cavity. The transducer is driven simultaneously by two closely spaced high intensity, high frequency signals of frequenciesf, and f creating standing waves within the cavity. A low frequency f,, =f, f is generated by the nonlinear interaction of the two high frequency standing waves in the fluid within the resonant cavity. The thin wall of the waveguide is designed to be highly reflective at the high frequencies f and f The cavity is designed to be resonant or nearly resonant at both f, and f to provide a very high energy density within the cavity and hence a very strong nonlinear interaction. The low frequency sound generated by this interaction cannot be contained by the relatively thin walls and ends of the cavity and thus is radiated into the surrounding medium. The soft reflector which terminates the cavity serves the following purpose:
1 It acts as a good reflector at high frequencies to ensure high energy densities for both f, and f 2. It acts as an acoustic window for the low frequency wave, because it is acoustically thin at these frequencles.
3. The phase shift of 180 which accomplishes reflection from a soft material serves to inhibit the growth of harmonics in the cavity.
STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTS lt is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an underwater sound transducer which is an effective radiator at low frequencies.
Another object is to provide an underwater transducer which is light in weight and smaller in size than such prior art transducers with an equivalent performance.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will become obvious to one skilled in the art from the following description considered with the drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a transducer made in accordance with this invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVICE Now referring to the drawing, there is illustrated schematically a thin wall cylindrical acoustic waveguide having for example a thickness of about 1/64 to about l/32 inch, an inside diameter of about 2 to 5 inches and a length of about 3 to 7 inches. Such a device would be designed to produce a low frequency f,, less than about 1 kHz using two high frequency signals f and f both about equal to KHZ. A piston type transducer 12 such as lead zirconate titanate, barium titanate, or piezoelectric, is mounted at one end of the waveguide in order to transmit sound waves within the waveguide. The waveguide is terminated at its opposite end by a thin plug of pressure release material 13 such as a thin, air backed mica sheet 14 in which the air backing 15 is enclosed by a thin brass sheet 16 through which low frequencies will be transmitted to form a resonant cavity. The cavity is filled with a fluid 10 such as water, carbon tetrachloride, or perfluoroheptane that has a sound-speed equal to or substantially less than that of the surrounding medium. The transducer is driven simultaneously by two closely spaced high intensity, high frequency sinusoidal current components of equal amplitude at frequencies f, and f close to a resonance frequency of the system. Such high frequency signal systems are well known in the art and are not shown for simplification of the drawing. Such systems have been disclosed in an NRL Report 751.3, Adaptation of the NRL Acoustic Research Tank Facility for Experiments in Parametric Sonar, with Preliminary Results, by Anthony I. Eller dated Jan. 29, 1973, and published by the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC. 20375. Other suitable transducer driving systems have been set forth in the References cited in the NRL Report 7513. The high intensity, high frequency signals are chosen to be either two neighboring resonance frequencies of the cavity (hereafter referred to as operating mode 1) or two frequencies within the bandwidth of a single resonance of the cavity (hereafter referred to as operating mode 2). The nonlinear interaction of the two high frequency standing waves within the resonant cavity generates a low frequency acoustic wave of frequency f f f, where f, is less than f The waveguide must be at least one-half wavelength long at the difference frequency when operating mode 1 is used, but it may be as short as one-quarter wavelength at the high frequency when operating mode 2 is used. It is therefore expected that only operating mode 2 will be used for very low frequency applications. The thin wall is designed to be highly reflective at the two high frequencies f, and f but by virtue of its thinness, it is transparent acoustically at the low frequency f,,. The cavity is resonant-or nearly resonant at both f and f: to provide a very high energy density within the cavity. This produces a very strong nonlinear interaction between the two high frequencies f, andf and results in a large acoustic output at the low frequency f,,. The low frequency sound generated by the nonlinear interaction cannot be contained by the relatively thin walls and end plug; therefore, the low frequency waves are radiated into the surrounding medium omnidirectionally. In operating mode 2 the device can be made short enough to insure that the low frequency will be radiated omnidirectionally. In operating mode 1, with water as the fluid in the cavity, the radiation will be dipolar.
The soft pressure release material which plugs the end of the cavity acts as a good reflector at high frequencies to insure high energy densities within the cavity for both f and f The plug acts as an acoustic window for the generated low frequency wave, because it is acoustically thin in the low frequency range.
The pressure release reflector inhibits the growth of both the sum frequency and harmonics of the primary frequency. This occurs because each frequency component in a plane wave undergoes a 180 phase shift upon reflection from a pressure release boundary. Consider a sinusoidal wave leading the piston. As the wave propagates, harmonics are generated with a fixed phase relationship to the fundamental. ignoring dispersion, the phase relationship is maintained while the "most stable" waveform, the sawtooth is approached. When the distorted wave is reflected back from the pressure release end, the 180 phase shift produces a least stable" waveform or a reverse sawtooth. During subsequent propagation back to the piston, new harmonic generation cancels the existing harmonic content, and the waveform tends to return to a sinusoid. Thus, relatively little energy will be lost as a result of competing nonlinear interactions.
The fluid in the cavity may be water or any other fluid which has a specific acoustic impedance that lies within the range from about 0.5 Kg sec"m' to about 5.0 Kg Sec"m". it may be desirable, for example, to use a fluid with a sound/speed lower than that of water in order to decrease the overall length of the device or to use a fluid with a higher parameter of nonlinearity in order to achieve a larger nonlinear conversion. The device of this invention is a small underwater sound source which is an effective radiator at low frequencies.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
What is claimed and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. A device for producing omnidirectional, low frequency acoustic waves, which comprises:
a thin wall acoustic waveguide having a first and second open end;
a transducer secured to said first open end of said waveguide;
a plug of pressure release material closing said second open end of waveguide to form a resonant cavity;
a fluid filling said acoustic waveguide between said transducer and said pressure release material;
a first and second high intensity, high frequency signal producing means connected with said transducer for simultaneous operation thereof producing first and second high intensity, high frequency standing waves within said resonant cavity;
said first standing wave having a frequency higher than said second standing wave;
said pressure release material inhibiting the growth of sum frequencies and harmonics whereby a low frequency output wave is generated by a nonlinear interaction of the two high frequency standing waves in the fluid within said waveguide, and
said wall thickness is sufficiently thin that said wall is transparent to said low frequency while reflecting said first and second high frequency signals.
2. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the frequencies of said first and second high intensity,
high frequency standing waves are neighboring resonance frequencies of said resonant cavity.
3. A device as claimed in claim 2, wherein:
the frequencies of said first and second high intensity, high frequency standing waves are both within the bandwidth of a single resonance of said resonant cavity.
4. A device as claimed in claim 1; wherein,
said thin wall acoustic waveguide has a thickness of from about l/64 inch to about l/32 inch, an inside diameter of from about 2 inches to about 5 inches, and a length of from about 3 inches to about 7 inches.
5. A device as claimed in claim I; in which,
said pressure release material is formed by a thin brass sheet backed by a thin sheet of mica with air in between said brass and mica.
* fi t

Claims (5)

1. A device for producing omnidirectional, low frequency acoustic waves, which comprises: a thin wall acoustic waveguide having a first and second open end; a transducer secured to said first open end of said waveguide; a plug of pressure release material closing said second open end oF waveguide to form a resonant cavity; a fluid filling said acoustic waveguide between said transducer and said pressure release material; a first and second high intensity, high frequency signal producing means connected with said transducer for simultaneous operation thereof producing first and second high intensity, high frequency standing waves within said resonant cavity; said first standing wave having a frequency higher than said second standing wave; said pressure release material inhibiting the growth of sum frequencies and harmonics whereby a low frequency output wave is generated by a nonlinear interaction of the two high frequency standing waves in the fluid within said waveguide, and said wall thickness is sufficiently thin that said wall is transparent to said low frequency while reflecting said first and second high frequency signals.
2. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the frequencies of said first and second high intensity, high frequency standing waves are neighboring resonance frequencies of said resonant cavity.
3. A device as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the frequencies of said first and second high intensity, high frequency standing waves are both within the bandwidth of a single resonance of said resonant cavity.
4. A device as claimed in claim 1; wherein, said thin wall acoustic waveguide has a thickness of from about 1/64 inch to about 1/32 inch, an inside diameter of from about 2 inches to about 5 inches, and a length of from about 3 inches to about 7 inches.
5. A device as claimed in claim 1; in which, said pressure release material is formed by a thin brass sheet backed by a thin sheet of mica with air in between said brass and mica.
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Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3964013A (en) * 1974-10-22 1976-06-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Cavitating parametric underwater acoustic source
US4188609A (en) * 1978-05-10 1980-02-12 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Low frequency hydrophone
EP0599250A2 (en) * 1992-11-24 1994-06-01 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Acoustic output device, and electronic apparatus using said device
US5627801A (en) * 1995-07-20 1997-05-06 Saunders; David N. Underwater pinger acoustic resonance chamber
US6567343B1 (en) * 2002-06-17 2003-05-20 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of National Defence Flextensional resonant pipe projector
US6567342B1 (en) * 2002-07-17 2003-05-20 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of National Defence Flared wave-guide projector
US20040233458A1 (en) * 2000-11-28 2004-11-25 Rosemount, Inc. Electromagnetic resonant sensor
CN101819769A (en) * 2010-03-04 2010-09-01 哈尔滨工程大学 Hydroacoustic standing-wave sound field forming apparatus
US20100265794A1 (en) * 2009-04-16 2010-10-21 Johnson Paul A System and method to estimate compressional to shear velocity (vp/vs) ratio in a region remote from a borehole
US20100322029A1 (en) * 2008-07-02 2010-12-23 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. System for generating a beam of acoustic energy from a borehole, and applications thereof
US20110080804A1 (en) * 2008-07-02 2011-04-07 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. Device and method for generating a beam of acoustic energy from a borehole, and applications thereof
US20110080805A1 (en) * 2008-07-02 2011-04-07 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. Device and method for generating a beam of acoustic energy from a borehole, and applications thereof
US20110080803A1 (en) * 2008-07-02 2011-04-07 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. Device and method for generating a beam of acoustic energy from a borehole, and applications thereof
US20140050046A1 (en) * 2009-10-26 2014-02-20 Los Alamos National Security, Llc Acoustic imaging of objects in optically opaque fluids
US8923092B2 (en) 2010-11-12 2014-12-30 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. System and method for investigating sub-surface features of a rock formation with acoustic sources generating coded signals
US9103944B2 (en) 2012-08-21 2015-08-11 Los Alamos National Security, Llc System and method for sonic wave measurements using an acoustic beam source
US10887682B1 (en) * 2017-02-22 2021-01-05 Triad National Security, Llc Resonance-enhanced compact nonlinear acoustic source of low frequency collimated beam for imaging applications in highly attenuating media

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US3371233A (en) * 1965-06-28 1968-02-27 Edward G. Cook Multifrequency ultrasonic cleaning equipment

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US3233213A (en) * 1960-04-15 1966-02-01 Harris Transducer Corp Transducer
US3371233A (en) * 1965-06-28 1968-02-27 Edward G. Cook Multifrequency ultrasonic cleaning equipment

Cited By (41)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3964013A (en) * 1974-10-22 1976-06-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Cavitating parametric underwater acoustic source
US4188609A (en) * 1978-05-10 1980-02-12 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Low frequency hydrophone
EP0599250A2 (en) * 1992-11-24 1994-06-01 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Acoustic output device, and electronic apparatus using said device
EP0599250A3 (en) * 1992-11-24 1995-07-26 Canon Kk Acoustic output device, and electronic apparatus using said device.
US5627801A (en) * 1995-07-20 1997-05-06 Saunders; David N. Underwater pinger acoustic resonance chamber
US7330271B2 (en) 2000-11-28 2008-02-12 Rosemount, Inc. Electromagnetic resonant sensor with dielectric body and variable gap cavity
US20040233458A1 (en) * 2000-11-28 2004-11-25 Rosemount, Inc. Electromagnetic resonant sensor
US6567343B1 (en) * 2002-06-17 2003-05-20 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of National Defence Flextensional resonant pipe projector
US6567342B1 (en) * 2002-07-17 2003-05-20 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of National Defence Flared wave-guide projector
US20100322031A1 (en) * 2008-07-02 2010-12-23 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. System for generating a beam of acoustic energy from a borehole, and applications thereof
US8547790B2 (en) 2008-07-02 2013-10-01 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Device and method for generating a beam of acoustic energy from a borehole, and applications thereof
US20100322029A1 (en) * 2008-07-02 2010-12-23 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. System for generating a beam of acoustic energy from a borehole, and applications thereof
US8559269B2 (en) * 2008-07-02 2013-10-15 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. Device and method for generating a beam of acoustic energy from a borehole, and applications thereof
US20110080804A1 (en) * 2008-07-02 2011-04-07 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. Device and method for generating a beam of acoustic energy from a borehole, and applications thereof
US20110080805A1 (en) * 2008-07-02 2011-04-07 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. Device and method for generating a beam of acoustic energy from a borehole, and applications thereof
US20110080803A1 (en) * 2008-07-02 2011-04-07 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. Device and method for generating a beam of acoustic energy from a borehole, and applications thereof
US8547791B2 (en) 2008-07-02 2013-10-01 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Device and method for generating a beam of acoustic energy from a borehole, and applications thereof
US8259530B2 (en) 2008-07-02 2012-09-04 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. System for generating a beam of acoustic energy from a borehole, and applications thereof
US8233349B2 (en) 2008-07-02 2012-07-31 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. System for generating a beam of acoustic energy from a borehole, and applications thereof
US8289808B2 (en) 2009-04-16 2012-10-16 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. System and method to estimate compressional to shear velocity (VP/VS) ratio in a region remote from a borehole
US20100265794A1 (en) * 2009-04-16 2010-10-21 Johnson Paul A System and method to estimate compressional to shear velocity (vp/vs) ratio in a region remote from a borehole
US20140050046A1 (en) * 2009-10-26 2014-02-20 Los Alamos National Security, Llc Acoustic imaging of objects in optically opaque fluids
US10331025B2 (en) * 2009-10-26 2019-06-25 Los Alamos National Security, Llc Acoustic imaging of objects in optically opaque fluids
CN101819769A (en) * 2010-03-04 2010-09-01 哈尔滨工程大学 Hydroacoustic standing-wave sound field forming apparatus
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