US3865971A - Submarine coaxial cables - Google Patents

Submarine coaxial cables Download PDF

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Publication number
US3865971A
US3865971A US386284A US38628473A US3865971A US 3865971 A US3865971 A US 3865971A US 386284 A US386284 A US 386284A US 38628473 A US38628473 A US 38628473A US 3865971 A US3865971 A US 3865971A
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United States
Prior art keywords
percent
copper
weight
coaxial cable
conductive material
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US386284A
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English (en)
Inventor
Denroku Kumagai
Gen Marubayashi
Kishio Arita
Shugo Kubo
Goro Yamauchi
Toshio Takahashi
Toshihiko Sato
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Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp
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Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from JP7924172A external-priority patent/JPS5519010B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP8762772A external-priority patent/JPS5141970B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP8762572A external-priority patent/JPS5213163B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP8762472A external-priority patent/JPS5141968B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP8762672A external-priority patent/JPS5141969B2/ja
Application filed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp filed Critical Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3865971A publication Critical patent/US3865971A/en
Assigned to NIPPON TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE CORPORATION reassignment NIPPON TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE CORPORATION CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). EFFECTIVE ON 07/12/1985 Assignors: NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE PUBLIC CORPORATION
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B11/00—Communication cables or conductors
    • H01B11/02—Cables with twisted pairs or quads
    • H01B11/06—Cables with twisted pairs or quads with means for reducing effects of electromagnetic or electrostatic disturbances, e.g. screens
    • H01B11/10—Screens specially adapted for reducing interference from external sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B11/00—Communication cables or conductors
    • H01B11/18—Coaxial cables; Analogous cables having more than one inner conductor within a common outer conductor
    • H01B11/1808—Construction of the conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
    • H01B7/14—Submarine cables

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a submarinecoaxial cable in which an inner conductor or both inner and outer conductors are made of a conductive material having a low temperature-coefficient of resistivity.
  • an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit into a repeater for a submarine coaxial cable system.
  • AGC automatic gain control
  • the temperature of the sea water is detected by a direct-heating type thermistor so that the response of an equalizing circuit may be controlled in response to the change in resistance of the thermistor.
  • This method has an advantage in that the circuit is simple in construction, but also has a disadvantage in that the response error is very high.
  • a method for utilizing an automatic gain control circuit with a pilot control but the system is complicated and the repeaters become expensive to manufacture and are unreliable in operation.
  • one of the objects of the present invention is to provide a submarine coaxial cable whose change of attenuation with temperature is extremely small.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a submarine coaxial cable which itself functions as a circuit equivalent to an automatic gain control circuit so that the submarine coaxial cable may become inexpensive to manufacture but is highly reliable in operation.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a submarine coaxial cable using conductors made of a novel dispersion-type conductive material with a low temperature-coefficient of resistivity so that the temperature coefficient of loss of inner dielectrics may be compensated, with theresulting considerable reduction in the changeof attenuation with temperature of the submarine cable.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a typical submarine coaxial cable
  • FIG. 2 is a graph illustratingthe relation betweenthe frequency and the attenuationof a submarine cable, the graph being used for an explanationlof the underlying principle of the present invention
  • FIG. 3' is a graphused'for the explanation of the'relation between M'atthiessens rule and. the electrical properties of the conductive materialsin accordance with the present invention
  • FIGS. 4-8 are graphs illustrating the changes of resistivity with temperature of the conductive materials prepared in accordance with the present invention in comparison with that of pure copper (curvea);
  • FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the changes of attenuation with temperature of the cables in accordance with the present invention using the conductors made of a conductive material consisting of 0.15% Al O Cu prepared in accordance with the present invention in comparison with those of the conventional cables using the conductors made of copper wires;
  • a submarine coaxial cable is gen erally composed of a steel strand. 1 covered with a first copper tape 2 which serves as an inner-conductor, a second copper tape 4 which is coaxially spaced apart from the first copper tape 2 andserves as an outer conan fiu v pJdn/rn z/ 1)] N /m 3 a8 K VEIftanS Nep/m 4 d d outer diameters of inner conductor and insulation in meters,
  • the curve d indicates the change in attenuation when a conductive material with a low temperature coefficient inner conductor is negligibly small
  • d is constant as 5 is used so that the change in attenuation due to change shown in Eq. 5, and temperature coefficients K K e in resistivity is decreased from the curve a tothe curve and K 5 are negative whereas K p l and K p 2 are posa. It can be seen that this method is very effective to itive. decrease the overall change in attenuation of the cable.
  • FIG. 2 shows that when the cause the frequency characteristic of dielectric power temperature coefficient of the conductors are defactor of the insulator, which is generally polyethylene, 40 creased from the curve a to the curve a the change in is in proportion to P at a low frequency less than 500 attenuation is considerably reduced as shown by the MHz. Changes in diameter of the outer conductor are arrow d to d.
  • the primary object of the pres is a constant so that the resistivity is increased as the ent invention is to considerably decrease the change in temperature coefficient of resistivity is decreased. attenuation with temperature of a submarine coaxial Therefore, in the conventional coaxial cables using the cable by using a conductive material with a low temperature coefficient of electrical resistivity.
  • a white dot a indicates the measured value of a standard annealed copper wire; a white triangle b, a copper wire into which is dispersed 0.2 percent of thermistor fine powder; c, a copper wire into which is dispersed 0.2 percent of MgO; d, a copper wire into which is dispersed 0.15 percent of A1 e, a copper wire into which is dispersed 0.5 percent of finely divided TiC', and f, a copper wire into which is dispersed 1.0 percent of nickel-copper alloy powder.
  • ferrite such as MnCoFe O BaFe O NiZnFe O NiCuFe O Li ,-,Fe O and the like
  • thermistor powder consisting of, as a major component, oxides of transition metal elements, that is the oxides of Mn, Ni, Co and Cu, and, as a minor component, the oxides of Mo, Fe, Cr, and V
  • oxides such asMgO, A1 0 Mn O CrO V0 V 0 ThO and the like
  • carbides such as Mo C, SiC, TaC, WC, Fe C and the like.
  • 0.01 5.00 percent by weight of these compounds are added to copper to obtain a desired temperature coefficient of resistivity.
  • 0.01 5.00 percent by weight of, Ni-Cu alloy may be added to copper.
  • the weight ofa compound to be added is less than 0.01 percent, a desired low temperature coefficient is not obtained, and when the weight is in excess of 5.0 percent, a conductive material becomes too brittle to be drawn or rolled even though a satisfactory low temperature coefficient of resistivity is obtained.
  • EXAMPLE 1 40 percent by weight of Mn0 35 percent by weight of C00, 20 percent by weight of NiO and 4 percent by weight of CuO 50 grams of pure copper powder of about 100 microns in particle size and 50 grams of thermistor fine powder about 40 microns in particle size were uniformly mixed in ethyl alcohol, and thereafter eter.
  • the wire was annealed for about 1 hour at 600C in vacuum, and then cooled in the furnace.
  • the content of thermistor powder in the wire was 0.2 percent.
  • the thermistor oxide was uniformly dispersed in copper matrix.
  • the resistivity was measured by an automatic electrical resistance measuring equipment at l X 10' torr at a speed of 0.625C/minute.
  • FIG. 5 shows the change of resistivity with temperature (curve b) of a copper wire having 0.2 percent of ferrite dispersed therein in comparison with that of a pure copper wire.
  • 99.8 grams of pure copper powder 10 microns in particle size and 0.2 grams of MnCoFe- 0 500A in particle size' was uniformly mixed in ethyl alcohol, and thereafter the alcohol was evaporated at 50C.
  • the mixture was pressed by a rubber press machine under a hydrostatic pressure of 3,000 kg/cm and then sintered in vacuum for 2 hours at 950C.
  • the pressed material was forged at 850C and drawn into a wire 0.7 mm in diameter.
  • the wire was annealed for about 1 hour at 600C in vacuum and then cooled in the furnace. Ferrite was uniformly dispersed in copper matrix which was confirmed by an image analyzer in a quantitative metallurgical system.
  • MnCoFe O Co-precipitation of MnCoFe O was effected by reaction in aqueous solution and then synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis.
  • the particle size'of MnCOF 0 was confirmed by an electron microscope.
  • other ferrites such as BaFe O NiZnFe O,, NiCuFe O and Li Fe O were used, and the electrical properties of copper wires thus provided are shown in Table 3.
  • FIG. 6 shows the change of resistivity with temperature (curve b ofa copper wire containing 0.2 percent of MgO in comparison with the curve a of a pure copper wire.
  • the ingot was forged at 850C, drawn into a wire 0.7 mm in diameter, annealed in vacuum at 600C for about 1 hour and then cooled in the furnace.
  • the added MgO was uniformly dispersed in a copper matrix, and the change of resistivity with temperature was measured by an automatic electrical resistance measuring equipment at 1 X 10 torr and at a speed of 0.625C/minute.
  • Table 5 shows the electrical properties of copper wires containing carbide powder.
  • FIG. 7 shows the change of resistivity with temperature (curve b) of a copper wire having-0.5 percent of TiC dispersed therein in comparison with-that of a pure copper wire (curve a).
  • FIG. 8 shows the change of resistivity with temperature (curve b) of a copper wire containing 1' percent of (50% Ni-Cu).alloy in comparison .with that of a pure copper (curve a).
  • the mixture wasdried at 50C to completely remove the alcohol and was pressed into acylinder about 200 mm in length and about 10 mm in diameter by arubber press machine under the pressure of 2,000 kg/cm
  • the cylinder was sintered in vacuum for 30 .minutes at 700C, and thereafter drawn by a swaging machine into a wire about 4 mm in diameter.
  • the wire was annealed at 600C for a few times in order to prevent the hardening in a continuous drawing step by which the wire was finally drawn to a wire 0.7 mm indiameter.
  • the wire was annealed for one hour at 600C.
  • the added NiCu was uniformly dispersed in Cu matrix.
  • Ni Cu 50% Ni-Cu alloy.
  • FIG. 9 shows the changes of attenuation with temperature of 1 kilometer submarine cables of the type described and 1 inch, 1.5 inch and 2 inch in diameter (curves a, b and c, respectively) in comparison with those (curves a,b, and c) of the conventional submarine, cables of 1 inch, 1.5 inch and 2 inch in diameter and using the ordinary soft copper wires. It is seen that the change of attenuation of the submarine coaxial cable of the present invention is reduced to about Vs as compared with the conventional submarine cables.
  • a submarine coaxial cable characterized by comprising I a. an inner conductor,-
  • said inner conductor being made of a dispersion type conductive material having a temperature coefficient of resistivity lower than that of pure copper and consisting of copper and 0.01-5.00 percent by weight of finely divided powder dispersed in said copper, said finely divided powder being from the group consisting of metal oxides, ferrite, thermistor, carbides, and nickel-copper alloy powder.
  • a submarine coaxial cable characterized by comprising a. an inner conductor b. an outer conductor disposed coaxially of said inner conductor and in spaced apart relation therewith to surround the same,
  • said inner and outer conductors being made of a dispersion type conductive material having a temperature coefficient of resistivity lower than th at of pure copper and consisting of copperand 0.01 5.00 percent by weight of a finely divided powder dispersed in said copper, said finely divided powder being from the group consisting of metal oxides, ferrite, thermistor, carbides, and nickel-copper alloy powder. 7
  • said dispersion-type conductive material consists of copper having 0.01-5.00 percent by weight of finely divided ferrite powder disposed therein, said fer rite powder being selected from the group consisting of MnCoFe O BaFe O NiZnFe O,, NiCuFe- O and 0.5 2.5 4'
  • said thermistor powder consisting of, as a-majorcomponent, oxides of transient elements selected from the group consisting of oxides of Mn, Ni, Co and Cu, and, as a minor component, oxides selected from the group consisting of Mo, Fe, Zr, Cr and V.
  • a submarine coaxial cable as defined in claim 7 wherein said dispersion-type conductive material consists of pure copper having dispersed 0.01-5.00 percent by weight of at least one compound selected from the oxide group consisting of MgO, MnO CrO V 0 and A1 0 11.
  • a submarine coaxial cable as defined in claim 7 wherein said dispersion-type conductive material consists of pure copper having dispersed therein 0.01-5.00 percent by weight of at least one compound selected from the carbide group consisting of TiC, MoC. SiC. TaC, WC and Fe C.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Communication Cables (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
US386284A 1972-08-08 1973-08-07 Submarine coaxial cables Expired - Lifetime US3865971A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP7924172A JPS5519010B2 (xx) 1972-08-08 1972-08-08
JP8762772A JPS5141970B2 (xx) 1972-09-01 1972-09-01
JP8762572A JPS5213163B2 (xx) 1972-09-01 1972-09-01
JP8762472A JPS5141968B2 (xx) 1972-09-01 1972-09-01
JP8762672A JPS5141969B2 (xx) 1972-09-01 1972-09-01

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US3865971A true US3865971A (en) 1975-02-11

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US (1) US3865971A (xx)
FR (1) FR2195828B1 (xx)
GB (1) GB1448736A (xx)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5043538A (en) * 1989-07-03 1991-08-27 Southwire Company Water resistant cable construction
US9251928B2 (en) * 2012-01-25 2016-02-02 Taiyo Cabletec Corporation Flexible cable

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5443615A (en) * 1991-02-08 1995-08-22 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Molded ceramic articles
GB2243160B (en) * 1990-02-13 1994-08-10 Honda Motor Co Ltd A method of producing a moulded article
DE4304878A1 (xx) * 1992-02-21 1993-08-26 Furukawa Electric Co Ltd

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2337556A (en) * 1939-02-03 1943-12-28 Composite Rubber Products Corp Cable
US2831921A (en) * 1952-09-11 1958-04-22 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Loaded laminated conductor
US2924795A (en) * 1954-12-31 1960-02-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Low-loss transmission line
US2929034A (en) * 1953-04-29 1960-03-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Magnetic transmission systems
US3569610A (en) * 1969-10-15 1971-03-09 Gen Cable Corp Ethylene-propylene rubber insulated cable with cross-linked polyethylene strand shielding

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2337556A (en) * 1939-02-03 1943-12-28 Composite Rubber Products Corp Cable
US2831921A (en) * 1952-09-11 1958-04-22 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Loaded laminated conductor
US2929034A (en) * 1953-04-29 1960-03-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Magnetic transmission systems
US2924795A (en) * 1954-12-31 1960-02-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Low-loss transmission line
US3569610A (en) * 1969-10-15 1971-03-09 Gen Cable Corp Ethylene-propylene rubber insulated cable with cross-linked polyethylene strand shielding

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5043538A (en) * 1989-07-03 1991-08-27 Southwire Company Water resistant cable construction
US9251928B2 (en) * 2012-01-25 2016-02-02 Taiyo Cabletec Corporation Flexible cable

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Publication number Publication date
DE2340173B2 (de) 1976-06-16
DE2340173A1 (de) 1974-02-21
FR2195828B1 (xx) 1976-05-07
FR2195828A1 (xx) 1974-03-08
GB1448736A (en) 1976-09-08

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Owner name: NIPPON TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE CORPORATION

Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE PUBLIC CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004454/0001

Effective date: 19850718