US3865644A - High strength, corrosion resistant, austenite-ferrite stainless steel - Google Patents
High strength, corrosion resistant, austenite-ferrite stainless steel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3865644A US3865644A US349359A US34935973A US3865644A US 3865644 A US3865644 A US 3865644A US 349359 A US349359 A US 349359A US 34935973 A US34935973 A US 34935973A US 3865644 A US3865644 A US 3865644A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- maximum
- steel
- austenite
- atomic percentage
- corrosion
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 title abstract description 5
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 6
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000003483 aging Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 from 0.1% to 2% Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 abstract description 29
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 abstract description 18
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 30
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 28
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000002436 steel type Substances 0.000 description 9
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 208000020442 loss of weight Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001133 2324 aluminium alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000238366 Cephalopoda Species 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 101100536354 Drosophila melanogaster tant gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000979 retarding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
Definitions
- Si maximum value 2 preferably a maximum of 1.0 Mn maximum value 5 preferably a maximum 01'10 Cr 20 30 preferably 24 27 Ni 4 9 preferably 5.5 7.5
- Nb 0.1 2 5 preferably 0.1 1.6
- Ti maximum value 1 5 preferably a maximum of 1.0
- 0 1 2 preferably 0.5 1.0
- niobium and titanium in proportion to the quantity of carbon and nitrogen in such manner that the atomic percentage of niobium plus the atomic percentage of titanium z the atomic percentage of carbon plus the atomic percentage of nitrogen.
- a method commonly employed to attain increases in steel strength is age-hardening. This requires a suitable combination of alloy material as well as an appropriate aging treatment in order to attain the fine-dispersed precipitate which is necessary for such increase in strength.
- the aging treatment which is usually accomplished at relatively low temperatures, is preceded in most cases by a solution anneal at high temperature.
- austenite-ferritic steels having a high chromium content. such as the above identified type SIS 2324 steel. it has been found that such agehardening cannot be accomplished satisfactorily. 1f the aging treatment is carried out at temperatures between 400C and 525C, there will occur the well-known socalled 475C-embrittlement.
- the present invention makes it now feasible in the case of a corrosion'resistant austenite-ferritic steel having high strength, good ductility, impact strength and resistance to intercrystalline corrosion, surprisingly to attain, by means of age-hardening, an increase in its strength and resistance to corrosion while maintaining its impact strength.
- This is accomplished by combining and adding a powerfully carbide-forming compound, such as niobium and titanium as well as aluminum, to an austenite-ferritic steel having a high content of chromium.
- austenite In order to attain the desired strength characteristics, special attention must be paid to the proportion of austenite to ferrite in the steel. Excessive quantities ofaustenite in the steel will cause a lowering in strength after age-hardening, and tests have shown that the content of austenite must accordingly not exceed 35% by volume. On the other hand, the austenite influences ad vantageously the impact resistance when the material possesses the desired high strength characteristics, and the content of austenite should therefore not be reduced to a very low level. Thus, the austenite content will be a factor for attaining a fine ferrite grain size by its retarding effect on the growth of the ferrite grains during the solution anneal.
- the austenite phase has an inhibiting influence on the propagation of cracks, and thus influences advantageously the ductility and the impact resistance of the steel. Tests have shown that, in view of the above discussed factors, the austenite content of the steel must be at least 10% by volume for the purpose of the present invention.
- the steel of the present invention must contain between 10% and 35%, and preferably between 10% and 25%, by volume of austenite.
- the steel In order to assure that the steel has an austenite content within these specified limits, it is necessary to take into consideration the ferriteor ausenitestabilizing effect of the alloys contained in the steel, and this can be accomplished roughly with the aid of a so-called Schaeffler diagram.
- the invention is further characterized by the fact that the steel has the following composition, given in percent by weight:
- Ti maximum value 1.5 preferably a maximum of 1.0 A1 0.1 2 preferably 0.5 1.0
- Tables 1 and 2 show that even in case of small admix- Percem was found to be proper m PTaCtICe' tures of aluminum, such as 0.1%, significant increases EXAMPLES in strength are obtained after the aging treatment.
- the other types of steel (Nos. 2-6 inclusive) in Table 1 are examples of the present invention, and the steel types 4, 5 and 6 having aluminum contents ranging from 0.5% to 1.0% are especially characteristic of the invention.
- Table 2 (on the following page) lists the mechanical properties of the steel types shown in Table 1, together with hardness and aging treatment.
- the standard steel SlS 2324 shows a substantial loss of weight after the aging treatment (at 600C, for 1 hour, with water cooling), while steel No. 8 (SlS 2324 aluminum) shows a much lesser loss St I HV cc z i i g gfigf'; 5 after an ldentlcal aging treatment according to Table 4.
- Steels 4, 5 and 6, also listed in Table 4 prove definitely gig fig that a combination of aluminum with niobium in steel 3 237 5 SIS 2324 will eliminate completely the susceptibility to 4 237 13 5 235 24 IO corroslon.
- Corrosion tests were then conducted by using 600C disks (3 X 20 mm diameter) which were subjected for It was found that alumlnum contents between 0.5 20 hours to a boiling 1% solution of sodium chloride, and 10% are most Sultable for anamlng maXlmUm saturated with finely powdered silver chloride and calcl'eases m Strength y age-hardemng- Such aluminum cium hydroxide.
- the steel of the present invention is particularly suitable for use in centrifugal separators and other rotating machine units which operate in hot chloride solutions or which come occasionally in contact with such solutions.
- Other fields of application are, for example, pump shafts, gear shafts, drive shafts for boat-engines, bolts, stirring equipment, and transport devices for the chemical industry and the cellulose industry, as well as any other parts which are subjected to high stresses in corrosive surroundings, especially if there is a danger of intercrystalline corrosion.
- a corrosion-resistant, austenite-ferritic steel which contains to by volume of austenite, said steel being adapted to attain an increase in strength by agehardening, while retaining good ductility and notchimpact resistance as well as excellent resistance to intercrystalline corrosion, said steel consisting essentially of the following composition by weight:
- composition of said steel given in percent by weight, consists essentially of:
- composition of said steel given in percent by weight, consists essentially of:
- composition of said steel given in percent by weight, consists essentially of:
- composition of said steel given in percent by weight, consists essentially of:
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Sheet Steel (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE535372 | 1972-04-24 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3865644A true US3865644A (en) | 1975-02-11 |
Family
ID=20266281
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US349359A Expired - Lifetime US3865644A (en) | 1972-04-24 | 1973-04-09 | High strength, corrosion resistant, austenite-ferrite stainless steel |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3865644A (sv) |
| JP (1) | JPS4922325A (sv) |
| AT (1) | ATA285473A (sv) |
| DE (1) | DE2320463B2 (sv) |
| FR (1) | FR2181891B1 (sv) |
| GB (1) | GB1404517A (sv) |
| IT (1) | IT980319B (sv) |
Cited By (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3963532A (en) * | 1974-05-30 | 1976-06-15 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Fe, Cr ferritic alloys containing Al and Nb |
| US4055448A (en) * | 1973-04-10 | 1977-10-25 | Daido Seiko Kabushiki Kaisha | Ferrite-austenite stainless steel |
| US4141762A (en) * | 1976-05-15 | 1979-02-27 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Two-phase stainless steel |
| US4216013A (en) * | 1976-05-28 | 1980-08-05 | Christer Aslund | Ductile ferritic steels and their use for metallic articles, especially welded constructions |
| US4264356A (en) * | 1978-03-23 | 1981-04-28 | Tohoku Special Steel Works Limited | Ferritic precipitation-hardened soft magnetic stainless steel |
| US4284439A (en) * | 1977-08-17 | 1981-08-18 | Granges Myby Ab | Process for the production of sheet and strip from ferritic, stabilized, stainless chromium-molybdenum-nickel steels |
| US4331474A (en) * | 1980-09-24 | 1982-05-25 | Armco Inc. | Ferritic stainless steel having toughness and weldability |
| US4828630A (en) * | 1988-02-04 | 1989-05-09 | Armco Advanced Materials Corporation | Duplex stainless steel with high manganese |
| US4832765A (en) * | 1983-01-05 | 1989-05-23 | Carpenter Technology Corporation | Duplex alloy |
| US4959518A (en) * | 1989-05-30 | 1990-09-25 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Method of welding stainless steel studs |
| US20020193755A1 (en) * | 2000-11-16 | 2002-12-19 | Ideal Instruments, Inc. | Detectable heavy duty needle |
| US20070151700A1 (en) * | 2005-12-30 | 2007-07-05 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Multi metal base thermal resistance alloy and mold with multi metal base thermal resistance alloy layer |
| US20080292489A1 (en) * | 2007-01-04 | 2008-11-27 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | High Mn Austenitic Stainless Steel |
| US20080304996A1 (en) * | 2007-01-04 | 2008-12-11 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | High Nb, Ta, and Al Creep- and Oxidation-Resistant Austenitic Stainless Steels |
| USRE43453E1 (en) | 2000-02-09 | 2012-06-05 | Neogen Corporation | Detectable stainless steel needles for meat packing |
| US11479836B2 (en) | 2021-01-29 | 2022-10-25 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Low-cost, high-strength, cast creep-resistant alumina-forming alloys for heat-exchangers, supercritical CO2 systems and industrial applications |
| US11866809B2 (en) | 2021-01-29 | 2024-01-09 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Creep and corrosion-resistant cast alumina-forming alloys for high temperature service in industrial and petrochemical applications |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0107489A1 (en) * | 1982-10-23 | 1984-05-02 | MATHER & PLATT LIMITED | Stainless steel alloy |
| JPS61113748A (ja) * | 1984-11-09 | 1986-05-31 | Hitachi Ltd | 耐硫化侵食性Ｃｒ−Ｎｉ−Ａｌ−Ｓｉ合金 |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3152934A (en) * | 1962-10-03 | 1964-10-13 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Process for treating austenite stainless steels |
| US3253908A (en) * | 1959-11-20 | 1966-05-31 | Armco Steel Corp | Stainless steel and method |
| US3328211A (en) * | 1963-12-05 | 1967-06-27 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind | Method of manufacturing weldable, tough and high strength steel for structure members usable in the ashot-state and steel so made |
| US3362813A (en) * | 1964-09-15 | 1968-01-09 | Carpenter Steel Co | Austenitic stainless steel alloy |
| US3759757A (en) * | 1966-09-23 | 1973-09-18 | Armco Steel Corp | Aluminum bearing precipitation hardening stainless steel of high retained toughness |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA922544A (en) * | 1969-07-11 | 1973-03-13 | G. Bieber Clarence | Corrosion resistant high chromium ferritic stainless steel |
-
1973
- 1973-04-02 AT AT285473A patent/ATA285473A/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1973-04-09 US US349359A patent/US3865644A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1973-04-17 FR FR7313912A patent/FR2181891B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1973-04-20 IT IT49611/73A patent/IT980319B/it active
- 1973-04-20 JP JP48044950A patent/JPS4922325A/ja active Pending
- 1973-04-21 DE DE19732320463 patent/DE2320463B2/de not_active Ceased
- 1973-04-24 GB GB1941873A patent/GB1404517A/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3253908A (en) * | 1959-11-20 | 1966-05-31 | Armco Steel Corp | Stainless steel and method |
| US3152934A (en) * | 1962-10-03 | 1964-10-13 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Process for treating austenite stainless steels |
| US3328211A (en) * | 1963-12-05 | 1967-06-27 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind | Method of manufacturing weldable, tough and high strength steel for structure members usable in the ashot-state and steel so made |
| US3362813A (en) * | 1964-09-15 | 1968-01-09 | Carpenter Steel Co | Austenitic stainless steel alloy |
| US3759757A (en) * | 1966-09-23 | 1973-09-18 | Armco Steel Corp | Aluminum bearing precipitation hardening stainless steel of high retained toughness |
Cited By (23)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4055448A (en) * | 1973-04-10 | 1977-10-25 | Daido Seiko Kabushiki Kaisha | Ferrite-austenite stainless steel |
| US3963532A (en) * | 1974-05-30 | 1976-06-15 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Fe, Cr ferritic alloys containing Al and Nb |
| US4141762A (en) * | 1976-05-15 | 1979-02-27 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Two-phase stainless steel |
| US4216013A (en) * | 1976-05-28 | 1980-08-05 | Christer Aslund | Ductile ferritic steels and their use for metallic articles, especially welded constructions |
| US4284439A (en) * | 1977-08-17 | 1981-08-18 | Granges Myby Ab | Process for the production of sheet and strip from ferritic, stabilized, stainless chromium-molybdenum-nickel steels |
| US4264356A (en) * | 1978-03-23 | 1981-04-28 | Tohoku Special Steel Works Limited | Ferritic precipitation-hardened soft magnetic stainless steel |
| US4331474A (en) * | 1980-09-24 | 1982-05-25 | Armco Inc. | Ferritic stainless steel having toughness and weldability |
| US4832765A (en) * | 1983-01-05 | 1989-05-23 | Carpenter Technology Corporation | Duplex alloy |
| US4828630A (en) * | 1988-02-04 | 1989-05-09 | Armco Advanced Materials Corporation | Duplex stainless steel with high manganese |
| US4959518A (en) * | 1989-05-30 | 1990-09-25 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Method of welding stainless steel studs |
| USRE43453E1 (en) | 2000-02-09 | 2012-06-05 | Neogen Corporation | Detectable stainless steel needles for meat packing |
| US20020193755A1 (en) * | 2000-11-16 | 2002-12-19 | Ideal Instruments, Inc. | Detectable heavy duty needle |
| US6960196B2 (en) * | 2000-11-16 | 2005-11-01 | Ideal Instruments, Inc. | Detectable heavy duty needle |
| US7905869B2 (en) * | 2000-11-16 | 2011-03-15 | Neogen Corporation | Detectable heavy duty needle |
| US20020193756A1 (en) * | 2000-11-16 | 2002-12-19 | Ideal Instruments, Inc. | Detectable heavy duty needle |
| US20070151700A1 (en) * | 2005-12-30 | 2007-07-05 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Multi metal base thermal resistance alloy and mold with multi metal base thermal resistance alloy layer |
| US7833631B2 (en) * | 2005-12-30 | 2010-11-16 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Multi metal base thermal resistance alloy and mold with multi metal base thermal resistance alloy layer |
| US20080292489A1 (en) * | 2007-01-04 | 2008-11-27 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | High Mn Austenitic Stainless Steel |
| US20080304996A1 (en) * | 2007-01-04 | 2008-12-11 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | High Nb, Ta, and Al Creep- and Oxidation-Resistant Austenitic Stainless Steels |
| US7754305B2 (en) | 2007-01-04 | 2010-07-13 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | High Mn austenitic stainless steel |
| US7754144B2 (en) | 2007-01-04 | 2010-07-13 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | High Nb, Ta, and Al creep- and oxidation-resistant austenitic stainless steel |
| US11479836B2 (en) | 2021-01-29 | 2022-10-25 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Low-cost, high-strength, cast creep-resistant alumina-forming alloys for heat-exchangers, supercritical CO2 systems and industrial applications |
| US11866809B2 (en) | 2021-01-29 | 2024-01-09 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Creep and corrosion-resistant cast alumina-forming alloys for high temperature service in industrial and petrochemical applications |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2320463B2 (de) | 1976-01-22 |
| DE2320463A1 (de) | 1973-11-15 |
| GB1404517A (en) | 1975-08-28 |
| FR2181891B1 (sv) | 1976-09-10 |
| ATA285473A (de) | 1976-09-15 |
| IT980319B (it) | 1974-09-30 |
| FR2181891A1 (sv) | 1973-12-07 |
| JPS4922325A (sv) | 1974-02-27 |
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