US3852689A - Waveguide couplers - Google Patents

Waveguide couplers Download PDF

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Publication number
US3852689A
US3852689A US00412503A US41250373A US3852689A US 3852689 A US3852689 A US 3852689A US 00412503 A US00412503 A US 00412503A US 41250373 A US41250373 A US 41250373A US 3852689 A US3852689 A US 3852689A
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Prior art keywords
waveguide
coupler
phase velocities
coupling
apertures
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00412503A
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English (en)
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B Watson
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BAE Systems Electronics Ltd
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Marconi Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/12—Coupling devices having more than two ports
    • H01P5/16—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port
    • H01P5/18—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port consisting of two coupled guides, e.g. directional couplers
    • H01P5/181—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port consisting of two coupled guides, e.g. directional couplers the guides being hollow waveguides

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT phase velocity is non-rectilinear in the longitudinal direction so that an incident wave in one of the lengths is capable of coupling into the other length.
  • the nonrectilinear length is approximately sinusoidally shaped.
  • WAVEGUIDE COUPLERS This invention relates to waveguide couplers and more particularly to an improved waveguide coupler for coupling energy between two lengths of waveguide each capable of supporting electromagnetic waves having phase velocities different'from those of the waves supportable by the other.
  • the waveguide coupler of FIG. 1 comprises a semicircularly sectioned waveguide 1, having an input port 2 and an output port 3, which has its flat outer wall attached to a narrow wall of a rectangularly sectioned waveguide 4 which also has a port 5 and an output port 6.
  • Two groups of four coupling holes 7 are provided through the contacting portions of the semi-circular and rectangular waveguides, the distance between the holes 7 in each group being approximately a quarter of the wavelength of the electromagentic wave in the semi-circular waveguide 1 from which energy is to be coupled into. the rectangular waveguide 4. Both the output port 3 and the port 5 of the rectangular waveguide are terminated in matched loads (not shown).
  • the coupling holes 7 are shaped and dimensioned in accordance with known principles to produce the desired bandwidth of coupling. However, because the coupling holes'7 are only in selected parts of the availof waveguide each capable of supporting electromagnetic waves having phase velocities different from those supportable by the other, and having a common interconnecting wall therebetween is such that the length of waveguide capable of supporting waves having the higher phase velocities is approximately sinusoidally shaped in the longitudinal direction and is provided with coupling apertures in the common interconnecting wall so that energy from an incident electromagnetic wave in one of said lengths of waveguide is capable of being coupled to the other length of waveguide to produce a coupled output electromagnetic wave therein.
  • the present invention seeks to provide a coupler of reduced length and attenuation compared with the above described known coupler for similar frequencies of operation.
  • a waveguide coupler for coupling energy between two lengths of waveguide each capable of supporting electromagnetic waves having phase velocities different from those supportable by the other, and having a common interconnecting wall therebetween is such that one of the waveguides has a non rectilinear form in the longitudinal diection such that the ratio of the'nonrectilinear length of said one waveguide to the length of the other waveguide is substantially equal to the ratio of their respective phase velocities and wherein coupling apertures are provided in the common interslots.
  • the sinusoidal shape consists of a succession of inclined straight line portions the corners where the straight line portions meet may be smoothed or rounded off.
  • common wall is intended to cover the case where a single wall serves as a wall of the two separate lengths of waveguide and also the case where the two lengths each have separate walls which are coupled together.
  • the waveguide capable of supporting waves having the higher phase velocities is a true sinusoid or a succession of inclined straight line portions.
  • the coupling apertures are in the form of longitudinally disposed slots positioned such that the centre of each slot lies substantially on the zero axis of the sinusoid midway between adjacent oppositely phased peaks of the sinusoid.
  • the waveguide capable of supportingwaves having the higher phase velocities is a succession of straight line portions having a common longitudinal axis with the waveguide capable of supporting waves having the lower phase velocities, and connected between the straight line por-' tions are curved portions providing a compensating loop so as to substantially match the differing phase velocities between the two lengths of waveguide.
  • the coupling apertures are provided along the common longitudinal axis and are either slots or circular holes.
  • the waveguide capable of supporting waves having the higher phase velocities is a true sinusoid or a succession of in.- clined straight line portionswith a compensating loop provided in the region of maximum amplitude of the sinusoid so as to substantially match the differing phase velocities of the two lengths of waveguide
  • the coupling apertures are preferably in yet a further embodiment the waveguide capable of supporting waves having the higher phase velocities is a true sinusoid or a succession of inclined straight line portions which extend beyond the common interconnecting wall, the extended portion providing a compensating loop to substantially match the differing phase velocities of the two lengths of waveguide.
  • the coupling apertures are preferably slots.
  • the overall dimensions of the aperture is just less than the spacing between the apertures, and the apertures and sinusoidal guide are dimensioned such that the apertures do not extend over the side walls of the sinusoidal guide, said overall dimensions of the apertures being made equal to a quarter of the wavelength of the geometric frequency of the extreme frequencies to be present in the waveguide intended to support the electromagnetic wave from which energy is to be coupled into the other guide.
  • the sinusoidally shaped length of waveguide is of a rectangularly sectioned waveguide, and the other length of waveguide is a semi-circularly sectioned length of waveguide, the common longitudinal wall between the two lengths of waveguide forming the fiat wall of the semi-circularly sectional length of waveguide.
  • a number of couplers may be connected together to form a band branching system.
  • a band branching system comprises first and second serially connected couplers in accordance with this invention for converting energy from a semi-circular sectioned waveguide to a rectangular sectioned waveguide, both first and second serially connected couplers being capable of operating at predetermined different ranges of frequencies and each capable of coupling from semicircular sectioned waveguide to rectangular sectioned waveguide; a transitional section waveguide that is capable of transferring energy at one end thereof from a circular section waveguide to a semi-circular sectioned waveguide at the other end thereof; a slot coupler known per se capable of operating at a lower range of frequencies than the serially connected couplers and also capable of coupling from a semi-circular sectioned waveguide to rectangular sectioned waveguide; and a load; wherein the semi-circular end of the transitional section waveguide is connected to the first serially connected coupler which possesses the higher frequency coupling apertures whilst the
  • FIG. I is a coupler according to the prior art.
  • FIG. 2 shows an exploded, partially sectioned view of a semicircular to rectangular coupler in accordance with one embodiment of this invention
  • FIG. 3 shows an enlarged part plan view in the direction of arrow A in FIG. 2 with axes and distance inscribed thereon, and with the positions of coupling slots shown in dotted outline, and
  • FIG. 4 shows a part plan view of a semi-circular to a rectangular coupler in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 5 shows a part plan view of a semi-circular to rectangular coupler in accordance with another embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 6 shows a part plan view of s semi-circular to rectangular coupler in accordance with yet a further embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 7 shows a band branching network utilising coupiers in accordance with this invention.
  • a semi-circularly sectioned waveguide 1 has an input port 2 and an output port (not shown).
  • a rectangularly sectioned waveguide 4, which is sinusoidally shaped in the longitudinal direction, has an input port 5 and an output port 6.
  • a coupling plate 10, in which coupling slots 7 are formed, is provided between the waveguides 1 and 4. The slots 7 are spaced on the zero axis of the sinusoid midway between adjacent oppositely phased peaks of the sinusoid.
  • the coupling plate 10 forms a common interconnecting wall between the flat face of the semi-circular guide 1 and one of the narrow walls of the rectangular guide 4.
  • the ends of the rectangular waveguide 4 adjacent the input port 5 and output port 6 are provided with a radius which is typically three times the broad wall dimension of the guide 4. Between the two radiused ends the guide 4 is sinusoidally shaped, the amplitude of the sinusoid increasing gradually from the ends so as to minimise undesirable reflections in the guide 4.
  • the longitudinal axis of the coupler is referenced 12 and the centre line of the sinusoidally shaped narrow wall of waveguide 4 is referenced 13.
  • x and y coordinates are shown.
  • the x co-ordinate lies on the longitudinal axis of the coupler and the y co-ordinate is perpendicular thereto at a point where the centre line 13 intersects the longitudinal axis 12.
  • the longitudinal axial distance between a trough of the sinusoid at point 0 and a peak of the sinusoid at point b is referenced r.
  • the length of the plane curve described by the centre line of the sinusoidal shaped guide between a trough at point 0 and a peak at point d is given by s.
  • the period of the sinusoid is substantially equal to one half the guided wavelength of the geometric mean of the highest and lowest frequencies required to be coupled.
  • zero dB coupling loss is required between the waveguides l and 4, although in practice this ideal is not attainable because some reflection and losses always occur when performing coupling.
  • the phase change in the semi-circular guide I must equal the phase change in the rectangular guide 4, i.e.,
  • BT? phase change coefficient for the TEE mode in semi-circular waveguide BTEfi phase change coefficient for the TEE, mode in rectangular waveguide.
  • the amplitude of the sinusoid may be calculated.
  • the embodiment shown therein has the rectangular waveguide 4 with its narrow wall adjacent the flat face of the semi-circular waveguide l.
  • the waveguide 4 has a straight portion 27, in which the coupling slots 7 are situated, provided along a common axiswith the longitudinal axis of the waveguide 1.
  • circular holes may be used which are dimensioned such that they do not excite unwanted coupled modes in the waveguides from which output energy is to be taken.
  • Phase compensating loops 28 are provided at predetermined distances along the waveguide 4 consistent with the physical limitations, i.e., bending radii, and with maintaining the compensating loops as short as possible.
  • the compensating loops 28 are provided so as to substantially match the phase velocities of the two waveguidesl and 4. It will be realised by those skilled in the art that the length of the compensating loop becomes shorter as the frequency to be coupled in increased. In a practical embodiment of this nature the length of the compensating loop is calculated from the following equation:
  • FIG. 5 a further embodiment of the invention is shown in which the waveguide supporting the waves having the higher phase velocities waveguide 4 is provided with phase compensating loops 28.
  • the waveguide 4 with its narrow wall abutting the flat face of waveguide 1 has a succession of inclined straight line portions with the compensating loops provided in the regions of maximum amplitude, where it is not possible to'provide effective coupling apertures.
  • the arrangement of FIG. 5 will produce a coupler having a shorter overall length than that of FIGS. 2 and 4.
  • the coupling apertures are preferably slots which are angled in the interconnecting wall such that they do not excite unwanted modes in the waveguide to which energy is coupled.
  • a further embodiment shown with reference to FIG. 6 has the approximately sinusoidal waveguide 4 provided with straight sided portions which form an apex beyond the extremities of the common interconnecting wall, the portions extending beyond the common interconnecting wall forming a compensating loop so as tosubstantially match the phase velocities of the waveguides 1 and 4.
  • the angle of inclination 0 of the sides of the waveguide 4 is given by the equation:
  • the coupling slots 7 or holes are arranged and dimensioned in accordance with known principles and are typically spaced apart at their centres and have a length or diameter slightly less than a quarter of the wavelength of the geometric mean of the top and bottom extremities of the band of frequencies required to be coupled. As is well known the important factor is that the distance between the slots or holes is less than one half the waveguide wavelength at the highest frequency to be coupled. Where a frequency selective coupler is required, additionally to a careful selection of aperture size, the guide into which energy is being coupled will normally be arranged to be cut-off at approximately 20 percent below the lowest wanted coupled frequency.
  • couplers in accordance with this invention are capable of coupling between any two waveguides where the'relative phase velocities are different and require to be matched.
  • coupling may be performed between, for example, rectangular and triangular waveguide or elliptical and ridged rectangular waveguide, and also, between either the broad walls or narrow walls of rectangular waveguide and a further geometrically dissimilar' waveguide, assuming of course that the slots or holes are laterally spaced in the waveguide walls so as to cut the waveguide wall surface currents.
  • the length of guide having the higher cut-off frequency need not be truly sinusoidal but only approximately sinusoidal;
  • a series of oppositely phased semi-circles may also be used to approximate to the sinusoidal shape.
  • couplers in accordance with this invention having one section that is sinusoidal in shape effectively slow the waves in the sinusoidally shaped guide in the longitudinal direction, such couplers are typically only 12 inches in length.
  • Couplers as hereinbefore described may be used in a band branching network,'and such a network will now be described with reference to FIG. 7.
  • a transitional section of waveguide 14 known per se transfers energy of the TE mode from circular waveguide at its input 15 to semi-circular waveguides at its output 16.
  • the output 16 is connected to two serially connected couplers l7 and 18 which are in accordance with this invention and which provide coupling from semi-circular waveguide to rectangular waveguide.
  • the couplers l7 and 18 have rectangular ports l9 and 20 respectively and rectangular output ports 21 and 22 respectively.
  • the ports 19 and 20 are connected to matched loads (not shown) so that any undirected power in the couplers l7 and 18 may be absorbed.
  • the semi-circular end of coupler 18 that is distant from coupler 17 is connected to a known slot coupler 23 which is capable of converting energy from semicircular waveguide to rectangular waveguide since its semi-circular waveguide portion is arranged to have the same cut-off frequency as its rectangular waveguide portions.
  • the coupler 23 is provided with a rectangular port 24 which is connected to a matched load (not shown) and with a rectangular output port 25.
  • the semi-circular end of coupler 23 remote from coupler 18 is terminated in a matched load 26 known per se.
  • energy of the TE mode in circular waveguide and in the frequency range 30-90 Ghz is applied at input 15. This energy is then transferred to semi-circular waveguide by the transitional section 14.
  • the coupling slots (not separately shown) in the coupler 17 are dimensioned so as to couple into the approximately sinusoidal rectangular portion thereof frequencies in the range 70-90 Ghz. Because energy in the remaining 30-70 Ghz must pass through the semi-circular portion of coupler 17 with the minimum of disturbance the coupling slots are made as small as possible to be consistent with the required 70-90 Ghz coupled band of frequencies. So that greater attenuation to low frequencies is produced by the rectangular portion of coupler 17 the rectangular portion of coupler 17 is arranged to be cut-off to frequencies below 70 Ghz.
  • the coupler 17 is thus frequency selective and energy in the frequency range 70-90 Ghz in the TEfi mode is taken from the rectangular output port 21.
  • Coupler 18 is similar to coupler 17 but transfers energy in the semi-circular portion thereof in the frequency band 50-70 Ghz to the rectangular portion thereof.
  • TEfi mode energy in the range 50-70 Ghz is taken from rectangular output port 22.
  • the remaining frequency band in the semi-circular waveguide is coupled into rectangular waveguide by the slot coupler 23, thus, the coupler 23 is not required to be frequency selective.
  • Energy of the TEE, mode in the remaining frequency band 30-50 Ghz is taken from rectangular output port 25.
  • a waveguide coupler for coupling energy between two lengths of waveguide each capable of supporting electromagnetic waves having phase velocities different from those supportable by the other, a common interconnecting wall between said two lengths which is such that one of the waveguides has a non-rectilinear form in the longitudinal direction such that the ratio of the non-rectilinear length of said one waveguide to the length of the other waveguide is substantially equal to the ratio of their respective phase velocities and wherein coupling apertures are provided in the common interconnecting wall so that energy from an incident electromagnetic wave in said non-rectilinear length of waveguide is capable of being coupled to the other waveguide, or vice versa, to produce a coupled output electromagnetic wave therein.
  • a band branching system comprising first and second serially connected couplers as claimed in claim 1 for converting energy from a semi-circular sectioned waveguide to a rectangular sectioned waveguide, both first and second serially connected couplers being capable of operating at predetermined different ranges of frequencies and each capable of coupling from semicircular sectioned waveguide to rectangular sectioned waveguide; a transitional section waveguide that is capable of transferring energy at one end thereof from a circular section waveguide to a semi-circular sectioned waveguide at the other end thereof; a slot coupler capable of operating at a lower range of frequencies than the serially connected couplers and also capable of coupling from a semi-circular sectioned waveguide to rectangular sectioned waveguide; and a load; wherein the semi-circular end of the transitional section waveguide is connected to the first serially connected coupler which possesses the higher frequency coupling apertureswhilst the second serially connected coupler is connected to the slot coupler, the slot coupler in turn being connected to the load, the
  • a waveguide coupler as claimed in claim 6 wherein the coupling apertures are in the form of longitudinally disposed slots positioned such that the centre of each slot lies substantially on the zero axis of the sinusoid midway between adjacent oppositely phased peaks of the sinusoid.
  • a waveguide coupler as claimed in claim 8 wherein the coupling apertures are in the form of longitudinally disposed slots positioned such that the centre of each slot lies substantially on the zero axis of the sinusoid midway between adjacent oppositely phased peaks of the sinusoid.
  • a waveguide coupler as claimed in claim 3 wherein the waveguide capable of supporting waves having the higher phase velocities is a ture sinusoid with a compensating loop provided in the region of maximum amplitude of the sinusoid so as to substantially match the differing phase velocities of the two lengths of waveguide.

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US00412503A 1972-11-04 1973-11-02 Waveguide couplers Expired - Lifetime US3852689A (en)

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2760899A1 (fr) * 1997-03-13 1998-09-18 Oritel Coupleur hyperfrequence a structure plane
US6281765B1 (en) * 1999-03-09 2001-08-28 Agere Systems Optoelectronics Guardian Corp. Wide band electrical delay line
US6794950B2 (en) * 2000-12-21 2004-09-21 Paratek Microwave, Inc. Waveguide to microstrip transition
US20220200115A1 (en) * 2020-12-18 2022-06-23 Aptiv Technologies Limited Waveguide with slot-fed dipole elements
US11749883B2 (en) 2020-12-18 2023-09-05 Aptiv Technologies Limited Waveguide with radiation slots and parasitic elements for asymmetrical coverage
US11757165B2 (en) 2020-12-22 2023-09-12 Aptiv Technologies Limited Folded waveguide for antenna
US11901601B2 (en) 2020-12-18 2024-02-13 Aptiv Technologies Limited Waveguide with a zigzag for suppressing grating lobes
US11949145B2 (en) 2021-08-03 2024-04-02 Aptiv Technologies AG Transition formed of LTCC material and having stubs that match input impedances between a single-ended port and differential ports
US11962085B2 (en) 2021-05-13 2024-04-16 Aptiv Technologies AG Two-part folded waveguide having a sinusoidal shape channel including horn shape radiating slots formed therein which are spaced apart by one-half wavelength
US12058804B2 (en) 2021-02-09 2024-08-06 Aptiv Technologies AG Formed waveguide antennas of a radar assembly
US12148992B2 (en) 2023-01-25 2024-11-19 Aptiv Technologies AG Hybrid horn waveguide antenna
US12456816B2 (en) 2022-05-02 2025-10-28 Aptiv Technologies AG Waveguide with slot antennas and reflectors

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2731601A (en) * 1945-11-13 1956-01-17 Ralph J Harrison Wave-guide directional coupler
US2834944A (en) * 1954-10-29 1958-05-13 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Broad band directional couplers
US3164790A (en) * 1963-02-12 1965-01-05 Boeing Co Sinuously folded quarter wave stripline directional coupler
US3528038A (en) * 1969-07-11 1970-09-08 Bendix Corp Tapered line directional coupler

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2731601A (en) * 1945-11-13 1956-01-17 Ralph J Harrison Wave-guide directional coupler
US2834944A (en) * 1954-10-29 1958-05-13 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Broad band directional couplers
US3164790A (en) * 1963-02-12 1965-01-05 Boeing Co Sinuously folded quarter wave stripline directional coupler
US3528038A (en) * 1969-07-11 1970-09-08 Bendix Corp Tapered line directional coupler

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2760899A1 (fr) * 1997-03-13 1998-09-18 Oritel Coupleur hyperfrequence a structure plane
US6281765B1 (en) * 1999-03-09 2001-08-28 Agere Systems Optoelectronics Guardian Corp. Wide band electrical delay line
US6794950B2 (en) * 2000-12-21 2004-09-21 Paratek Microwave, Inc. Waveguide to microstrip transition
US20220200115A1 (en) * 2020-12-18 2022-06-23 Aptiv Technologies Limited Waveguide with slot-fed dipole elements
US11749883B2 (en) 2020-12-18 2023-09-05 Aptiv Technologies Limited Waveguide with radiation slots and parasitic elements for asymmetrical coverage
US11901601B2 (en) 2020-12-18 2024-02-13 Aptiv Technologies Limited Waveguide with a zigzag for suppressing grating lobes
US11757165B2 (en) 2020-12-22 2023-09-12 Aptiv Technologies Limited Folded waveguide for antenna
US12058804B2 (en) 2021-02-09 2024-08-06 Aptiv Technologies AG Formed waveguide antennas of a radar assembly
US11962085B2 (en) 2021-05-13 2024-04-16 Aptiv Technologies AG Two-part folded waveguide having a sinusoidal shape channel including horn shape radiating slots formed therein which are spaced apart by one-half wavelength
US11949145B2 (en) 2021-08-03 2024-04-02 Aptiv Technologies AG Transition formed of LTCC material and having stubs that match input impedances between a single-ended port and differential ports
US12456816B2 (en) 2022-05-02 2025-10-28 Aptiv Technologies AG Waveguide with slot antennas and reflectors
US12148992B2 (en) 2023-01-25 2024-11-19 Aptiv Technologies AG Hybrid horn waveguide antenna

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DE2300160C3 (de) 1975-11-20
DE2300160A1 (de) 1974-05-16
IT999728B (it) 1976-03-10
GB1446416A (en) 1976-08-18
DE2300160B2 (de) 1975-04-10

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