US3845628A - Heat transfer apparatus - Google Patents

Heat transfer apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US3845628A
US3845628A US00390981A US39098173A US3845628A US 3845628 A US3845628 A US 3845628A US 00390981 A US00390981 A US 00390981A US 39098173 A US39098173 A US 39098173A US 3845628 A US3845628 A US 3845628A
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Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
heat
fluid
liquid
transfer apparatus
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00390981A
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English (en)
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L Bronicki
A Yogev
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ORMOT TURBINES 1965 Ltd
ORMOT TURBINES 1965 Ltd IL
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ORMOT TURBINES 1965 Ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT Heat transfer apparatus comprising a pair of heat exchangers connected in a closed system containing a heat transfer fluid made up of a mixture of at least two fluids having different boiling points, the starting fluid, i.c., the fluid with the lower boiling point having a freezing point lower than the freezing point of the operating fluid, i.e..
  • the application of heat to the first of the heat exchangers converting liquid fluid therein to vapor which flows into the second heat exchanger from which heat is extracted for converting the vapor therein to a liquid at a temperature and pressure lower than in the first heat exchanger; means to feed liquid from the second heat exchanger into the first heat exchanger; and means for trapping liquid starting fluid as it is produced by the second heat exchanger during the initial application of heat to the first heat exchanger and for preventing the return of the trapped liquid starting fluid to the first heat exchanger as long as sufficient heat is applied thereto whereby the operating fluid circulates around the system after the starting fluid is trapped.
  • Heat transfer apparatus of the type having a pair of heat exchangers interconnected in a closed system finds wide use in many industrial processes.
  • An extremely simple example is that of a water boiler furnishing steam to a heat exchanger in which heat is extracted from the steam in carrying out an industrial process thereby condensing the steam producing water which can be fed back into the boiler to complete a cycle.
  • a more complex example is a closed Rankine cycle power plant that operates with an organic working fluid.
  • Such a power plant corresponds to the above described heat transfer apparatus because the boiler that vaporizes the working fluid constitutes one of the heat exchangers of the apparatus, and while the other heat exchanger is constituted by the turbine and condenser.
  • the turbine expands the vapour furnished by the boiler and drives a load such as an electrical generator while the condenser converts the turbine exhaust vapor into a liquid at a temperature and pressure lower than in the boiler.
  • Suitable means are provided in the power plant for feeding the condensed liquid back into the boiler.
  • a suitable working fluid for this type of power plant is ortho-dichlorobenzene (ODB) which has good thermodynamic properties, is satisfactory for lubricating the bearings of the rotating components of the power plant, and does not corrosively attack the material of the power plant at the usual boiler operating temperatures which may be as high as about 200C.
  • ODB ortho-dichlorobenzene
  • heat transfer apparatus comprising a pair of heat exchangers connected in a closed system containing a heat transfer fluid made up of a mixture of at least two fluids having different boiling points, the starting fluid, i.e., the fluid with the lower boiling point having a freezing point lower than the freezing point of the operating fluid, i.e., the fluid with the higher boiling point; the application of heat to the first of the heat exchangers converting liquid fluid therein to vapor which flows into the second heat exchanger from which heat is ex- .tracted for converting the vapor therein to a liquid at a temperature and pressure lower than in the first heat exchanger; means to feed liquid from the second heat exchanger into the first heat exchanger; and means for trapping liquid starting fluid as it is produced by the second heat exchanger during the initial application of heat to the first heat exchanger and for preventing the return of the trapped liquid starting fluid to the first heat exchanger as long as sufficient heat is applied thereto whereby the operating fluid circulates around the system after the starting fluid is trapped.
  • the starting fluid i.
  • the starting fluid boils off before the operating fluid begins to vaporize.
  • the vaporized starting fluid will give up heat to all of the components of the heat transfer apparatus in contact therewith and will eventually con- 0 dense in the second heat exchanger and be trapped.
  • the coldest part of the system in contact with the working fluid is the condenser which is usually designed to operate under steady state conditions at a particular incremental temperature difference above the ambient temperature to provide the desired rate of heat rejection.
  • the liquid in the condenser can be maintained at a temperature above its freezing point, and the temperature of all the components in contact with the vapour can be maintained at a level that exceeds the dewpoint of the vapour.
  • the problem is in starting up the apparatus under ambient conditions below the freezing point of the working fluid when all of the components of the system are at ambient temperature.
  • the liquid starting fluid is trapped in a tank connected to the second heat exchanger, the trapping being carried out automatically and independently of any sensor and control by means of a check-valve in the liquid line connecting the tank to the first heat exchanger.
  • the check valve prevents pressurized liquid in the first heat exchanger from flowing into the tank but effects the gravity flow of liquid in the tank into the first heat exchanger in response to the termination of the application of heat thereto.
  • the check valve may be replaced by a solenoid or pneumatically operated valve which is closed when a sensor determines that all of the starting fluid has been trapped in the tank, or even by a manually operated valve if the circumstances of use permit.
  • the check valve is positioned below the tank and remains closed until a predetermined quantity of the liquid starting fluid is in the tank.
  • the location of the tank relative to the first heat exchanger is such that after such predetermined quantity of starting fluid is in the tank, the hydrostatic head on the check valve causes the valve to open and effects the passage of liquid from the second heat exchanger into the first heat exchanger. Most or all of this liquid will be in the operating fluid.
  • the starting fluid may have a boiling point much lower than that of the operating liquid.
  • the heat transfer apparatus is in the form of a closed Rankine cycle power plant, the boiler of which constitutes the first exchanger and the turbine and condenser of which constitute the second heat exchanger.
  • the starting fluid is preferably a lower aliphatic monohydric alcohol of up to three carbon atoms, and is preferably methyl alcohol while the operating fluid is preferably ODB.
  • the heat transfer fluid could be a mixture of inorganic fluids such as SnCl, and SnBr
  • a connection may exist between the vapor side of the tank and the vapor side of the second heat exchanger for feeding vaporized starting fluid back into the second heat exchanger when the vapor pressure in the tank exceeds the vapor pressure in the second heat exchanger. With this arrangement the starting fluid should have a vapor pressure at ambient temperature which is no greater than the vapor pressure in the second heat exchanger under steady state operating conditions.
  • This arrangement will preclude feedback of the vaporized starting fluid under steady state operating conditions but will permit feedback to occur when the temperature in the second heat exchanger begins to drop to a level which may result in the freezing of the liquid operating fluid in the second heat exchanger.
  • the feedback of vapor of the starting fluid into the second heat exchanger under these conditions will result in the condensation of some of the starting fluid, and the resultant liquid will mix with the operating fluid in the liquid in the second heat exchanger thereby depressing its freezing point and preventing solidifcation.
  • connection between the vapor side of the tank and the vapor side of the second heat exchanger preferably includes a distillation column separate from or functionally a part of the second heat exchanger for condensing starting fluid from the vapor in the second heat exchanger.
  • a shut-off valve may be interposed between the tank and the vapor side of the second heat exchanger, which valve is controlled, for example, by a sensor, by a float in the tank, or by manual operation.
  • the heat transfer apparatus is a closed Rankine cycle power plant wherein the operating fluid is ODB.
  • the preferred starting fluid is methylcyclohexane.
  • it is optional to maintain the tank at a substantially constant temperature independent of ambient conditions.
  • One way in which to achieve this when the boiler is heated by burning fuel is to locate the tank in the flue through which are vented the gases produced by the burning fuel.
  • the heat transfer fluid according to the present invention is preferably a mixture of the starting and operating fluids.
  • the heat transfer fluid can be any mixture of other fluids with the starting and operating fluids such that the starting fluid is separatable by distillation.
  • the heat transfer fluid according to the present invention could also be a mixture of organic and inorganic fluids, or all inorganic fluids.
  • the starting fluid could be SnCl, and SnBr, which are suitable for turbine operation.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one form of a transfer apparatus according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is the preferred form of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a control system particularly applicable to the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 3.
  • reference numeral 10 designates heat transfer apparatus of the type having a pair of heat exchangers 11 and I2 interconnected in a closed system. Contained within the system is a heat transfer fluid made up of a mixture of two fluids having different boiling points. The fluid with the lower boiling point is termed the starting fluid and has a freezing point lower than the other fluid which is termed the operating fluid.
  • the operating fluid may be water and the starting fluid may be methyl alcohol.
  • the check valve 14 is spring loaded to prevent the fluid in vertical pipe 13 from returning to heat exchanger 11 until a predetermined pressure differential exists across the valve. Consequently, tank 16 fills with liquid starting fluid as this fluid is boiled off in the heat exchanger 11 and is condensed in heat exchanger 12.
  • the heat in the vaporized starting fluid is given up to the piping associated with the heat transfer apparatus as well as to the structure of the heat exchanger 12 thereby warming all of these components.
  • Such liquid will be the operating fluid which will continue to circulate around the system to the exclusion of the starting fluid which remains trapped in the tank 16 as long as heat is applied to heat exchanger 11.
  • the latter will be warmed sufficiently to prevent any condensation of the operating fluid from freezing despite an ambient termperature that is below the freezing point of this fluid.
  • the check valve may be replaced with a pump which is turned on when the liquid in tank 16 reaches a predetermined level as sensed, for example, by a float valve, indicating that all of the starting fluid has been trapped in the tank.
  • This arrangement eliminates the gravity feed aspect of the apparatus and is of general application when the density of fluids employed and the space considerations involved are not amenable to the arrangement for gravity feed shown in FIG. 1.
  • the heat transfer apparatus takes'the' form of a closed Rankine cycle power plant 20, as shown in FIG. 2, utilizing an organic or an inorganic operating fluid.
  • boiler 21 corre sponds to heat exchanger 11 in FIG. 1
  • turbine 22 and condenser 23 correspond to heat exchanger 12.
  • the preferred operating fluid is ortho-dichlorobenzene (ODB), and in its ready state of operation saturated vaporized ODB from boiler 21 is delivered to turbine 22 which expands the vapors driving electric generator 24 which furnishes power to an electrical load 25 through a load sensor device 26.
  • ODB ortho-dichlorobenzene
  • Condenser 23 functions to convert the turbine exhaust vapor into a liquid at a pressure lower than in the boiler 21 and at a temperature that is a predetermined increment above ambient temperature which may lower than the freezing point of ODB, namely lower than about l7C. In steady state operation, therefore, the liquid in the condenser will not freeze since the condenser is designed to hold the liquid at a temperature of above its freezing point.
  • the condenser liquid may pass by gravity through the bearings 27 of the rotating components of the power plant, and by reason of the hydrostatic head in vertical pipe 28, the liquid therein may pass through check valve 29 and into boiler 21 completing a cycle.
  • Heat is applied to the boiler by burning fuel such as a bottled gas contained in a tank 30 and supplied to a burner 31 through control valve 32 whose setting is established by the load sensor 26.
  • the starting fluid having poor thermodynamic properties so far as having the turbine extract work therefrom, will have little effect on driving the turbine with the result that the bearings 27 will be lubricated well before rotation occurs. More importantly, however, all of the various structural members and the various components of the power plant will be heated to a level that will prevent freezing of condensed operating fluid when the latter begins to boil off in the boiler. Thereafter, the operating of the power plant 20 is the same as described above in connection with FIG. 1.
  • Starting fluids other than those identified above can be utilized with the power plant shown in FIG. 2 subject to the constraint that the starting fluid should have a freezing point of the operating fluid CD8, and a boiling point considerably below the boiling point of ODB.
  • inorganic fluids such as SnCl, and SnBr, can be used as the heat transfer fluid.
  • the tank 44 is preferably held at a fixed temperature by jacket 46 through which pass the flue gases 47 generated by the combustion of fuel by the burner. Consequently, the vapor pressure in the tank will be maintained at a substantially constant level independent of ambient weather conditions.
  • the starting fluid is. selected so that its vapor pressure at the reference temperature established by the jacket 46 will be no greater than the vapor pressure of the operating fluid in the condenser at its design operating point. Consequently, when the weather turns colder than the design calls for or the load on the turbine is lighter than the design load, the temperature of the liquid operating fluid in the condenser will drop causing a drop in the vapor pressure in the main condenser.
  • the starting fluid will boil off first and function to heat up the structure and the components of the power plant or as described previously.
  • the preferred starting fluid for this embodiment is methylcyclohexane whose vapor pressure, boiling point and freezing point have the desired relationship with the vapor pressure boiling point and freezing of ODB in the temperature and pressure range of interest.
  • Holding the temperature of tank 44 at a constant reference temperature is the preferred arrangement since this will isolate the control of feedback from ambient temperature. This will also ensure that the starting fluid will not freeze under extremely cold conditions during steady state operation. However, it is also possbile under many circumstances to dispense with the jacket 46 and permit the tank 44 to be exposed to ambient conditions.
  • FIG. 4 shows one way in which the disconnection of the distillation column from the tank can be achieved.
  • a valve is provided in the line connecting the distillation column to the trap, and the operation of the valve is controlled by a float in the tank. In this manner, the level of liquid in the tank can be utilized to effect its disconnection from the distillation column.
  • disconnection can be by way of a solenoid, pneumatic or manually operated valve.
  • Heat transfer apparatus comprising:
  • a heat transfer fluid contained within the system and made up of a mixture of at least two fluids termed the starting and the operating fluids, the starting fluid having a lower boiling point than the operating fluid, and a freezing point lower than the freezing point of the operating fluid whereby the application of heat to the first of the heat exchangers converts liquid fluid therein to vapor which flows into the second heat exchanger from which heat is extracted for converting the vapor therein to a liquid at a temperature and pressure lower than in the first heat exchanger;
  • d. means for trapping liquid starting fluid as it is produced by the second heat exchanger during the initial application of heat to the first heat exchanger and for preventing the return of the trapped liquid starting fluid to the first heat exchanger as long as sufficient heat is applied thereto whereby the operating fluid circulates around the system after the starting fluid is trapped.
  • the means for trapping the liquid starting fluid includes a tank connected to the second heat exchanger, and a check valve in the liquid line connecting the tank to the first heat exchanger for preventing pressurized liquid therein from flowing into the tank and for effecting the gravity flow of liquid in the tank into the first heat exchanger in response to the termination of the application of heat thereto.
  • Heat transfer apparatus wherein the heat transfer apparatus is a closed Rankine cycle power plant, the first heat exchanger is a boiler, and the second heat exchanger includes a turbine for expanding the boiler vapor and driving a load such as an electrical generator, and a condenser for converting the turbine exhaust vapor to a liquid at a temperature and pressure lower than in the boiler.
  • Heat transfer apparatus wherein the starting fluid is a lower aliphatic monohydric alcohol of up to three carbon atoms, and is preferably methyl alcohol, and the operating fluid is ODB.
  • Heat transfer apparatus wherein a connection exists between the vapour side of the tank and the vapour side of the second heat exchanger for feeding vapourized starting fluid back into the second heat exchanger when the vapour pressure in the tank exceeds the vapour pressire in the second heat exchanger.
  • connection includes a distillation column separate from or a part of the second heat exchanger for condensing starting fluid from the vapour in the second heat exchanger.
  • Heat transfer apparatus is a closed Rankine cycle power plant
  • the first heat exchanger is a boiler
  • the second heat exchanger includes a turbine for expanding the boiler vapour and driving a load such as an electrical generator, and a condenser for converting the turbine exhaust vapour to a liquid at a temperature and pressure lower than in the boiler.
  • Heat transfer apparatus wherein the operating fluid is ODB and the starting fluid is methylcyclohexane.
  • Heat transfer apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the tank is maintained at a substantially constant temperature independent of ambient conditions.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
US00390981A 1972-09-20 1973-08-29 Heat transfer apparatus Expired - Lifetime US3845628A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IL40390A IL40390A (en) 1972-09-20 1972-09-20 Heat transfer apparatus

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US3845628A true US3845628A (en) 1974-11-05

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US (1) US3845628A (bs)
AR (1) AR202802A1 (bs)
AU (1) AU474001B2 (bs)
BR (1) BR7306921D0 (bs)
CA (1) CA978376A (bs)
DE (1) DE2344428C2 (bs)
FR (1) FR2199796A5 (bs)
GB (1) GB1408807A (bs)
IL (1) IL40390A (bs)
IT (1) IT994282B (bs)
OA (1) OA04477A (bs)
SE (1) SE388003B (bs)
ZA (1) ZA735681B (bs)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4087860A (en) * 1977-07-08 1978-05-02 Westinghouse Electric Corp. System for multi-mode control of a boiler feedpump turbine
US4094147A (en) * 1976-03-11 1978-06-13 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Circuit for the supply of condensable fluid to a solar engine
US4471621A (en) * 1980-12-16 1984-09-18 Ormat Turbines, Ltd. Method and apparatus for draining liquid working fluid from turbine cannister of a closed cycle power plant
US4524759A (en) * 1983-10-28 1985-06-25 Butler Robert F Process for the reversible transfer of thermal energy and heat transfer system useful therein
US4683722A (en) * 1986-05-20 1987-08-04 Sundstrand Corporation Charging and ejection system for rankine apparatus
US5333677A (en) * 1974-04-02 1994-08-02 Stephen Molivadas Evacuated two-phase head-transfer systems
GB2379957A (en) * 2001-09-21 2003-03-26 Qinetiq Ltd Rankine cycle micropower unit
US20050155356A1 (en) * 2002-05-15 2005-07-21 Michael Frank Superconductive device comprising a refrigeration unit, equipped with a refrigeration head that is thermally coupled to a rotating superconductive winding
WO2017030518A1 (ru) * 2015-08-18 2017-02-23 Андрий Игоровыч БРУСОВ Тепловой двигатель брусова
US11198806B2 (en) * 2017-09-12 2021-12-14 Politecnico Di Milano CO2-based mixtures as working fluid in thermodynamic cycles

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
MD4409C1 (ro) * 2015-04-10 2016-10-31 Ион ЧЕРЕМПЕЙ Instalaţie criogenică cu gaz cu turbină cu circuit închis
CN112914142B (zh) * 2021-03-05 2023-04-07 重庆中烟工业有限责任公司涪陵卷烟厂 烘丝机热交换器冷凝水的排放方法

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3172266A (en) * 1963-02-26 1965-03-09 Gilbert Associates Automatic start-up devices for a steamelectric generating plant
US3304716A (en) * 1964-08-04 1967-02-21 Babcock & Wilcox Co Start-up system for forced flow vapor generator

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE917252C (de) * 1950-09-12 1954-08-30 Henning Fock Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Erzeugung von Mischdaempfen fuer Dampfkraftanlagen fuer Dampfkraftanlagen
US3409782A (en) * 1964-12-25 1968-11-05 Israel State Power generating units
US3393515A (en) * 1965-09-16 1968-07-23 Israel State Power generating units

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3172266A (en) * 1963-02-26 1965-03-09 Gilbert Associates Automatic start-up devices for a steamelectric generating plant
US3304716A (en) * 1964-08-04 1967-02-21 Babcock & Wilcox Co Start-up system for forced flow vapor generator

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5333677A (en) * 1974-04-02 1994-08-02 Stephen Molivadas Evacuated two-phase head-transfer systems
US4094147A (en) * 1976-03-11 1978-06-13 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Circuit for the supply of condensable fluid to a solar engine
US4087860A (en) * 1977-07-08 1978-05-02 Westinghouse Electric Corp. System for multi-mode control of a boiler feedpump turbine
US4471621A (en) * 1980-12-16 1984-09-18 Ormat Turbines, Ltd. Method and apparatus for draining liquid working fluid from turbine cannister of a closed cycle power plant
US4524759A (en) * 1983-10-28 1985-06-25 Butler Robert F Process for the reversible transfer of thermal energy and heat transfer system useful therein
US4683722A (en) * 1986-05-20 1987-08-04 Sundstrand Corporation Charging and ejection system for rankine apparatus
GB2379957A (en) * 2001-09-21 2003-03-26 Qinetiq Ltd Rankine cycle micropower unit
US6959549B2 (en) 2001-09-21 2005-11-01 Qinetiq Limited Micro-power unit
US20050155356A1 (en) * 2002-05-15 2005-07-21 Michael Frank Superconductive device comprising a refrigeration unit, equipped with a refrigeration head that is thermally coupled to a rotating superconductive winding
US7240496B2 (en) * 2002-05-15 2007-07-10 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Superconductive device comprising a refrigeration unit, equipped with a refrigeration head that is thermally coupled to a rotating superconductive winding
WO2017030518A1 (ru) * 2015-08-18 2017-02-23 Андрий Игоровыч БРУСОВ Тепловой двигатель брусова
US11198806B2 (en) * 2017-09-12 2021-12-14 Politecnico Di Milano CO2-based mixtures as working fluid in thermodynamic cycles

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1408807A (en) 1975-10-08
CA978376A (en) 1975-11-25
SE388003B (sv) 1976-09-20
AU5996173A (en) 1975-03-06
DE2344428C2 (de) 1982-10-28
FR2199796A5 (bs) 1974-04-12
DE2344428A1 (de) 1974-04-11
AU474001B2 (en) 1976-07-08
OA04477A (fr) 1980-03-15
IL40390A0 (en) 1972-11-28
BR7306921D0 (pt) 1974-08-29
AR202802A1 (es) 1975-07-24
IT994282B (it) 1975-10-20
ZA735681B (en) 1974-07-31
IL40390A (en) 1975-04-25

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