US3844773A - Free cutting steel containing mullite - Google Patents
Free cutting steel containing mullite Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3844773A US3844773A US00359024A US35902473A US3844773A US 3844773 A US3844773 A US 3844773A US 00359024 A US00359024 A US 00359024A US 35902473 A US35902473 A US 35902473A US 3844773 A US3844773 A US 3844773A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- steel
- cutting
- steels
- percent
- calcium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910000915 Free machining steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 118
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 118
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000997 High-speed steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910001678 gehlenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910017082 Fe-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910017133 Fe—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052661 anorthite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000006392 deoxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- GWWPLLOVYSCJIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;calcium;disilicate Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GWWPLLOVYSCJIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910014458 Ca-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002551 Fe-Mn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910004709 CaSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005347 FeSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920013631 Sulfar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- YZIYKJHYYHPJIB-UUPCJSQJSA-N chlorhexidine gluconate Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O.OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O.C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1NC(=N)NC(=N)NCCCCCCNC(=N)NC(=N)NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 YZIYKJHYYHPJIB-UUPCJSQJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002301 combined effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur
Definitions
- a free cutting steel having improved cutting properties which leads to improved service life for cutting tools.
- Th steel is characterized by the presence of a principal component of a nonmetallic inclusion contained within said steel existing essentially in the mullite region of three phase trigonometric diagram of the CaOAl O -SiO system.
- the steel also contains 5 to 15 ppm calcium and 0.04 to 0.15 percent sulfur as elements which enhance the cutting properties of said steel. This steel exhibits excellent cutting properties both at high speed cutting using a cemented carbide tool a super-hard cutting tool) and at low speed cutting using a tool of a high speed steel.
- CUTTING TOOL PIO(5.-5. 5,5 I5". I5", 05km)
- CUTTING SPEED V 250m/min
- FEEDING RATE 0.2'5mm/rey.
- CUTTING DEPTH I5mm
- DRY-TYPE E 30 X g E 20- x a Q5 r T ln- XX", /U' I O I I I I 1 3 l0 I5 20 25 1)
- PATENTEDIICT 29 I974 FLANK WEAR DEPTH V (min) OHOO- 3.844.773 SHEET 80F 9 CUTTING CONDITIONS! CUTTING TOOL 1 PI0(-5".-5,'5,51I5,
- This invention relates to free cutting steel having improved cutting properties. More particularly it relates to sulfur-containing and calcium-deoxygenated free cutting steel containing nonmetallic inclusions of a specific composition and content. The sulfur and calcium contents of the steel are present in specific ranges.
- one object of the invention is to provide a free cutting steel which possesses excellent cutting properties under both high and low speed cutting conditions.
- a free cutting steel comprising a'steel deoxygenated by calcium which contains nonmetallic inclusions consisting essentially of a composition characterized by the mullite region of the trigonometric diagram of the CaO-AI O SiO system, wherein said steel also contains 5 to 15 ppm Ca and 0.04 to 0.l5% S.
- FIG. 1 is a trigonometric diagram of the CaO-Al- O SiO system illustrating the various nonmetallic compositions which may be incorporated as inclusions in steel which has been calcium-deoxygenated by combining a Fe-Si alloy and a Ca-Si alloy;
- FIGS. 2 and 3 are plots showing the results of cutting tests (flank wear width) of cemented carbide tools which compares the cutting properties of tools of steel D of the present invention with comparative steels
- FIG. 4 is a trigonometric diagram of the CaO-Al- O --SiO system showing the compositions of the nonmetallic inclusions contained in the steels of the present invention
- FIGS. 5 to 8 show the results of tests (crater wear depth and flank wear width) with cemented carbide tools which compare the cutting properties of the steels (E J steels; AISI 1,043 equivalent steels) of the present invention with those of a common steel, AISI 1,045 steel (Y steel) and a calcium-deoxygenated steel (2 steel) (equivalent to AISI 1,045 in which FIGS. 5 and 6 relate to high speed cutting conditions, while FIGS. 7 and 8 relate to low speed cutting conditions;
- FIGS. 9 to 12 are plots showing the superb cutting properties of alloy steels (AISI 4,135 and 5,130 equivalent steels) of the present invention.
- FIGS. 13 and 14 are plots comparing the cutting properties of the steels (H J) of the present invention with those of a common steel Y when tools of high speed steels are used.
- Suitable steels which may be used in the present invention include low-medium carbon steels such as AISI 1,010 to 1,060 steels and low alloy steels containing at least one alloying element such as Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, and the like, having the content shown below which includes steels of the AISI 4,000 series, 5,000 series, 6,000 series and 8,000 series:
- Suitable steels include fine grain low carbon or low alloy steels containing from 0.025 to 0.100 percent niobium.
- the A C steels refer to those in which the Fe-Si alloy is charged in the last stage of convertor refining, followed by deoxidation with the Ca-Si alloy precharged in a ladle.
- Steel D refers to a steel which is deoxygenated on a deoxidizer precharged ladle basis, i.e., the Ca-Si alloy is placed in the bottom of a ladle followed by the addition of Fe-Si, before pouring molten steel therein. Prior to the deoxygenation treatment, Fe-Mn alloy, or the like are added to the steel, as necessary, for the adjustment of the oxygen content in the molten steel as ,well as to adjust the composition thereof.
- Fe-Mn alloy can also be added to the melt at the time of deoxygenation.
- Table l and FIG. 1 the compositions of the nonmetallic inclusions are principally found in the anorthite region in the case of steel A, in the gehlenite region with steel B, in the gehlenite and corundum regions with steel C, and in the mullite region with steel D.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 show the test results of the cutting properties of cemented carbide tools fabricated from the four types of steels. As is clear from FIGS.
- steel D of the present invention shows superior cutting properties in comparison to the other steels, A through
- melts (0 content from 0.01 to 0.04 percent) of medium carbon steels such as the SAE standard steels AISl 1,035, 1,043, 1,055, and the like, and of low carbon steels such as AISI 4,135, 5,130 and the like are poured into ladles in which there has been placed 2.6 kg/ton of FeSi (25/75) and 1.25 kg/ton of CaSi (35/65) for the deoxygenation of the steels.
- FeS is added to each of said steels to achieve a sulfur content ranging from 0.04 to 0.10 percent.
- Table 11 shows the calcium content found in each portion of the ingots prepared and in the rolled steel products, in addition to the sulfur and niobium contents for each of the basic steels used which include AlSI 1,035, 1,043, 1,055, 4,135 and 5,130 steels.
- FIG. 4 shows the compositions of the nonmetallic inclusions contained in each portion of the ingots and the rolled bar steel products with the aid of the trigonometric diagram of the Cao-Al- O -SiO system.
- steels E through S of the present invention each have nonmetallic inclusions of compositions which are essentially encompassed by the mullite region of the ternary phase diagram wherein the calcium content ranges from 5 to 15 ppm (0.0005 to 0.0015 percent). More particularly, the test results which show the cutting properties of cemented carbide tools manufactured from steels of this invention under high speed cutting conditions are shown in FIGS. 5 to 8. In FIGS.
- steel Y is a common AISl 1,045 steel which has been deoxygenated with Fe-Si alloy and aluminum without the addition of sulfur
- steel Z is a AlSI 1,045 steel which has been deoxygenated with calcium as in the cases of the H to J steels, with the omission of sulfur (nonmetallic inclusions are of compositions in the mullite region, Ca: 0.0012%, S: 0.02 percent).
- FIGS. 5 and 6 are plots illustrating the cutting properties of cemented carbide tools made from the steels shown under high speed cutting conditions (V300 m/min).
- Steels Hto J of the present invention exhibit superior cutting properties in comparison to steel Y, which is a common AISI 1,045 steel and in comparison to steel Z which has nonmetallic inclusions of a composition and a calcium content the same as those of the steels of the present invention, except that sulfur has not been incorporated in the steel.
- the steels H and J of the present invention exhibit excellent cutting properties, i.e., they are free of flank wear and crater wear, and thus are superior to steel Y which shows flank wear and crater wear.
- the steels H and J of the present invention exhibit excellent cutting properties, i.e., they are free of flank wear and crater wear
- Nb content 11 content ('71) (Basic chemical ('1 (/1 Top portion Mid portion Bottom portion As-rolled composition) of lngot of ingot of ingot Rod 11 0.040 0.0009 0.0000 0.001 1 0.0013 11 0.000 0.0014 0.0007 0.001 1 0.0010 11 (AlSl 10431 0.109 0.0000 0.0000 0.0012 0.0007 Y) 0.020 Z 1 0.025 0.0008 0.0012 0.0014 0.001 1 K) 0.042 0.0000 0.0007 .001 1 00014 L 1 (AlSl 1055 0.001 0.0007 0.0000 0.0013 0.0010 M) 0098 0.0007 0.0009 0.001 1 0.0000
- H n "mi N M equivalent steels) of the present invention exhibit supe- 0.04 may not yield the desired effects in the product rior cutting properties in comparison to steels X and W steels, while sulfur contents in excess of 0.15 percent to which sulfur has not been added in contrast to the will not yield steels having improved cutting properties carbon steels of the present invention.
- FIGS. 13 and 14 and results in steels having poor mechanical properties further show the superior cutting properties obtained such as toughness.
- niobium should be present therein in the range present inventiOn- Specifically, G- 13 ShOWS he eof 0.025 to 0.1 percent to maintain a fine grain size, sults of test conducted with a lathe having a bit tool of while niobium contents greater than 0.100 percent will a high speed steel.
- the results show the superior liferesult in steels having poor cutting properties because times obtained for bit tools made from the cutting of the formation of carbides and/or nitrides of niobium.
- FIG. 14 shows that respectively. drills of high speed steels, when used in tests conducted H ving now f lly described the invention, it will be on a drilling machine, are capable of cutting for far apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many longer length h n Steels of the Present invenchanges and modifications can be made thereto withtion are used in comparison to Co m n Steel out departing from the spirit or scope of the invention
- the nonmetallic inclusions are limited to the mullite rewh i l i d as new d i d d to b Covered gions and when the calcium content is limited to the b L tt P t t i range from 5 to 15 pp
- a free cutting steel which contains 0.10 to 0.60 sulfur-containing free cutting steels are obtained which percent b 050 to 0.40 percent ili 04 to exhibit excellent cutting properties when sulfur is also 0.15 percent sulphur, and is calcium deoxygenated by present in the steel.
- the addition of 5 to 15 ppm calcium which forms non- The content of calcium should be limited to the range 4 metallic inclusions of a composition consisting essenfrom 5 to 15 ppm, because if the calcium content is less tially of the mullite region of a three phase trigonometthan 5 ppm, the intended deoxygenation effects can not ric diagram of the Ca0Al O -SiO system, whereby be achieved by the addition of calcium.
- the sulfur content is specifically desired to The free F g steel of claim 1, Whefmald Steel be within the range from 0.04 to 0.15 percent based on further Contains (3-025 to 0100 Percent nloblumthe total amount of material. Sulfur contents less than UNITED STATES lA'll.-lN'l OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Pa e 7 Dated October 29, 1974 Noboru Yamakoshi et al. Inventor(s) It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP47046141A JPS5130845B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1972-05-10 | 1972-05-10 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3844773A true US3844773A (en) | 1974-10-29 |
Family
ID=12738682
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00359024A Expired - Lifetime US3844773A (en) | 1972-05-10 | 1973-05-10 | Free cutting steel containing mullite |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3844773A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| JP (1) | JPS5130845B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| DE (1) | DE2323623A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3973950A (en) * | 1974-09-17 | 1976-08-10 | Daido Seiko Kabushiki Kaisha | Low carbon calcium-sulfur containing free-cutting steel |
| US4115111A (en) * | 1973-11-13 | 1978-09-19 | Daido Tokushuko Kabushiki Kaisha | Free-cutting structural steel for machines |
| US4217151A (en) * | 1978-01-27 | 1980-08-12 | Victor Company Of Japan, Limited | Cermet type magnetic material |
| US4978499A (en) * | 1988-01-12 | 1990-12-18 | Unimetal | Soft steel for machine cutting and method of producing it |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5421808B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1973-11-13 | 1979-08-02 | ||
| JPS556437A (en) * | 1978-06-28 | 1980-01-17 | Nippon Steel Corp | Material for steel wool |
| US4434006A (en) * | 1979-05-17 | 1984-02-28 | Daido Tokushuko Kabushiki Kaisha | Free cutting steel containing controlled inclusions and the method of making the same |
| FR2682686B1 (fr) * | 1991-10-17 | 1994-07-01 | Vallourec Ind | Acier au carbonne-manganese destine notamment au decolletage. |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3630723A (en) * | 1967-09-19 | 1971-12-28 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | Free cutting steels |
| US3634074A (en) * | 1968-04-03 | 1972-01-11 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | Free cutting steels |
| US3652267A (en) * | 1967-10-11 | 1972-03-28 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | Carbon steels and alloy steels for cold forging |
-
1972
- 1972-05-10 JP JP47046141A patent/JPS5130845B2/ja not_active Expired
-
1973
- 1973-05-10 DE DE2323623A patent/DE2323623A1/de active Pending
- 1973-05-10 US US00359024A patent/US3844773A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3630723A (en) * | 1967-09-19 | 1971-12-28 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | Free cutting steels |
| US3652267A (en) * | 1967-10-11 | 1972-03-28 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | Carbon steels and alloy steels for cold forging |
| US3634074A (en) * | 1968-04-03 | 1972-01-11 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | Free cutting steels |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| Materials and Methods May 1957 pp. 247 248, Small Sulfar Addition Gives Better Tool Steel. * |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4115111A (en) * | 1973-11-13 | 1978-09-19 | Daido Tokushuko Kabushiki Kaisha | Free-cutting structural steel for machines |
| US3973950A (en) * | 1974-09-17 | 1976-08-10 | Daido Seiko Kabushiki Kaisha | Low carbon calcium-sulfur containing free-cutting steel |
| US4217151A (en) * | 1978-01-27 | 1980-08-12 | Victor Company Of Japan, Limited | Cermet type magnetic material |
| US4978499A (en) * | 1988-01-12 | 1990-12-18 | Unimetal | Soft steel for machine cutting and method of producing it |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2323623A1 (de) | 1973-11-22 |
| JPS5130845B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1976-09-03 |
| JPS495815A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1974-01-19 |
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