US3842822A - Dysmetric dyslexia screening procedure - Google Patents

Dysmetric dyslexia screening procedure Download PDF

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Publication number
US3842822A
US3842822A US00379771A US37977173A US3842822A US 3842822 A US3842822 A US 3842822A US 00379771 A US00379771 A US 00379771A US 37977173 A US37977173 A US 37977173A US 3842822 A US3842822 A US 3842822A
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dysmetric
group
screening procedure
dyslexia
eye
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US00379771A
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English (en)
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H Levinson
J Frank
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Individual
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Priority to US00379771A priority Critical patent/US3842822A/en
Priority to NL7409127A priority patent/NL7409127A/xx
Priority to AU70941/74A priority patent/AU481612B2/en
Priority to BE146506A priority patent/BE817595A/xx
Priority to CH967374A priority patent/CH577305A5/xx
Priority to DE2433580A priority patent/DE2433580A1/de
Priority to SE7409233A priority patent/SE401446B/xx
Priority to CA204,730A priority patent/CA1017608A/en
Priority to DK379974A priority patent/DK379974A/da
Priority to ES428277A priority patent/ES428277A1/es
Priority to FR7424549A priority patent/FR2257258B1/fr
Priority to IT52097/74A priority patent/IT1018718B/it
Priority to GB3126174A priority patent/GB1471199A/en
Priority to NO742565A priority patent/NO138015C/no
Priority to JP49081632A priority patent/JPS5054180A/ja
Priority to BR8758/74A priority patent/BR7408758A/pt
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/48—Other medical applications
    • A61B5/4863—Measuring or inducing nystagmus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
    • A61B5/398—Electrooculography [EOG], e.g. detecting nystagmus; Electroretinography [ERG]

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A reading or symbol-recognition test capable of being administered to a large examination group of children which produces blurred vision only in those of the group who are possibly dysmetric dyslexic.
  • the test which induces an eye oscillation of a selected extent which is normally below the level which produces blurred vision in those not affected with dysmetric dyslexia requires no more effort on the part of the participants than that required in watching a movie, and thus serves as an effective diagnostic screening procedure, even for pre-school children with cerebellarvestibular dysfunctions who have not as yet even exhibited poor or refractory response to reading instructron.
  • the present invention generally relates to methods for identifying the condition of dysmetric dyslexia attributable to a cerebellarvestibular dysfunction, and more particularly to screening methods or procedures which can be easily and readily administered to large examination groups for the foregoing identification purpose without any time-consuming effort and without causing any discomfort to the members of the examination group.
  • the condition of dysmetric dyslexia is attributable to a cerebellarvestibular dysfunction.
  • This is contrary to the more widely accepted belief in the medical profession that the condition of organically determined dysmetric dyslexia is due solely or at least primarily to a dysfunction of the cortex. It suffices, however, for the present purposes to indicate that the aforesaid cerebellarvestibular dysfunction manifested in dysmetric dyslexic children is, proved by positive Rombergs, difficulty in tandem walking, articulatory speech disorders, dysdiadochokinesis, hypotonia, and various dysmetric or past pointing disturbances during finger-to-nose, heelto-toe, writing, drawing, as well as during ocular fixation and scanning testing.
  • Another significant medical discovery underlying the present invention is that there exists in dysmetric dyslexic children a sub-clinical nystagmus or eye vibration at an almost imperceptable frequency or number of beats per second.
  • this subclinical nystagmus or eye vibration is demonstrated by electronystagmographic recordings when the eyes were closed to eliminate fixation, as this tends to inhibit nystagmus.
  • the instrument During a typical examination the instrument records both eye position and eye movement velocities and thus is capable of indicating dysfunction of the cerebellarvestibular circuits in dysmetric dyslexic children. But, as indicated, the recording is time-consuming, and the patient being examined usually experiences great discomfort during caloric stimulation and thus cannot be counted on for voluntary cooperation. It is undoubtedly because of these shortcomings that school children, even those that exhibit poor or refractory response to reading instruction, are not routinely examined to determine if they have a cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction and are dysmetric dyslexic children. Nor are pre-school children, who are not yet old enough to be given reading instruction, routinely examined to determine if they are or are prone to develop dysmetric dyslexia.
  • a group diagnostic screening procedure for specific identification of dysmetric dyslexia which is based on the previously mentioned medical discoveries in that it utilizes said medical discoveries by embodying the same in its formulation and in a method in which it can be practiced so that it is advantageously administered to large examination groups in an optimum minimum amount of time and without causing any discomfort to the members of the examination group.
  • the screening procedure hereof has been found, in fact, to be more accurate than known methods in eliticing the presence of a subclinical nystagmus and ocular fixation and sequential scanning difficulties.
  • a group diagnostic screening procedure for identifying dysmetric dyslexia demonstrating objects and advantages of the present invention includes, as a significant step, the requiring of the members of the examination group to engage in a reading-type activity, i.e., visual fixation, tracking and sequential scanning, which causes a corresponding eye vibration or back-and-forth reading-type eye movement.
  • This eye movement or eye vibration occurs at a frequency or number of beats per second which is controlled, being more specifically a function of the speed of movement of the material being visualized or read by the examination group.
  • Such induced eye vibration is below the normal threshold level producing blurred vision but which, in additive relation to a sub-clinical eye vibration, which was previously noted as being discovered to exist in dysmetric dyslexic children, then results in a total eye vibration at a frequency or number of beats per second which is above the threshold level. Accordingly, those in the examination group experiencing blurred and/or scrambled vision are automatically identified as possibly being dysmetric dyslexic.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of an exemplary apparatus for practicing the diagnostic screening procedures or methods according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a partial side elevational view, in section taken on line 22 of FIG. 1, illustrating further structural features of said apparatus.
  • FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the apparatus showing still further structural features
  • FIGS. 4a and 4b are related illustrations respectively showing the background and foreground of the visual display utilized in practicing the procedures and methods hereof;
  • FIG. 5 diagramatically illustrates how said foreground and background are superimposed and used in the practice of the diagnostic screening procedures and methods hereof.
  • inventive methods and procedures of the present invention are, in essence, practical ways of implementing and using a basic discovery which has been made of children afflicted with a cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction and resulting dysmetric dyslexia.
  • This discovery is that such children have a nystagmus, which more specifically is a low order, involuntary, swinging or oscillating eye movement occurring on the average of one beat per second, herein referred to as sub-clinical.
  • This abnormal eye movement is, as noted, sub-clinical in nature, in that measurement thereof requires an electro-nystagmographic frequency recording under favorable conditions.
  • the foregoing sub-clinical dysfunction or nystagmus has, in turn, been traced to the presence of a cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction which prevents ocular fixation and sequential scanning of letters and words in a proper manner.
  • letters and words are disordered, and letter and word scrambling or blurring results.
  • the biggest or first letter of the word is often fixated first during the slow right-to-left phase of the nystagmus.
  • the rapid left-to-right phase often skips over several letters or a whole word until another letter is automatically fixated and scrambling or blurring results.
  • the patient therefore, confuses letters and words which differ only or mainly in spacial placement, i.e. b d p q, a e, E 3, c u, m w, saw was, no-on, et cetera.
  • This forced reading in turn induces vibration of the patients eyes at a frequency which, in the case of normal vision, is below the threshold level of blurred or scrambled vision.
  • this induced vibration when added to the subclinical eye vibration and nystagmus of dysmetric dyslexic children produces blurred vision in what they see, while normal children can still see clearly the moving texual material or symbols.
  • those children in the examination group who indicate that they are experiencing blurred vision automatically identify themselves as possibly being dysmetric dyslexic.
  • a variation of the foregoing which constitutes a second group diagnostic screening procedure or method according to the present invention, also uses the basic discovery heretofore mentioned of sub-clinical nystagmus in dysmetric dyslexic children, but in a slightly different way.
  • the examination group is required to have visual fixation on a designated point which is in the foreground of a visual display, and which display has a movable background. Thereafter, movement is imparted to the background to induce a mild nystagmus interfering with the visual fixation of those of the examination group. This interference is normally below the threshold level of normal children who can block out this interference and continue their visual fixation on the designated point.
  • the discovered subclinical nystagmus is utilized as a basis for a simple, effective diagnostic screening procedure for identifying dysmetric dyslexic children in a large examination group containing same and also children with normally functioning cerebellar-vestibular circuits.
  • Apparatus 10 for practicing the screening procedures or methods of the present invention.
  • Apparatus 10 is the one recommended for inducing a nystagmus or eye vibration of a selected extent which results in identification of dysmetric dyslexic children when in additive relation to the discovered sub-clinical nystagmus or eye vibration being experienced by said children.
  • apparatus 10 includes a light source 12 which is beamed, as along the path 14, through physically superimposed transparencies 16 and 18, functioning respectively as background 19 and foreground 17, so as to produce a composite visual display 20.
  • the beamed projection along the path 22 is achieved with a conventional projector or optical element 24 which may be a prism or the like.
  • the projected visual display 20 thus consists, in part, of foreground which, in turn, may consist of symbols or the illustrated words the kitten said to, designated 17, which foreground is on the transparency 18 and is projected by the overhead projector 24 to a viewing position as part of the composite visual display 20.
  • the other part of the display 20 consists of background symbols or the like, as exemplified by the drawing of the bear, designated 19, which is set forth on the transparency l6 and similarly is projected by the overhead projector 24 into viewing position as part of the visual display 20.
  • the portion of the transparency 16 containing the reproductions thereon which contribute to the projected background image 19 is set forth in FIG. 4a, while the coextensive portion of the transparency 18 containing the foreground text material 17 is set forth in FIG. 4b.
  • each transparency l6 and 18 is in the specific form of an elongated strip and, as will be described in greater detail subsequently, each is operatively arranged to be independently urged through movement at selected rates of speed. That is, the projected foreground l7 and background 19 can be moved at any selected speed, in feet per second, simultaneously, or the foreground material 17 can be held stationary while the background material 19 moved relative thereto, or vice versa.
  • apparatus includes a housing 26 for the light source 12 and has a transparent panel 28 as its upper surface.
  • the background transparency strip 16 is arranged to be urged through movement across panel 28, being entrained on feed roller 30 at one end and on take-up roller 32 at its opposite end.
  • a spindle extension 34 on this roller appropriately mounted in bearings, as at 36, and terminating in a driven friction disc 38.
  • driving disc 40 mounted on rod 42 which is shiftable in position by turning manipulation of the control knob 44 of pinion 46 in meshing engagement with rack 48.
  • driving disc 40 mounted at the opposite end of rod 42 and shiftable into driving relation with the friction surface of driven disc 52 on the spindle extension 54 of the supply roller 30.
  • step pulley 56 having a pulley drive connection to an electric motor or the like.
  • projector 24 is arranged in proper projecting relation to the transparency 16 and also to the transparency strip 18, by being mounted on the end of an L-shaped cylindrical rod 60. Proper positioning of the projecting element 24 is achieved by pivotally mounting rod 60, as at 62, on the housing 26.
  • transparency strip 18 is also operatively arranged for movement at selected speeds in projecting relation to the overhead projecting element 24.
  • a supply length of the transparency strip 18 is supported on the supply roller 64 and is advanced therefrom, beneath the projecting element 24, and attached to the take-up roller 66.
  • a laterally shiftable rod or drive shaft 68 is provided having a step pulley construction 70 in driving relation via pulley belt 116 and pulley 114 with an electric motor 112 (FIG. 3).
  • Said shaft 68 has mounted at opposite ends drive discs 72 and 74. These discs are selectively moved into driving relation with driven discs 76 and 78 on extensions 80 and 82 of the take-up roller 66 and supply roller 64, respectively.
  • control knob 84 thereofis located adjacent the knob 44 and has extended therefrom a rod 86 in meshing engagement, as at 88, with a further control rod 90.
  • Rotation of rod 90 in turn causes, as best illustrated in FIG. 3, rotation in pinion 92 which is in meshing engagement with rack 94.
  • the driving connection is made between discs 74 and 78 which produces directional movement 96 in the transparency strip 18 returning the same to the supply roller 64.
  • the overhead projection 24 and the structure mounting and controlling the transparency strips 16 and 18 are rotatably mounted relative to the light source housing 26.
  • a ring 98 mounted about the periphery of the housing 26 is a ring 98 having a lower laterally extending track 100.
  • An outer ring-like body is mounted forrotative movement about the housing 26.
  • Body 102 has rods connecting it to all of the previously described structures for supporting and controlling the transparency strips 16 and 18, said connecting rods being individually and collectively designated 104.
  • the other end of body 102 has a construction providing an upper track 106. Between the tracks and 106 are circumferentially spaced ball bearings 108 which enable rotational traverses in the body 102 relative to the stationary housing 26.
  • a threadible member 110 is provided to maintain any selected rotated position of ring 102 relative to the central housing 26.
  • the foregoing apparatus It is merely exemplary of a device for producing a visual display 20 that is useful in inducing or requiring reading activity in an examination group situated in viewing position before the display 20.
  • this reading activity consists of the members of the examination group being required to read or recognize the display materials 17, 19 while these materials are being moved at a selected rate of speed from left to right, as viewed in FIG. 5.
  • Experimentation with the apparatus 10 has indicated that imposing this requirement on the examination group results in each member of the group experiencing an eye vibration, or back-and-forth eye movement, at a frequency or number of beats per second which is related to the feet-per-second speed of the moving visual display 20.
  • the normal threshold level i.e., the level of eye movements or beats per second at which there is clear vision, but beyond which there is blurred vision, for said referred to normal children.
  • the tolerance for eye vibrations or beats per second is much less, since such children start off with the previously referred to discovered sub-clinical eye vibration or nystagmus.
  • Another effective screening method according to the present invention which is practiced using the apparatus 10 consists of the following.
  • the examination group is required to have visual fixation on a selected portion of the foreground material 17, such as the word kitten.
  • the background material 19 is then placed in motion.
  • the moving background material 19 interferes with the ability to maintain visual fixation on the foreground image l7 for dysmetric dyslexic children only.
  • the dysmetric dyslexic children have the aforesaid sub-clinical nystagmus. this has the unforlttlmlc tt'sull of moving their eye focus front the target l7 to an adjacent area, which consists of the moving background or symbols l9.
  • dysmetric dyslexic children have difficulty getting back onto the target material 17, while normal children have no such difficulty.
  • those members of the examination group which indicate, again by appropriate hand signals or orally, that they cannot clearly see the designated foreground target material 17 or stay focused thereon, automatically identify themselves as possibly being dysmetric dyslexic.
  • the confirming test which is known to be time-consuming and difficult to administer, is reserved just for this function, and an easy-to-administer screening test as described herein, and which constitutes the present invention, is effectively and advantageously used to reduce the number of members of the examination group who are to receive the confirming examination.
  • the tests herein described have a higher degree of accuracy in identifying the existence of dysmetric dyslexia and thus even function as an improved confirming examination.
  • a group diagnostic screening procedure for identifying those in said group possibly having the condition of dysmetric dyslexia which is based on the discoveries of a cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction and resulting sub-clinical eye oscillation indicative of said condition, said procedure comprising the steps of inducing an eye oscillation of a selected extent which is normally below the threshold level producing blurred vision, but which, when in additive relation to said sub-clinical eye oscillation, is above said threshold level, and automatically identifying those experiencing blurred vision as possibly being dysmetric dyslexic.
  • a group diagnostic screening procedure for identifying those in said group possibly having the condition of dysmetric dyslexia which is based on the discoveries of a cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction and resulting sub-clinical nystagmus indicative of said condition, said procedure comprising the steps of requiring the visual fixations of said examination group upon a point on the foreground of a visual display having a movable background, and then moving said background to induce a mild nystagmus interfering with said visual fixation which is normally below the threshold level producing blurred vision but which, when in additive relation to said sub-clinical nystagmus, is above said threshold level, and automatically identifying, those experiencing blurred vision as possibly being dysmetric dyslexic.
  • dysmetric dyslexia diagnostic screening procedure as defined in claim 4 wherein said foreground material consists of words and said background material consists of pictorial representations, and said background material is moved at a rate of speed of approximately 4 feet per second or below 6.
  • a diagnostic screening procedure for identifying the condition of dysmetric dyslexia which is based on the discoveries of a cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction and a resulting sub-clinical eye oscillation indicative of said dysfunction, said procedure comprising the steps of inducing an eye oscillation in a patient being examined of a selected extent which is normally below the threshold level producing blurred vision, but which,
  • the dysmetric dyslexia diagnostic screening procedure as defined in claim 6 wherein said eye oscillation which is induced in said patient is that resulting from a visual display moving across his line of vision at a selected rate of speed said display consisting of foreground and background material operatively arranged for movement independently of each other 8.
  • the dysmetric dyslexia diagnostic screening procedure as defined in claim 7 wherein for a patient under nine years of age said rate of speed is five feet per sec- 0nd or below.

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  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
  • Testing Or Measuring Of Semiconductors Or The Like (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
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US00379771A 1973-07-16 1973-07-16 Dysmetric dyslexia screening procedure Expired - Lifetime US3842822A (en)

Priority Applications (16)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00379771A US3842822A (en) 1973-07-16 1973-07-16 Dysmetric dyslexia screening procedure
NL7409127A NL7409127A (nl) 1973-07-16 1974-07-05 Werkwijze en inrichting voor het in een groep opsporen van een lichamelijke afwijking.
AU70941/74A AU481612B2 (en) 1973-07-16 1974-07-08 Dysmetric dyslexia screening procedure
CH967374A CH577305A5 (da) 1973-07-16 1974-07-12
DE2433580A DE2433580A1 (de) 1973-07-16 1974-07-12 Ausleseverfahren zur feststellung von dysmetrischer dyslexie
BE146506A BE817595A (fr) 1973-07-16 1974-07-12 Werkwijze en inrichting voor het in een groep opsporen van een lichamelijke afwijking
NO742565A NO138015C (no) 1973-07-16 1974-07-15 Apparat for bestemmelse av dysmetrisk dysleksi
DK379974A DK379974A (da) 1973-07-16 1974-07-15
SE7409233A SE401446B (sv) 1973-07-16 1974-07-15 Gruppdiagnostiskt undersokningsforfarande for identifiering av de i nemnda grupp som mojligen har dysmetrisk dyslexi samt anordning for genomforande av nemnda forfarande
FR7424549A FR2257258B1 (da) 1973-07-16 1974-07-15
IT52097/74A IT1018718B (it) 1973-07-16 1974-07-15 Apparecchiatura per la diagnosi di dislessia dismetrica
GB3126174A GB1471199A (en) 1973-07-16 1974-07-15 Apparatus for use in diagnosing dysmetric dyslexia
CA204,730A CA1017608A (en) 1973-07-16 1974-07-15 Apparatus for detecting a dysmetric dyslexia vision condition
ES428277A ES428277A1 (es) 1973-07-16 1974-07-15 Metodo de exploracion para diagnostico de dislexia disme- trica.
JP49081632A JPS5054180A (da) 1973-07-16 1974-07-16
BR8758/74A BR7408758A (pt) 1973-07-16 1974-10-21 Aparelho e processo para separar e identificar em um diagnostico de grupo,aqueles que possivelmente sofram a condicao de dislexia dismetrica

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US00379771A US3842822A (en) 1973-07-16 1973-07-16 Dysmetric dyslexia screening procedure

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US (1) US3842822A (da)
JP (1) JPS5054180A (da)
BE (1) BE817595A (da)
BR (1) BR7408758A (da)
CA (1) CA1017608A (da)
CH (1) CH577305A5 (da)
DE (1) DE2433580A1 (da)
DK (1) DK379974A (da)
ES (1) ES428277A1 (da)
FR (1) FR2257258B1 (da)
GB (1) GB1471199A (da)
IT (1) IT1018718B (da)
NL (1) NL7409127A (da)
NO (1) NO138015C (da)
SE (1) SE401446B (da)

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3906644A (en) * 1974-10-21 1975-09-23 Harold N Levinson Method of presenting reading material to dysmetric dyslexic-identified children
US3952728A (en) * 1974-12-23 1976-04-27 Levinson Harold N Method of measuring dynamic (a) auditory and (b) tactile sequencing or tracking, and diagnosing cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction and dysmetric dyslexia
US3955564A (en) * 1974-10-21 1976-05-11 Levinson Harold N Method of improving ocular fixation, sequential scanning and reading activity in dysmetric dyslexic children
US4528989A (en) * 1982-10-29 1985-07-16 Weinblatt Lee S Screening method for monitoring physiological variables
US4706686A (en) * 1986-10-27 1987-11-17 Levinson Harold N Diagnostic screening procedure for identifying dysmetric dyslexia
US4778267A (en) * 1982-03-08 1988-10-18 The Johns Hopkins University Amblyopia screening
US4838681A (en) * 1986-01-28 1989-06-13 George Pavlidis Method and means for detecting dyslexia
US4889422A (en) * 1986-01-28 1989-12-26 George Pavlidis Method and means for detecting dyslexia
US4979902A (en) * 1989-09-06 1990-12-25 Alix Morelle Dyslexia reading device
WO1998044848A1 (en) * 1997-04-07 1998-10-15 Lawton Teri A Methods and apparatus for diagnosing and remediating reading disorders
US6398729B1 (en) * 1999-11-18 2002-06-04 Harold N. Levinson Dysmetric dyslexia screening procedure administered on the internet
US20060005846A1 (en) * 2004-07-07 2006-01-12 Krueger Wesley W Method for balance enhancement through vestibular, visual, proprioceptive, and cognitive stimulation
US7284857B1 (en) 2003-11-11 2007-10-23 Dahlem Robert E Apparatus and method for treating learning differences
US20190159324A1 (en) * 2017-11-20 2019-05-23 Université De Rennes 1 Lighting apparatus facilitating reading

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5065767A (en) * 1988-08-26 1991-11-19 The Australian National University Method for use in diagnosis of glaucoma

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3906644A (en) * 1974-10-21 1975-09-23 Harold N Levinson Method of presenting reading material to dysmetric dyslexic-identified children
US3955564A (en) * 1974-10-21 1976-05-11 Levinson Harold N Method of improving ocular fixation, sequential scanning and reading activity in dysmetric dyslexic children
US3952728A (en) * 1974-12-23 1976-04-27 Levinson Harold N Method of measuring dynamic (a) auditory and (b) tactile sequencing or tracking, and diagnosing cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction and dysmetric dyslexia
US4778267A (en) * 1982-03-08 1988-10-18 The Johns Hopkins University Amblyopia screening
US4528989A (en) * 1982-10-29 1985-07-16 Weinblatt Lee S Screening method for monitoring physiological variables
US4838681A (en) * 1986-01-28 1989-06-13 George Pavlidis Method and means for detecting dyslexia
US4889422A (en) * 1986-01-28 1989-12-26 George Pavlidis Method and means for detecting dyslexia
US4706686A (en) * 1986-10-27 1987-11-17 Levinson Harold N Diagnostic screening procedure for identifying dysmetric dyslexia
US4979902A (en) * 1989-09-06 1990-12-25 Alix Morelle Dyslexia reading device
WO1998044848A1 (en) * 1997-04-07 1998-10-15 Lawton Teri A Methods and apparatus for diagnosing and remediating reading disorders
US6045515A (en) * 1997-04-07 2000-04-04 Lawton; Teri A. Methods and apparatus for diagnosing and remediating reading disorders
US6213956B1 (en) * 1997-04-07 2001-04-10 Perception Technologies, Llc Methods and apparatus for diagnosing and remediating reading disorders
US6398729B1 (en) * 1999-11-18 2002-06-04 Harold N. Levinson Dysmetric dyslexia screening procedure administered on the internet
US7284857B1 (en) 2003-11-11 2007-10-23 Dahlem Robert E Apparatus and method for treating learning differences
US20060005846A1 (en) * 2004-07-07 2006-01-12 Krueger Wesley W Method for balance enhancement through vestibular, visual, proprioceptive, and cognitive stimulation
US20190159324A1 (en) * 2017-11-20 2019-05-23 Université De Rennes 1 Lighting apparatus facilitating reading
US10631382B2 (en) * 2017-11-20 2020-04-21 Université De Rennes 1 Lighting apparatus facilitating reading

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CH577305A5 (da) 1976-07-15
AU7094174A (en) 1976-01-08
DE2433580A1 (de) 1975-02-06
BR7408758A (pt) 1976-04-27
JPS5054180A (da) 1975-05-13
BE817595A (fr) 1974-11-04
CA1017608A (en) 1977-09-20
GB1471199A (en) 1977-04-21
FR2257258A1 (da) 1975-08-08
SE401446B (sv) 1978-05-16
NO138015C (no) 1978-06-14
NO138015B (no) 1978-03-06
SE7409233L (sv) 1975-01-17
FR2257258B1 (da) 1979-08-03
NO742565L (da) 1975-02-10
NL7409127A (nl) 1975-01-20
ES428277A1 (es) 1976-12-16
DK379974A (da) 1975-03-03
IT1018718B (it) 1977-10-20

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