US3807995A - Metal composite - Google Patents
Metal composite Download PDFInfo
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- US3807995A US3807995A US00178378A US17837871A US3807995A US 3807995 A US3807995 A US 3807995A US 00178378 A US00178378 A US 00178378A US 17837871 A US17837871 A US 17837871A US 3807995 A US3807995 A US 3807995A
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- Prior art keywords
- thorium
- titanium
- metal
- oxide
- major constituent
- Prior art date
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- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- ZCUFMDLYAMJYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N thorium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Th]=O ZCUFMDLYAMJYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910003452 thorium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 31
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 31
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 16
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-IGMARMGPSA-N 232Th Chemical compound [232Th] ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-IGMARMGPSA-N 0.000 abstract description 14
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 14
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 11
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 5
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 3
- HTTARTWIMRDKJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-) thorium(4+) titanium(4+) Chemical compound [Th+4].[O-2].[Ti+4].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2] HTTARTWIMRDKJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000435122 Echinopsis terscheckii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000428199 Mustelinae Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000978 Pb alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UGACIEPFGXRWCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Si].[Ti] Chemical compound [Si].[Ti] UGACIEPFGXRWCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010952 in-situ formation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005555 metalworking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
Definitions
- the particles are formed in situ by the reaction of thorium and oxygen.
- the oxygen is usually added as an oxide of the major constituent metal but may be introduced in other ways.
- Thorium oxide particles usually comprise from a fractional mole percentage to more than 4 mole percent of the metal composite.
- This invention relates to metallurgical compositions and processes. More specifically, this invention relates to composites of certain metals, titanium in particular, and metallurgically similar metals such as columbium, zirconium, hafnium, and tantalum, which are hardened and made more resistant to loss of stability at high temperatures, without loss of malleability, by the in situ formation of thorium oxide in these metals.
- thorium oxide formed in situ as a minor constituent of a titanium metal system provides significantly increased high temperatureresistance and hardness without loss of desired formability and malleability.
- a titanium or a similar metallurgical system, is modified by the in situ reaction of a minor proportion of the thorium with oxygen to form thorium oxide which is substantially uniformly dispersed throughout the major metal constituent, titanium for example.
- the process and the resulting product are important features of this invention.
- the process is carried out in a major constituent metal selected from the group which consists of titanium and metals having similar metallurgical properties; columbium, zirconium, hafnium and tantalum.
- a major constituent metal selected from the group which consists of titanium and metals having similar metallurgical properties; columbium, zirconium, hafnium and tantalum.
- the titanium is given as exemplary of the reaction and major constituent metals involved.
- the major constituent metal may include up to 10 percent or l2 percent, by weight, of an alloying metal.
- thorium is added to the major constituent metal along with an oxygen donor in sufficient quantities to provide a minorconstituent of thorium oxide.
- Thorium acts in situ with the oxygen to form thorium oxide particles which have been found to be substantially uniformly dispersed throughout the major constit-' uent metal system.
- the resulting product has increased hardness, substantially improved heat stability and yet retains sufficient malleability for easy machining and working.
- thorium is reacted with oxygen in a system in which titanium is the major constituent.
- major constituent I mean a system in which titanium, or the similar metals previously named,
- alloying metals constitute percent or more, by weight, and preferably 94 percent or more, of the system.
- the major constituent may include up to lO-l2 percent alloying metals.
- the oxygen is supplied to the system, normally, as titanium oxide, or as the oxide of an alloying metal or another metal which can be present in the system in small quantities without significantly disturbing the metallurgical properties of the major constituent metal and the ultimate system.
- the composition consists essen tially of the major constituent metal (including alloying metals) and thorium oxide with a slight excess of oxygen or thorium depending upon which of these minor constituents limits the amount of thorium oxide formed.
- the oxygen can, however, be added directly during the melting process, if desired; however, this procedure is inconvenient and provides no known advantage over adding oxygen by way of an oxygen donor such as the oxide of a major constituent metal.
- a mixture of titanium, titanium containing oxygen, and thorium are melted in a vacuum fumace, typically the consumable arc type of furnace conventionally used in ,reactive metal working.
- the thorium reacts with the oxygen in the titanium oxide to produce a more stable oxide compound, thorium oxide, ThO
- ThO thorium oxide
- Thorium oxide particles are generally in the size range of about 0.05 to 0.1 micron.
- thorium oxide present as a dispersed particulate minor constituent in the range of about 0.0 l 5 mole percent to more than 4 mole percent thorium oxide.
- the preferred and presently believed to be the most efficacious range thorium oxide concentration is from about 1 mole percent to about 3 or 4 mole percent.
- EXAMPLE I Control Commercially available high purity titanium sponge was melted, cooled, cut and metallurgically polished. Examination by scanning electron microscope revealed no second phase. Titanium-Thorium Oxide System A mixture consisting of 93.23 percent of the commercial titanium sponge used in the control, 5.85 weight percent thorium and 0.92 weight percent oxygen was melted, cooled, cut and metallurgically polished. Examination by scanning electron microscope shows the existence of a finely divided, uniformly dispersed second phase.
- Control A A 60 gram specimen of commercial high purity titanium sponge was melted in the furnace, using the conventional technique. The resultant button showed the typical large columnar grain structure. Hardness was below the Rockwell C scale measurement range, but the indentation showed no cracking under 600)( microscopic examination.
- Control B A 60 gram specimen of the same commercially pure titanium sponge is melted with titanium oxide in an amount equivalent to a 3 mole percent TiO The resultant button showed excessively large columnar grain structure. Hardness was measured at 22 on the Rockwell C scale with cracking around the indentations, showing very low ductility.
- Titanium-Thorium Oxide Composition Another 60 gram specimen of the same commercial titanium sponge was melted with titanium oxide and thorium metal sufficient to produce 3 mole percent ThO using the conventional equipment and technique. The resultant button showed a fine equiaxial grain structure. Hardness was measured at 26 on the Rockwell C scale with no cracking visible at 600K magnification. A scanning electron microscopic study was made at 2,000X, 5,000X and 10,000X. This study showed a dispersion of particles equally dispersed in the grains and grain boundaries. The particle size was about 0.1 micron average diameter.
- the titanium-thorium oxide composition was found to have unexpectedly high stability at high temperatures and, as the foregoing microscopic examination demonstrated, to retain the ductility necessary for easy handling and fabrication.
- a process for forming malleable, hardened temperature stable metal composite consisting essentially of mixing a major constituent metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, columbium, zirconium, hafnium and tantalum, an oxide of the major constituent metal, and thorium, and melting said mixture under inert conditions to cause the oxide to react in situ with the thorium to form from about 0.015 to about 4 mole percent thorium oxide particles dispersed in said major constituent metal.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Abstract
A metal composite of a major constituent metal such as titanium, columbium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum which has dispersed in it a minor constituent of thorium oxide particles is disclosed, along with the process for manufacturing the metal composite. The particles are formed in situ by the reaction of thorium and oxygen. The oxygen is usually added as an oxide of the major constituent metal but may be introduced in other ways. Thorium oxide particles usually comprise from a fractional mole percentage to more than 4 mole percent of the metal composite.
Description
United States Patent [191 Dohogne METAL COMPOSITE Charles Leroy Dohogne, 29615 Enrose Ave., San Pedro, Calif. 90732 221 Filed: Sept. 7, 1971 21 Appl. No.: 178,378
[76] Inventor:
[52] US. Cl 75/175.5, 75/135, 75/174, 75/177 [51] Int. Cl. C22c 15/00, C220 27/00 [58] Field of Search 75/O.5 BB, 0.5 BA, 0.5 BC, 75/134, 135, 174, 175.5, 177; 148/32 [451 Apr. 30, 1974 Primary ExaminerCharles N. Lovell Attorney, Agent, or FirmFowler, Knobbe & Martens ABSTRACT A metal composite of a major constituent metal such as titanium, columbium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum which has dispersed in it a minor constituent of thorium oxide particles is disclosed, along with the process for manufacturing the metal composite. The particles are formed in situ by the reaction of thorium and oxygen. The oxygen is usually added as an oxide of the major constituent metal but may be introduced in other ways. Thorium oxide particles usually comprise from a fractional mole percentage to more than 4 mole percent of the metal composite.
3 Claims, N0 Drawings METAL COMPOSITE This invention relates to metallurgical compositions and processes. More specifically, this invention relates to composites of certain metals, titanium in particular, and metallurgically similar metals such as columbium, zirconium, hafnium, and tantalum, which are hardened and made more resistant to loss of stability at high temperatures, without loss of malleability, by the in situ formation of thorium oxide in these metals.
Improved physicalproperties have been shown in certain metal systems by the fine dispersion of hard, nonreactive, nonmetallic second phases. This is notably true in the T. D. Nickel, S. A. P. Aluminum and thorium dispersed lead alloys. Several advantages may flow from this approach. Among these advantages are reduced grain size, increased yield strength, improved creep and fatigue resistance, and more favorable high temperature properties.
British and, more recently, American alloys are available based upon the titanium-silicon system. These alloys, however, have not achieved notable success beity. These alloys are perhaps most accurately referred to as precipitation hardened alloys.
In general, efforts to provide high temperature stability have resulted in loss of hardness, strength, or malleability. The disadvantages of previous metallurgical systems are overcome by the present invention which provides a moderate hardening effect and significantly improved high temperature resistance without loss of malleability necessary for forming operations.
I have now discovered that thorium oxide formed in situ as a minor constituent of a titanium metal system provides significantly increased high temperatureresistance and hardness without loss of desired formability and malleability.
According to the principle feature of this invention, then, a titanium, or a similar metallurgical system, is modified by the in situ reaction of a minor proportion of the thorium with oxygen to form thorium oxide which is substantially uniformly dispersed throughout the major metal constituent, titanium for example. The process and the resulting product are important features of this invention.
In general, the processis carried out in a major constituent metal selected from the group which consists of titanium and metals having similar metallurgical properties; columbium, zirconium, hafnium and tantalum. Hereinafter, the titanium is given as exemplary of the reaction and major constituent metals involved. The major constituent metal may include up to 10 percent or l2 percent, by weight, of an alloying metal.
Sufficient thorium is added to the major constituent metal along with an oxygen donor in sufficient quantities to provide a minorconstituent of thorium oxide. Thorium acts in situ with the oxygen to form thorium oxide particles which have been found to be substantially uniformly dispersed throughout the major constit-' uent metal system.
The resulting product has increased hardness, substantially improved heat stability and yet retains sufficient malleability for easy machining and working.
In carrying out the process, in the exemplary embodiments described herein, thorium is reacted with oxygen in a system in which titanium is the major constituent. By the term major constituent, I mean a system in which titanium, or the similar metals previously named,
and alloying metals constitute percent or more, by weight, and preferably 94 percent or more, of the system. The major constituent may include up to lO-l2 percent alloying metals.
The oxygen is supplied to the system, normally, as titanium oxide, or as the oxide of an alloying metal or another metal which can be present in the system in small quantities without significantly disturbing the metallurgical properties of the major constituent metal and the ultimate system. Thus, the composition consists essen tially of the major constituent metal (including alloying metals) and thorium oxide with a slight excess of oxygen or thorium depending upon which of these minor constituents limits the amount of thorium oxide formed.
The oxygen can, however, be added directly during the melting process, if desired; however, this procedure is inconvenient and provides no known advantage over adding oxygen by way of an oxygen donor such as the oxide of a major constituent metal.
In the preferred embodiment of the process as presently developed, a mixture of titanium, titanium containing oxygen, and thorium are melted in a vacuum fumace, typically the consumable arc type of furnace conventionally used in ,reactive metal working. The thorium reacts with the oxygen in the titanium oxide to produce a more stable oxide compound, thorium oxide, ThO The thorium oxide thus formed in situ is substantially uniformly dispersed as a second phase. To date, no excessive segregationin grain boundaries has been observed and no significant variation from uniform dispersion has been noted. Thorium oxide particles are generally in the size range of about 0.05 to 0.1 micron. Whether all processes result in this particle size of thorium oxide has not been determined and, likewise, the effect of particle size of the minor constituent, thorium oxide, has not been studied but it has been established that where the in situ formed thorium oxide has a particle size in the general range of about 0.050.l micron, average, the desired characteristics of the composition result.
The desired characteristics of the composition result with thorium oxide present as a dispersed particulate minor constituent in the range of about 0.0 l 5 mole percent to more than 4 mole percent thorium oxide. The preferred and presently believed to be the most efficacious range thorium oxide concentration is from about 1 mole percent to about 3 or 4 mole percent.
The following examples will serve to illustrate the preferred embodiment of the invention but are given not as limitative of the invention but as illustrative of the method and composition of the invention.
EXAMPLE I Control Commercially available high purity titanium sponge was melted, cooled, cut and metallurgically polished. Examination by scanning electron microscope revealed no second phase. Titanium-Thorium Oxide System A mixture consisting of 93.23 percent of the commercial titanium sponge used in the control, 5.85 weight percent thorium and 0.92 weight percent oxygen was melted, cooled, cut and metallurgically polished. Examination by scanning electron microscope shows the existence of a finely divided, uniformly dispersed second phase.
Melting in both instances was by the consumable arc method in vacuum.
EXAMPLE [1 Control A A 60 gram specimen of commercial high purity titanium sponge was melted in the furnace, using the conventional technique. The resultant button showed the typical large columnar grain structure. Hardness was below the Rockwell C scale measurement range, but the indentation showed no cracking under 600)( microscopic examination. Control B A 60 gram specimen of the same commercially pure titanium sponge is melted with titanium oxide in an amount equivalent to a 3 mole percent TiO The resultant button showed excessively large columnar grain structure. Hardness was measured at 22 on the Rockwell C scale with cracking around the indentations, showing very low ductility. Titanium-Thorium Oxide Composition Another 60 gram specimen of the same commercial titanium sponge was melted with titanium oxide and thorium metal sufficient to produce 3 mole percent ThO using the conventional equipment and technique. The resultant button showed a fine equiaxial grain structure. Hardness was measured at 26 on the Rockwell C scale with no cracking visible at 600K magnification. A scanning electron microscopic study was made at 2,000X, 5,000X and 10,000X. This study showed a dispersion of particles equally dispersed in the grains and grain boundaries. The particle size was about 0.1 micron average diameter.
The titanium-thorium oxide composition was found to have unexpectedly high stability at high temperatures and, as the foregoing microscopic examination demonstrated, to retain the ductility necessary for easy handling and fabrication.
As the foregoing specification including examples demonstrates, a new process and composition consisting essentially of a major constituent of titanium or similar metals such as columbium, zirconium, hafnium and tantalum, and a minor constituent of uniformly dispersed thorium oxide possesses useful and unique properties. It will be understood in regard to the specific embodiment described, and in particular with respect to the examples, that this disclosure is illustrative of the invention and does not limit the invention to the specific examples disclosed. The scope of the invention, therefore, is limited only by the following claims.
What is claimed is:
1. A process for forming malleable, hardened temperature stable metal composite consisting essentially of mixing a major constituent metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, columbium, zirconium, hafnium and tantalum, an oxide of the major constituent metal, and thorium, and melting said mixture under inert conditions to cause the oxide to react in situ with the thorium to form from about 0.015 to about 4 mole percent thorium oxide particles dispersed in said major constituent metal.
2. The process defined in claim 1 wherein the major constituent is titanium.
3. The process defined in claim 2 wherein the major constituent contains from about 1 mole percent to about 3 mole percent dispersed thorium oxide, and the thorium oxide particles have an average size of about 0.1micron.
Claims (2)
- 2. The process defined in claim 1 wherein the major constituent is titanium.
- 3. The process defined in claim 2 wherein the major constituent contains from about 1 mole percent to about 3 mole percent dispersed thorium oxide, and the thorium oxide particles have an average size of about 0.1 micron.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00178378A US3807995A (en) | 1971-09-07 | 1971-09-07 | Metal composite |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00178378A US3807995A (en) | 1971-09-07 | 1971-09-07 | Metal composite |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3807995A true US3807995A (en) | 1974-04-30 |
Family
ID=22652316
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00178378A Expired - Lifetime US3807995A (en) | 1971-09-07 | 1971-09-07 | Metal composite |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3807995A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4639281A (en) * | 1982-02-19 | 1987-01-27 | Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation | Advanced titanium composite |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3028234A (en) * | 1961-03-03 | 1962-04-03 | Du Pont | Process for producing mixture of refractory metal oxides and metal and product thereof |
| US3070468A (en) * | 1958-10-29 | 1962-12-25 | Nicholas J Grant | Method of producing dispersion hardened titanium alloys |
| US3205099A (en) * | 1961-06-14 | 1965-09-07 | Crucible Steel Co America | Stable dispersoid composites and production thereof |
| US3258335A (en) * | 1963-11-12 | 1966-06-28 | Titanium Metals Corp | Titanium alloy |
| US3379522A (en) * | 1966-06-20 | 1968-04-23 | Titanium Metals Corp | Dispersoid titanium and titaniumbase alloys |
| US3433626A (en) * | 1966-02-01 | 1969-03-18 | Crucible Steel Co America | Method of adding oxygen to titanium and titanium alloys |
| US3505059A (en) * | 1966-09-30 | 1970-04-07 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Method for forming fine and uniform dispersion of thorium dioxide in tungsten powder |
| US3515542A (en) * | 1967-01-27 | 1970-06-02 | Mallory & Co Inc P R | Method of making dispersion-strengthened ductile materials |
-
1971
- 1971-09-07 US US00178378A patent/US3807995A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3070468A (en) * | 1958-10-29 | 1962-12-25 | Nicholas J Grant | Method of producing dispersion hardened titanium alloys |
| US3028234A (en) * | 1961-03-03 | 1962-04-03 | Du Pont | Process for producing mixture of refractory metal oxides and metal and product thereof |
| US3205099A (en) * | 1961-06-14 | 1965-09-07 | Crucible Steel Co America | Stable dispersoid composites and production thereof |
| US3258335A (en) * | 1963-11-12 | 1966-06-28 | Titanium Metals Corp | Titanium alloy |
| US3433626A (en) * | 1966-02-01 | 1969-03-18 | Crucible Steel Co America | Method of adding oxygen to titanium and titanium alloys |
| US3379522A (en) * | 1966-06-20 | 1968-04-23 | Titanium Metals Corp | Dispersoid titanium and titaniumbase alloys |
| US3505059A (en) * | 1966-09-30 | 1970-04-07 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Method for forming fine and uniform dispersion of thorium dioxide in tungsten powder |
| US3515542A (en) * | 1967-01-27 | 1970-06-02 | Mallory & Co Inc P R | Method of making dispersion-strengthened ductile materials |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4639281A (en) * | 1982-02-19 | 1987-01-27 | Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation | Advanced titanium composite |
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