US3243291A - High-temperature alloy - Google Patents
High-temperature alloy Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3243291A US3243291A US319688A US31968863A US3243291A US 3243291 A US3243291 A US 3243291A US 319688 A US319688 A US 319688A US 31968863 A US31968863 A US 31968863A US 3243291 A US3243291 A US 3243291A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- tungsten
- carbon
- percent
- temperature
- alloys
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 27
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims description 27
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001339 C alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 hafnium hydride Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910026551 ZrC Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OTCHGXYCWNXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[Zr] Chemical compound [C].[Zr] OTCHGXYCWNXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002058 ternary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C27/00—Alloys based on rhenium or a refractory metal not mentioned in groups C22C14/00 or C22C16/00
- C22C27/04—Alloys based on tungsten or molybdenum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
- C22C32/0047—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents
- C22C32/0052—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents only carbides
Definitions
- tungsten-base alloys which contain small additions of carbon and reactive metals selected from the group consisting of hafnium, zirconium and titanium. These ternary alloys contain between 0.004 and 0.05 percent carbon and between 0.01 and 2.0 percent reactive metal, the balance being tungsten. By varying the constituents within the specified ranges the best combination of mechanical properties and ease of fabricability may be obtained for a given application.
- the alloys may also be consolidated by other processes such as vacuum arc-casting. Fabrication may be accomplished by other techniques such as extruding, forging or drawing to produce the desired wrought form. Measurements of ultimate tensile strength, stress-rupture strength, recrystallization temperature and ductile-to-brittle transition temperature were carried out for a number of alloys.
- the recrystallization temperature was established by determining at what temperature the fibrous structure of the Wrought alloy completely disappeared and recrystallization Was essentially complete.
- the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature was measured by bending a wrought sample over a radius four times the thickness of the sheet through a angle at several temperatures and determining the minimum temperature at which deformation occurred without cracking. Characteristics of wrought tungsten-hafnium-carbon alloys of different compositions are shown in Table I.
- the temperature above which the alloy becomes substantially ductile (the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature) is equal to or less than that for unalloyed tungsten.
- the high strengths and high recrystallization temperatures obtained in the tungsten-reactive metal-carbon alloys are due to the formation, during fabrication, of a uniformly dispersed reactive metal carbide having particle sizes pre- 65 By contrast, the following values are reported for un- 0 alloyed tungsten:
- Carbon base alloys containing 0.15 to 1.0 hafnium and 0.015 to 0.035 carbon exhibit an optimum combination of ultimate tensile strength, recrystallization temperature, ductile-to-brittle transition temperature and fabricability.
- EXAMPLE II An alloy consisting of tungsten, zirconium, and carbon was prepared by the method described for the alloy of consistent with desired mechanical properties have been found most suitable.
- Example II gives the characteristics of various 5 shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting compositions of this alloy. sense.
- Carbon base alloys containing 0.05 to 0.5 percent zirconium and 0.01 to 0.025 percent carbon exhibit a highly desirable combination of ultimate tensile strength, recrystallization temperature, ductile-to-brittle transition temperature and fabricability.
- EXAMPLE III An alloy consisting of 0.24 percent titanium, 0.027 percent carbon with the balance tungsten was prepared by the method of Example I. This alloy has the following and 150 C.
- a tungsten-base alloy consisting essentially of between 0.004 and 0.05 percent carbon and between 0.01 and 0.45 percent zirconium, the balance being tungsten.
- a tungsten-base alloy consisting essentially of between 0.01 and 0.025 percent carbon and between 0.05 and 0.45 percent zirconium, the balance being tungsten.
- a tungsten-base alloy consisting essentially of approximately 0.027 percent carbon and approximately 0.24 percent titanium, the balance being tungsten.
- a tungsten-base alloy consisting essentially of between 0.004 and 0.05 percent carbon and between 0.01 and 0.45 percent zirconium, the balance being tungsten, said alloy having uniformly dispersed zirconium carbide particles distributed therein, the size of said particles being predominantly in the range 200 to 1000 Angstroms.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Description
United States Patent Ofifice Patented Mar. 29, 1966 3,243,291 HIGH-TEMPERATURE ALLOY Clayton D. Dickinson, Port Washington, and Sam Friedman, Great Neck, N.Y., assignors to General Telephone and Electronics Laboratories, Inc., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Get. 29, 1963, Ser. No. 319,638 4 Claims. (Cl. -176) This invention relates to alloys for use at elevated temperatures and in particular to tungsten-base alloys containing additions of carbon and a reactive material.
Recent developments in aircraft and space vehicles have created a need for metals which have high strength at elevated temperatures yet remain ductile at relatively low temperatures. In addition, these metals must exhibit high recrystallization temperatures. Known materials are not satisfactory for many high temperature applications and it is therefore an object of our invention to provide alloys having the required characteristics.
In the present invention, tungsten-base alloys are provided which contain small additions of carbon and reactive metals selected from the group consisting of hafnium, zirconium and titanium. These ternary alloys contain between 0.004 and 0.05 percent carbon and between 0.01 and 2.0 percent reactive metal, the balance being tungsten. By varying the constituents within the specified ranges the best combination of mechanical properties and ease of fabricability may be obtained for a given application.
In particular, at a temperature of 1650 C., ultimate tensile strengths in the range 25,000 to 73,000 pounds per square inch are exhibited by the alloys as compared to EXAMPLE I Elemental powders of carbon and tungsten were blended with hafnium hydride to form a uniform mixture which was then subjected to a pressure of approximately 50,000 pounds per square inch to form a billet. The billet was next sintered at about 2300 C. for approximately minutes to mutually diffuse the different ingredients thereby forrning a solid solution of hafnium in tungsten, the carbon being partitioned between tungsten carbide and a solid solution of carbon in tungsten. The billet was then fabricated by rolling initialy at l850.C.l950 C. with final rolling at 1550 C. to form sheets having a thickness of approximately 0.040 inch. While a powder metallurgy process was used in forming the sheets, it shall be understood that the alloys may also be consolidated by other processes such as vacuum arc-casting. Fabrication may be accomplished by other techniques such as extruding, forging or drawing to produce the desired wrought form. Measurements of ultimate tensile strength, stress-rupture strength, recrystallization temperature and ductile-to-brittle transition temperature were carried out for a number of alloys.
The recrystallization temperature was established by determining at what temperature the fibrous structure of the Wrought alloy completely disappeared and recrystallization Was essentially complete. The ductile-to-brittle transition temperature was measured by bending a wrought sample over a radius four times the thickness of the sheet through a angle at several temperatures and determining the minimum temperature at which deformation occurred without cracking. Characteristics of wrought tungsten-hafnium-carbon alloys of different compositions are shown in Table I.
Table I Alloy, percent by weight Ultimate tens. Stress-rupt. in 10 Recryst. Ductile-to-brittle strength at l,650 hours at 1,650 O. temp. C.) trans. temperature Ht 0 W C. (p.s.i.) (p.s.i.) 0.)
0. 01 0. 013 Bal. 25, 000 0. 03 0. 017 61, 700 -175 0. 24 0. 004 73, 800 0. 53 0. 033 67, 800 125 0. 48 0. 037 66, 200 150-175 0. 49 0. 050 61, 500 l. 07 0. 015 68, 500 150 2. 0 0. 015 58, 000
15,000 pounds per square inch for unalloyed tungsten. The temperature above which the alloy becomes substantially ductile (the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature) is equal to or less than that for unalloyed tungsten. The high strengths and high recrystallization temperatures obtained in the tungsten-reactive metal-carbon alloys are due to the formation, during fabrication, of a uniformly dispersed reactive metal carbide having particle sizes pre- 65 By contrast, the following values are reported for un- 0 alloyed tungsten:
Ultimate tensile strength at 1650 C. 15,00 pounds per square inch. Recrystallization temperature 1600 C. Ductile-to-brittle transition temperature 200 C.
Carbon base alloys containing 0.15 to 1.0 hafnium and 0.015 to 0.035 carbon exhibit an optimum combination of ultimate tensile strength, recrystallization temperature, ductile-to-brittle transition temperature and fabricability.
EXAMPLE II An alloy consisting of tungsten, zirconium, and carbon was prepared by the method described for the alloy of consistent with desired mechanical properties have been found most suitable.
As many changes could be made in the above described processes it is intended that all matter contained therein Example I. Table II gives the characteristics of various 5 shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting compositions of this alloy. sense.
Table 11 Alloy, percent by weight Ultimate tens. Recrystall. Ductile-to-brittle strength at 1,650 temperature transition temp.
C. (p.s.i.) Zr I C W 0. 01 0.015 Bal. 35,000 0. 03 0. 013 70, 800 1, 700 125-150 0.11 0. 012 62, 400 1, 850 5125 0.11 0.050 725 0. l3 0. 004 61, 100 1, 825 125-150 0. 45 0. 036 69, 600 1, 800 125-150 0. 015 0. 015 64, 000
Carbon base alloys containing 0.05 to 0.5 percent zirconium and 0.01 to 0.025 percent carbon exhibit a highly desirable combination of ultimate tensile strength, recrystallization temperature, ductile-to-brittle transition temperature and fabricability.
EXAMPLE III An alloy consisting of 0.24 percent titanium, 0.027 percent carbon with the balance tungsten was prepared by the method of Example I. This alloy has the following and 150 C.
From these results it is apparent that our alloys exhibit high strength at elevated temperatures and are ductile at low temperatures. The alloys also have high recrystallization temperatures as compared to unalloyed tungsten. For applications where a high melting point is desired, the composition containing the minimum alloying ingredients What is claimed is:
1. A tungsten-base alloy consisting essentially of between 0.004 and 0.05 percent carbon and between 0.01 and 0.45 percent zirconium, the balance being tungsten.
2. A tungsten-base alloy consisting essentially of between 0.01 and 0.025 percent carbon and between 0.05 and 0.45 percent zirconium, the balance being tungsten.
3. A tungsten-base alloy consisting essentially of approximately 0.027 percent carbon and approximately 0.24 percent titanium, the balance being tungsten.
4. A tungsten-base alloy consisting essentially of between 0.004 and 0.05 percent carbon and between 0.01 and 0.45 percent zirconium, the balance being tungsten, said alloy having uniformly dispersed zirconium carbide particles distributed therein, the size of said particles being predominantly in the range 200 to 1000 Angstroms.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,113,863 12/1963 Chang 174 3,116,145 12/1963 Semc'hyshen 75176 3,169,860 2/1965 Sernchyshen 75176 DAVID L. RECK, Primary Examiner.
C. N. LOVELL, W. C. TOWNSEND,
Assistant Examiners.
Claims (1)
1. A TUNGSTEN-BASE ALLOY CONSISTIN OF ESSENTIALLY OF BETWEEN 0.004 AND 0.05 PERCENT CARBON AND BETWEEN 0.01 AND 0.45 PERCENT ZIRCONIUM, THE BALANCE BEING TUNGSTEN.
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US319688A US3243291A (en) | 1963-10-29 | 1963-10-29 | High-temperature alloy |
| AT914264A AT251895B (en) | 1963-10-29 | 1964-10-28 | Alloys based on tungsten |
| BE654936D BE654936A (en) | 1963-10-29 | 1964-10-28 | |
| LU47228A LU47228A1 (en) | 1963-10-29 | 1964-10-28 | |
| SE13044/64A SE306430B (en) | 1963-10-29 | 1964-10-29 | |
| CH1400564A CH418652A (en) | 1963-10-29 | 1964-10-29 | Refractory alloy |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US319688A US3243291A (en) | 1963-10-29 | 1963-10-29 | High-temperature alloy |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3243291A true US3243291A (en) | 1966-03-29 |
Family
ID=23243277
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US319688A Expired - Lifetime US3243291A (en) | 1963-10-29 | 1963-10-29 | High-temperature alloy |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3243291A (en) |
| AT (1) | AT251895B (en) |
| BE (1) | BE654936A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH418652A (en) |
| LU (1) | LU47228A1 (en) |
| SE (1) | SE306430B (en) |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3361599A (en) * | 1964-05-27 | 1968-01-02 | Sylvania Electric Prod | Method of producing high temperature alloys |
| US3390984A (en) * | 1965-03-29 | 1968-07-02 | Gen Telephone & Elect | High-temperature ductile alloys |
| US3395013A (en) * | 1965-03-29 | 1968-07-30 | Gen Telepohone And Electronics | High-temperature ductile alloys |
| US3403009A (en) * | 1964-08-10 | 1968-09-24 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Refractory metal structures |
| US3434829A (en) * | 1966-12-21 | 1969-03-25 | Gen Electric | Tungsten-base alloys |
| US3434811A (en) * | 1965-02-26 | 1969-03-25 | Gen Electric | Tungsten-hafnium-oxygen alloys |
| US3441391A (en) * | 1967-01-26 | 1969-04-29 | Gen Electric | Tungsten-base alloys |
| US3637422A (en) * | 1968-01-03 | 1972-01-25 | Atomic Energy Commission | Dispersion-hardened tungsten alloy |
| US4165982A (en) * | 1976-12-11 | 1979-08-28 | Daido Tokushuko Kabushiki Kaisha | Molybdenum base alloy having excellent high-temperature strength and a method of producing same |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3113863A (en) * | 1960-05-31 | 1963-12-10 | Gen Electric | Columbium base alloy |
| US3116145A (en) * | 1962-04-30 | 1963-12-31 | American Metal Climax Inc | Tungsten-hafnium alloy casting |
| US3169860A (en) * | 1962-04-30 | 1965-02-16 | American Metal Climax Inc | Molybdenum-hafnium alloy casting |
-
1963
- 1963-10-29 US US319688A patent/US3243291A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1964
- 1964-10-28 LU LU47228A patent/LU47228A1/xx unknown
- 1964-10-28 AT AT914264A patent/AT251895B/en active
- 1964-10-28 BE BE654936D patent/BE654936A/xx unknown
- 1964-10-29 CH CH1400564A patent/CH418652A/en unknown
- 1964-10-29 SE SE13044/64A patent/SE306430B/xx unknown
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3113863A (en) * | 1960-05-31 | 1963-12-10 | Gen Electric | Columbium base alloy |
| US3116145A (en) * | 1962-04-30 | 1963-12-31 | American Metal Climax Inc | Tungsten-hafnium alloy casting |
| US3169860A (en) * | 1962-04-30 | 1965-02-16 | American Metal Climax Inc | Molybdenum-hafnium alloy casting |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3361599A (en) * | 1964-05-27 | 1968-01-02 | Sylvania Electric Prod | Method of producing high temperature alloys |
| US3403009A (en) * | 1964-08-10 | 1968-09-24 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Refractory metal structures |
| US3434811A (en) * | 1965-02-26 | 1969-03-25 | Gen Electric | Tungsten-hafnium-oxygen alloys |
| US3390984A (en) * | 1965-03-29 | 1968-07-02 | Gen Telephone & Elect | High-temperature ductile alloys |
| US3395013A (en) * | 1965-03-29 | 1968-07-30 | Gen Telepohone And Electronics | High-temperature ductile alloys |
| US3434829A (en) * | 1966-12-21 | 1969-03-25 | Gen Electric | Tungsten-base alloys |
| US3441391A (en) * | 1967-01-26 | 1969-04-29 | Gen Electric | Tungsten-base alloys |
| US3637422A (en) * | 1968-01-03 | 1972-01-25 | Atomic Energy Commission | Dispersion-hardened tungsten alloy |
| US4165982A (en) * | 1976-12-11 | 1979-08-28 | Daido Tokushuko Kabushiki Kaisha | Molybdenum base alloy having excellent high-temperature strength and a method of producing same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| LU47228A1 (en) | 1964-12-28 |
| SE306430B (en) | 1968-11-25 |
| CH418652A (en) | 1966-08-15 |
| BE654936A (en) | 1965-02-15 |
| AT251895B (en) | 1967-01-25 |
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