US3801861A - Drive waveform for gas discharge display/memory panel - Google Patents

Drive waveform for gas discharge display/memory panel Download PDF

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Publication number
US3801861A
US3801861A US00188481A US3801861DA US3801861A US 3801861 A US3801861 A US 3801861A US 00188481 A US00188481 A US 00188481A US 3801861D A US3801861D A US 3801861DA US 3801861 A US3801861 A US 3801861A
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Prior art keywords
writing
voltage
cell
panel
electrode
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00188481A
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English (en)
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W Petty
D Liddle
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Techneglas LLC
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Owens Illinois Inc
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Assigned to OWENS-ILLINOIS TELEVISION PRODUCTS INC. reassignment OWENS-ILLINOIS TELEVISION PRODUCTS INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: OWENS-ILLINOIS, INC., A CORP. OF OHIO
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
    • G09G3/28—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels
    • G09G3/288—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels
    • G09G3/291—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels controlling the gas discharge to control a cell condition, e.g. by means of specific pulse shapes
    • G09G3/293—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels controlling the gas discharge to control a cell condition, e.g. by means of specific pulse shapes for address discharge
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
    • G09G3/28—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels
    • G09G3/288—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels
    • G09G3/297—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using luminous gas-discharge panels, e.g. plasma panels using AC panels using opposed discharge type panels
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J17/00—Gas-filled discharge tubes with solid cathode
    • H01J17/38—Cold-cathode tubes
    • H01J17/48—Cold-cathode tubes with more than one cathode or anode, e.g. sequence-discharge tube, counting tube, dekatron
    • H01J17/49—Display panels, e.g. with crossed electrodes, e.g. making use of direct current
    • H01J17/492—Display panels, e.g. with crossed electrodes, e.g. making use of direct current with crossed electrodes

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT There is disclosed a gas discharge display/memory panel which has opposing electrode arrays with insulating dielectric charge storage members, the arrays being oriented so as to define a plurality of discharge units or cells, the panel being operated by the application of a sustaining voltage, the writing of a particular unit being effected by the application of a writing voltage to one electrode of the unit and a similar writing voltage to the opposing electrode of the unit, the two writing voltages being algebraically added across the unit from a near zero slope base or plateau, the amplitude of the base being substantially less than the maximum amplitude achieved by the total applied sustaining voltage in one period, and the magnitude of the writing voltage applied to either opposing electrode alone being insufficient to write any unit in the panel.
  • This invention relates to multiple gas discharge display/memory panels or units which have an electrical memory and which are capable of producing a visual display or representation of data such as numerals, letters, radar displays, aircraft displays, binary words, educational displays, etc.
  • Multiple gas discharge display and/or memory panels of one particular type with which the present invention is concerned are characterized by an ionizable gaseous medium, usually a mixture of at least two gases at an appropriate gas pressure, in a thin gas chamber or space between a pair of opposed dielectric charge storage members which are backed by conductor (electrode) members, the conductor members backing each dielectric member typically being appropriately oriented so as to define a plurality of discrete discharge volumes, each constituting a discharge unit.
  • an ionizable gaseous medium usually a mixture of at least two gases at an appropriate gas pressure
  • the discharge units are additionally defined by surrounding or confining physical structure such as by cells or apertures in perforated glass plates and the like so as to be physically isolated relative to other units.
  • charges electrospray, ions
  • the gases of a selected discharge unit when proper alternating operating potentials are applied to selected conductors thereof, are collected upon the surfaces of the dielectric at specifically defined locations and constitute an electrical field opposing the electrical field which created them so as to terminate the discharge for the remainder of the half cycle and aid in the initiation of a discharge on a succeeding opposite half cycle of applied voltage, such charges as are stored constituting an electrical memory.
  • the dielectric layers prevent the passage of substantial conductive current from the conductor members to the gaseous medium and also serve as collecting surfaces for ionized gaseous medium charges (electrons, ions) during the alternate half cycles of the AC. operating potentials, such charges collecting first on one elemental or discrete dielectric surface area and then on an opposing elemental or discrete dielectric surface area on alternate half cycles to constitute an electrical memory.
  • a continuous volume of ionizable gas is confined between a pair of dielectric surfaces backed by conductor arrays typically forming matrix elements.
  • the cross conductor arrays may be orthogonally related (but any other configuration of conductor arrays may be used) to define a plurality of opposed pairs of charge storage areas on the surfaces November. 1966," pp.
  • the number of elemental discharge volumes will be the product I! X C and the number of elemental or discrete areas will be twice the number of elemental discharge volumes.
  • the panel may comprise a so-called monolithic structure in which the conductor arrays are created on a single substrate and wherein two or more arrays are separated from each other and from the gaseous medium by at least one insulating member.
  • the gas discharge takes place not between two opposing members, but between two contiguous or adjacent members on the same substrate.
  • a gas discharge device wherein some of the conductive or electrode members are indirect contact with the gaseous medium and the remaining electrode members are appropriately insulated from such gas, i.e., at least one insulated electrode.
  • the conductor arrays may be shaped otherwise. Accordingly, while the preferred conductor arrangement is of the crossed grid type as shown herein, it is likewise apparent that where a maximal variety of two dimensional display patterns is not necessary, as where specific standardized visual shapes (e.g., numerals, letters, words, etc.) are to be formed and image resolution is not critical, the conductors may be shaped accordingly.
  • the gas is one which produces visible light or invisible radiation which stimulates a phosphor (if visual display is an objective) and a copious supply of charges (ions and electrons) during discharge.
  • a phosphor if visual display is an objective
  • ions and electrons ions and electrons
  • the space between the dielectric surfaces occupied by the gas is such as to permit photons generated on discharge in a selected discrete or elemental volume of gas to pass freely through the gas space and strike surface areas of dielectric remote from the selected discrete volumes, such remote, photon struck dielectric surface areas thereby emitting electrons so as to condition other and more remote elemental volumes for discharges at a uniform applied potential.
  • the allowable distance or spacing between the dielectric surfaces depends, inter alia, on the frequency of the alternating current supply, the distance typically being greater for lower frequencies.
  • V is the half amplitude of the smallest sustaining voltage signal which results in a discharge every half cycle, but at which the cell is not bi-stable and V is the half amplitude of the minimum applied voltage sufficient to sustain discharges once initiated.
  • the basic electrical phenomenon utilized in this invention is the generation of charges (ions and electrons) alternately storable at pairs of opposed or facing discrete points or areas on a pair of dielectric surfaces backed by conductors connected to a source of operating potential.
  • Such stored charges result in an electrical field opposing the field produced by the applied potential that created them and hence operate to terminate ionization in the elemental gas volume between opposed or facing discrete points or areas of dielectric surface.
  • sustain a discharge means producing a sequence of momentary discharges, at least one discharge for each half cycle of applied alternating sustaining voltage, once the elemental gas volume has been fired, to maintain alternate storing of charges at pairs of opposed discrete areas on the dielectric surfaces.
  • a periodic sustaining voltage sufficient to operate the panel is applied to the opposing electrode arrays, the waveform of such sustaining voltage being rectangular, square, sinusoidal, trapezoidal, triangular, or of any other periodic geometric form or shape.
  • one-half of the sustaining voltage may be applied to one electrode array and the other half may be applied at 180 phase or opposite polarity to the opposing electrode array, the two applied sustaining voltages being algebraically added across the unit.
  • all of the sustaining voltage may be applied to only one electrode array.
  • the sustaining voltage is sufficient to operate the panel; that is, sufficient to maintain all of the units or cells in the panel in an off or on state.
  • a unit in the off state is one to which there has not been applied a writing voltage whereas a unit in the on state has received a writing voltage.
  • a unit in the on state is one which has been discharged by the application of the writing voltage such that wall charges are formed and stored on the dielectric charge storage surface(s) of the unit.
  • the writing of a particular unit or cell is usually effected by applying a writing voltage to one electrode of the cell and a similar writing voltage to the opposing electrode of the cell, the phase of each addressing voltage being such that the two addressing voltages are algebraically added, for example as disclosed and claimed in copending U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 699,170, filed Jan. 19, 1968, by William E. Johnson and Larry J. Schmersal, also assigned to the assignee of the instant application.
  • each is equal to the other in magnitude with each therefore representing one half of the total writing voltage for the cell.
  • each opposing electrode of the cell typically serves as an electrode for other cells, especially in an x y electrode matrix arrangement also known as a column-row electrode matrix.
  • a writing voltage is applied to one x-axis (row) electrode and a similar writing voltage is applied to a y-axis (Column) electrode, the two writing voltages being algebraically combined across the cell formed by the intersection of the x-axis electrode and the y-axis electrode.
  • the applied writing voltage may be sufficient to turn-on" a particular cell site even though a corresponding writing voltage is not applied to the opposing electrode of that particular cell site; that is, when writing voltages are applied to the opposingelectrodes of a selected cell, the voltage applied to either electrode may be sufficient to write other cells (not intended to be written).
  • one or more cells may be written by only one electrode.
  • a fraction or part of the total writing voltage for a to-be-written cell will inherently be applied to other not-to-be-written cells having a locus along the x-electrode and other not-to-be-written cells having a locus along the .y-electrode, such fraction of the total writing voltage being sufficient to turn-on one or more of the not-to-be-written cells.
  • the fraction of the writing voltage applied to each opposing electrode of a particular cell is equal, such fraction is therefore one half and the phenomenon of turning on not-to-be-written cells is known as half-select.
  • this invention comprises a process for operating a multiple gaseous discharge display/- memory panel whereby one writing voltage is applied to one electrode of a panel cell and another writing voltage is applied to the opposing electrode of the same cell, the two applied writing voltages being algebraically added across the cell from a near zero slope base.
  • the amplitude of the base being substantially less than the maximum amplitude achieved by the total applied sustaining voltage in one period, and the magnitude of the writing voltage qpplied to either opposing electrode alone being insufficient to write any unit in the panel.
  • the writing voltages may be of any suitable waveform, such as broadly defined hereinbefore for the sustaining voltage. It is also contemplated that each writing voltage may be of the same or different waveform. Likewise, it is contemplated that each writing voltage may be of the same or different waveform as that of the sustaining voltage.
  • each writing voltage is of a rectangular waveform.
  • the x and y writing voltages are of the same magnitude.
  • the x and y writing voltages are of different magnitude.
  • FIG. 1 One such prior art embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 1 wherein there is shown a sustaining voltage S of a rectangular or square waveform and two writing voltages, W,, and W,,, of a rectangular or square waveform algebraically added to the top of the sustaining voltage.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 there are illustrated two embodiments of the invention at bar.
  • FIG. 4 is a partially cut away plan view of a gaseous discharge display/memory panel as disclosed in the aforementioned U. S. Pat. No. 3,499,167.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view (enlarged, but not to proportional scale since the thickness of the gas line, dielectric members and conductor rays have been charged for purposes of illustration) taken along line 55 of FIG. 4.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate a' gaseous discharge display/- memory panel to which the invention has particular utility.
  • Each dielectric member presents large opening surface areas and a plurality of pairs of X and Y areas.
  • the dielectric members are formed on and supported by non-conductive support members 16 and 17, at leat one of which passes light produced by the discharge line in the elemental gas volumes.
  • FIG. 2 there is shown a sustaining voltage S with the writing voltages W, and W, being algebraically added from a zero slope plateau separate from the sustaining voltage.
  • FIG. 3 there is shown a sustaining voltage S" with the writing voltage W", and W", being algebraically added from a zero slope plateau which is on the lower portion of the sustaining voltage.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 are also contemplated.
  • the writing voltages e.g., W, and W',, may be ofthe same or different magnitude.
  • W, and W may be selected from te same or different waveform, although square or rectangular waveform is preferred for both.
  • the magnitude of either writing voltage alone e.g., W, or W',, is insufficient to write (discharge) any unit in the panel.
  • each writing voltage e.g., W or W
  • the magnitude of the sustaining voltage e.g., S.
  • each writing voltage has a magnitude equal to or less than that of the sustaining voltage.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
  • Gas-Filled Discharge Tubes (AREA)
US00188481A 1971-10-12 1971-10-12 Drive waveform for gas discharge display/memory panel Expired - Lifetime US3801861A (en)

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US18848171A 1971-10-12 1971-10-12

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US (1) US3801861A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS4862345A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU467827B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE789980A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA972055A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH554576A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2249072C3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2156266B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1410998A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT966270B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7213410A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE394840B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ZA (1) ZA726412B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3922583A (en) * 1974-06-27 1975-11-25 Ibm Method and means for increasing the operating range of gas panel displays
US3969715A (en) * 1973-06-01 1976-07-13 Ibm Corporation Gas panel with improved write circuit and operation
US4030091A (en) * 1976-01-30 1977-06-14 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Technique for inverting the state of a plasma or similar display cell
FR2415850A1 (fr) * 1978-01-27 1979-08-24 Thomson Csf Methode d'elaboration des signaux de commande d'un panneau a plasma et systeme de visualisation par panneau a plasma utilisant cette methode
US6985125B2 (en) 1999-04-26 2006-01-10 Imaging Systems Technology, Inc. Addressing of AC plasma display
US7122961B1 (en) 2002-05-21 2006-10-17 Imaging Systems Technology Positive column tubular PDP
US7157854B1 (en) 2002-05-21 2007-01-02 Imaging Systems Technology Tubular PDP
EP1801768A1 (en) 2005-12-22 2007-06-27 Imaging Systems Technology, Inc. SAS Addressing of surface discharge AC plasma display
US7456808B1 (en) 1999-04-26 2008-11-25 Imaging Systems Technology Images on a display
US7595774B1 (en) 1999-04-26 2009-09-29 Imaging Systems Technology Simultaneous address and sustain of plasma-shell display
US7619591B1 (en) 1999-04-26 2009-11-17 Imaging Systems Technology Addressing and sustaining of plasma display with plasma-shells
US7911414B1 (en) 2000-01-19 2011-03-22 Imaging Systems Technology Method for addressing a plasma display panel
US8248328B1 (en) 2007-05-10 2012-08-21 Imaging Systems Technology Plasma-shell PDP with artifact reduction
US8289233B1 (en) 2003-02-04 2012-10-16 Imaging Systems Technology Error diffusion
US8305301B1 (en) 2003-02-04 2012-11-06 Imaging Systems Technology Gamma correction

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5549758B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1974-12-27 1980-12-13
IT1086808B (it) * 1976-01-16 1985-05-31 Owens Illinois Inc Perfezionamento nei dispositivi di presentazione a scarica in gas

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3627924A (en) * 1969-05-16 1971-12-14 Energy Conversion Devices Inc Flat screen television system
US3686661A (en) * 1969-07-04 1972-08-22 Philips Corp Glow discharge matrix display with improved addressing means

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3559190A (en) * 1966-01-18 1971-01-26 Univ Illinois Gaseous display and memory apparatus
NL6613813A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1966-09-30 1968-04-01
BE755591Q (fr) * 1967-11-24 1971-02-15 Owens Illinois Inc Dispositif de memorisation et de reproduction a decharges gazeuses et son mode de fonctionnement
US3573542A (en) * 1968-03-28 1971-04-06 Control Data Corp Gaseous display control
DE1946815C3 (de) * 1969-09-16 1973-12-06 Philips Patentverwaltung Gmbh, 2000 Hamburg Anordnung zur elektrostatischen Aufzeichnung

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3627924A (en) * 1969-05-16 1971-12-14 Energy Conversion Devices Inc Flat screen television system
US3686661A (en) * 1969-07-04 1972-08-22 Philips Corp Glow discharge matrix display with improved addressing means

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3969715A (en) * 1973-06-01 1976-07-13 Ibm Corporation Gas panel with improved write circuit and operation
US3922583A (en) * 1974-06-27 1975-11-25 Ibm Method and means for increasing the operating range of gas panel displays
US4030091A (en) * 1976-01-30 1977-06-14 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Technique for inverting the state of a plasma or similar display cell
FR2415850A1 (fr) * 1978-01-27 1979-08-24 Thomson Csf Methode d'elaboration des signaux de commande d'un panneau a plasma et systeme de visualisation par panneau a plasma utilisant cette methode
US7619591B1 (en) 1999-04-26 2009-11-17 Imaging Systems Technology Addressing and sustaining of plasma display with plasma-shells
US7456808B1 (en) 1999-04-26 2008-11-25 Imaging Systems Technology Images on a display
US7589697B1 (en) 1999-04-26 2009-09-15 Imaging Systems Technology Addressing of AC plasma display
US7595774B1 (en) 1999-04-26 2009-09-29 Imaging Systems Technology Simultaneous address and sustain of plasma-shell display
US6985125B2 (en) 1999-04-26 2006-01-10 Imaging Systems Technology, Inc. Addressing of AC plasma display
US7911414B1 (en) 2000-01-19 2011-03-22 Imaging Systems Technology Method for addressing a plasma display panel
US7122961B1 (en) 2002-05-21 2006-10-17 Imaging Systems Technology Positive column tubular PDP
US7157854B1 (en) 2002-05-21 2007-01-02 Imaging Systems Technology Tubular PDP
US7176628B1 (en) 2002-05-21 2007-02-13 Imaging Systems Technology Positive column tubular PDP
US8289233B1 (en) 2003-02-04 2012-10-16 Imaging Systems Technology Error diffusion
US8305301B1 (en) 2003-02-04 2012-11-06 Imaging Systems Technology Gamma correction
EP1801768A1 (en) 2005-12-22 2007-06-27 Imaging Systems Technology, Inc. SAS Addressing of surface discharge AC plasma display
US8248328B1 (en) 2007-05-10 2012-08-21 Imaging Systems Technology Plasma-shell PDP with artifact reduction

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1410998A (en) 1975-10-22
AU467827B2 (en) 1975-12-11
NL7213410A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-04-16
BE789980A (fr) 1973-04-12
DE2249072A1 (de) 1973-04-19
DE2249072B2 (de) 1978-06-01
IT966270B (it) 1974-02-11
FR2156266B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1976-08-20
FR2156266A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-05-25
AU4697572A (en) 1974-03-28
ZA726412B (en) 1974-04-24
CA972055A (en) 1975-07-29
CH554576A (de) 1974-09-30
SE394840B (sv) 1977-07-11
JPS4862345A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-08-31
DE2249072C3 (de) 1985-05-15

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