US3801423A - Multiple glazing panel and manufacturing method therefor - Google Patents
Multiple glazing panel and manufacturing method therefor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3801423A US3801423A US00148334A US14833471A US3801423A US 3801423 A US3801423 A US 3801423A US 00148334 A US00148334 A US 00148334A US 14833471 A US14833471 A US 14833471A US 3801423 A US3801423 A US 3801423A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- sheet
- arrangement
- sheets
- panel
- face
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
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Images
Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31507—Of polycarbonate
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
- Y10T428/31627—Next to aldehyde or ketone condensation product
- Y10T428/3163—Next to acetal of polymerized unsaturated alcohol [e.g., formal butyral, etc.]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
- Y10T428/31645—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/31649—Ester, halide or nitrile of addition polymer
Definitions
- This invention relates to processes of making a panel composed of a plurality of sheets in facing relationship, including a sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline, including vitroceramic, material providing an exterior face of such panel.
- the invention also relates to panels formed by such processes.
- the sheets of such panels can be of any material, a substantial portion of which is constituted by a vitreous phase.
- the proportion of the material constituting such phase need only be large enough to enable modifications in the properties of the vitreous phase to significantly influence the properties of the sheet as a whole.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a greater selection of the properties of such panels.
- Still another object of the invention is to permit the properties of such panels to be made to conform more closely to that desired with regard to a wide variety of criteria.
- a further object of the invention is to modify the effect of tempering on the sheets of such panels in a controlled manner.
- the present invention provides a process of making a panel composed of a plurality of sheets in facing relationship, including a sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material providing an exterior face of the panel, which process enables certain properties which have hitherto been regarded as interdependent to be independently varied so that a wider range of performance requirements can be satisfied.
- a process of making a panel composed of a plurality of sheet components in facing relationship, including a sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material is carried out by subjecting that sheet, hereafter referred to as the first sheet, to an ion diffusion treatment to induce compressive stresses in external layers of the sheet material, the sheet components of the panel are assembled so that one side of the first sheet provides an exterior panel face, and at a stage before, between or after the ion diffusion treatment and the assembly operation, the first sheet is subjected, at least locally, on at least the one side thereof, to a treatment, hereafter referred to as a weakening treatment, which reduces the resistance of the first sheet in at least one region thereof to breakage due to a flexure of the type which applies tensile forces to the external layers which are at the one side of the first sheet and which are, or become, compressively stressed due to the ion diffusion treatment.
- a weakening treatment which reduces the resistance of the first sheet in at least one region thereof to breakage due to a flexure of
- vitrocrystalline material denotes a material produced from glass by a treatment which causes one or more crystalline phases to appear in the glass while leaving sufficient vitreous phase or phases at the surfaces of the material to permit compressive surface stresses to be induced therein by an ion diffusion treatment.
- the process according to the invention enables a panel to be made which has an advantageous combination of properties.
- the yield strength, or tensile load level under which the first sheet will yield, by breaking is less than the value necessary to overcome the compressive stresses which are due to the tempering treatment.
- due to the production of such compressive stresses by chemical tempering if the sheet does break, it divides into relatively small blunt pieces.
- the yield strength of the first sheet can be controlled independently of the compressive stressing. Consequently, a wide range of product specifications can be achieved.
- the extent to which the resistance of the first sheet to breakage under tensile loading is affected by the weakening treatment can be chosen in any given-process, taking into account the contrary effect or tendency of the selected chemical tempering treatment and the particular circumstances in which the panel is to be used.
- the chemical tempering treatment can be of any known kind based on the diffusion of ions into glass or vitrocrystalline material from a contacting medium, preferably in molten state.
- the tempering may be achieved by causing ions in exterior layers of the glass or vitrocrystalline material on at least one side of the first sheet to be replaced by larger ions deriving from a contacting medium, while the temperature of such layers is too low to permit complete stress relaxation in the sheet to occur during the time.
- the ion exchange may for instance involve the replacement of sodium ions in exterior layers of the glass by potassium ions deriving from the contacting medium.
- the tempering may be achieved by causing ions in exterior layers of the glass or vitrocrystalline material on at least one side of the sheet to be replaced by ions which confer on the exterior layers a lower coefficient of thermal expansion, such substitution occurring at a temperature sufficiently high to permit stress relaxation to occur.
- the exterior layers then become compressively stressed when the sheet cools.
- the ion exchange in this type of chemical tempering treatment may for example be an exchange of sodium ions in exterior layers of the glass for lithium ions deriving from the contacting medium.
- the chemical tempering treatment may be one in which a diffusion of ions into exterior layers of the glass or vitrocrystalline material occurs only at one side of the first sheet. This will indirectly cause compressive stressing of the external layers at the other side of the sheet.
- the glass or vitreous phase of the vitrocrystalline material can be of any composition capable of being chemically tempered.
- the particular ion diffusion employed can be of any type capable of chemically tempering, i.e. inducing compressive surface stresses in the particular material employed.
- the diffusion treatment can also be of the cementation type involving substantially a movement of ions in only one direction.
- the weakening treatment is preferably performed substantially uniformly over at least one region of the first sheet.
- a predetermined breakage characteristic is thus achieved with respect to forces of similar magnitude acting anywhere in that region.
- Such region or regions subjected to such weakening treatment may be situated within a central and/or at a peripheral part of the sheet.
- the weakening treatment is advantageous for the weakening treatment to be performed over substantially the whole or at least the one side of the first sheet.
- the weakening treatment can then be more easily performed as part of an industrial process, there being no need to take measures to confine the treatment to a predetermined region or regions of the sheet area.
- the weakening treatment can in some cases advantageously be performed only on the one side of the first sheet.
- the treatment can then normally be more easily and rapidly effected.
- such weakening treatment can be performed on both sides of the first sheet if desired. If such weakening treatment is performed on both sides of the first sheet before the panel components are assembled, the treated sheet can be located in the panel with either side thereof exposed.
- That side is preferable for that side to be employed as an exterior panel face and for the weakening treatment to be performed at least on that side of the sheet. If this condition is observed, a required predetermined resistance to breakage due to flexure in one direction can be more easily achieved.
- One preferred type of weakening treatment is carried out by surface abrasion of the first sheet. This type of treatment is inexpensive and simple to perform. When performing a chemical tempering treatment on successive sheets, the yield strength thereby achieved shows a certain variation from one sheet to another. The performance of a weakening treatment by abrasion offers the important advantage that the resistance to breakage can be brought to a more uniform value from one sheet to another.
- Abrasion can advantageously be effected using a particulate material having an average grain size of the order of 10 microns. With such abrasive substance. the weakening treatment can be performed easily without causing undesirable defects in the sheet, such as scratches visible to the naked eye.
- the weakening treatment involves an abrasion of the first sheet with a powder composed substantially of iron oxide, cerium oxide, or alumina, or of a mixture of two or more of such substances.
- the weakening is effected by surface scratching the first sheet.
- the scratches are made entirely or predominantly in one direction.
- the weakening effect is then greatest with respect to flexure forces extending along planes substantially normal to the direction of the scratches.
- the first sheet if it is a glass sheet, can have at least its one side subjected, at least locally, to a treatment, hereafter called a supplementary strengthening treatment, whereby the resistance of the glass to breakage by flexure is at least temporarily increased in at least one region of the sheet, such treatment being performed after chemical tempering of the sheet but before the weakening treatment thereof.
- the supplementary strengthening treatment has the effect of facilitating the attainment of a predetermined degree of weakening by the subsequent weakening treatment.
- the supplementary strengthening treatment involves a chemical dissolution of a surface layer of the first sheet in at least one region thereof.
- This type of supplementary strengthening treatment permits the required strengthening effect to be obtained by a relatively brief contact of at least a given region or regions of the sheet with a dissolving medium which may, e.g., be in liquid or gaseous form.
- the supplementary strengthening treatment can advantageously be performed by contacting the first sheet in the region or regions to be treated, e.g., by spraying, with an acid medium containing fluorine ions, for example an acid medium essentially composed of a compound such as ammonium fluoride or an aqueous solution containing hydrofluoric acid.
- an acid medium containing fluorine ions for example an acid medium essentially composed of a compound such as ammonium fluoride or an aqueous solution containing hydrofluoric acid.
- an acid medium containing fluorine ions not only gives better results in regard to mechanical properties as before referred to, but also increases the resistance of the glass to iridescence.
- This advantageous result is particularly marked when use is made of an aqueous solution containing hydrofluoric acid and sulphuric acid, e.g., solution containing 6 percent by volume of hydrofluoric acid and 6 percent by volume of sulphuric acid.
- an acid medium satisfactory results can be obtained very quickly, e.g., by a treatment lasting only a few minutes.
- the supplementary strengthening treatment by means of an acid medium is performed at a temperature of between 0 and 80C. In this temperature range the speed of dissolution of the sheet material at a surface thereof can be accurately controlled.
- a glazing panel e.g., a vehicle windshield
- the resistance of the first sheet to breakage due to flexure forces tending to stretch, or tension, the one side thereof is such that, in the completed panel, the first sheet will break under the impact of a person against the opposite side of the panel at impact forces below the level at which serious injury, e.g. to the skull, becomes probable.
- Such level will normally not be higher than that which corresponds to a tensile loading of 50 kg/mm at the one side of the first sheet as measured on a disc 11 cm in diameter. That maximum value may apply over only a given region or regions of the sheet, but it preferably applies over the whole area of the sheet. The safeguard against serious bodily injury is then realized irrespective of the position at which impact against the panel may occur.
- the first sheet can be secured in spaced relation to a second main sheet component, i.e. a second strength member in sheet form, the first and second sheets being directly connected only at marginal portions thereof, and the space between the central parts of the sheets being empty or containing a gaseous medium or a filling material.
- the properties of the panel are then influenced by such inter-sheet space or filling.
- the first sheet is not influenced by that flexure until it reaches a certain value which depends on the spacing between the sheets.
- the sheet components of the panel are secured together over their entire area to form a laminate.
- Such embodiments give a product in which'the behavior of the panel under flexing forces is always influenced by the properties of the component sheets acting in combination.
- the first sheet is assembled in facing relationship to a second main sheet component i.e., a second strength member in sheet form, which second sheet can, in the completed panel, be flexed by an amount to impose flexing forces on the first sheet sufficient to break the latter sheet.
- the panel then has a very advantageous combination of properties. If the panel is held at its margins and becomes subjected to flexing forces imposed against the second sheet, the first sheet will break at a given load while the said second sheet is still capable of further elastic flexure.
- This particular property of the panel is of importance for avoiding concussive injury to a person who may make impact with the panel, e.g. in the case that it is used as a vehicle windshield.
- the first sheet breaks it divides into rather small and blunt fragments
- the weakening treatment of the first sheet used in the above embodiment, or other embodiments is that the maximum loading forces, as aforesaid, which the sheet can support without breaking, is not dependent on the magnitude of the compressive stresses induced therein by the chemical tempering treatment.
- the first sheet can be of a thickness such that it has a high resistance to breakage due to impact by small hard objects such as stones, without losing the advantage that the sheet will yield to loading forces of relatively small magnitude acting against the other side of the panel.v
- said first sheet is assembled in facing relationship to a second main sheet component made of a plastic material.
- a plastic sheet can have a very high flexibility, which is an advantage for shock absorption.
- such sheet of plastic can be directly bonded to the first sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material without an intervening bonding layer.
- the first sheet is assembled in facing relationship to only one other strength member in sheet form and that second sheet is also a sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material.
- the panel is then of simple construction, and makes good utilization of the advantageous properties of glass or vitrocrystalline material.
- the sheets are preferably secured together to form a laminate.
- the first sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material is secured in facing relationship to a second sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material to form a laminated panel and the relative strengths of the first and second glass or vitrocrystalline sheets, considered independently of each other, are such that, notwithstanding the weakening of the first sheet by a weakening treatment, the resistance of that first sheet to breakage due to a flexure which subjects its one side to tension forces is higher than the resistance to breakage of the second sheet due to a flexure which subjects to tensioning forces the side of the second sheet which in the completed panel faces the first sheet.
- This condition is not inconsistent with the condition that, in the completed panel, the first sheet should break under flexing forces, imposed against said second sheet, of a magnitude insufficient to break said second sheet, because in the completed panel the component sheets behave as a monolithic structure up to the moment of breakage of the first sheet, and under any given flexing force the one side of the first sheet is subjected to higher tensile loading than the side of said second sheet facing the first sheet.
- the advantage of giving the first sheet the said higher breakage resistance is that when the panel is used as a glazing panel, e.g., as a windshield or in a door, the first sheet is capable of absorbing a higher proportion of impact energies before it breaks.
- the relative strengths of the first and second sheets can be attained by giving the first sheet an appropriately greater thickness than the second sheet.
- the thickness of the first sheet must be less than that which would be necessary, apart from other factors, for attaining the higher strength, such strength can be attained by the chemical tempering treatment or by this treatment and appropriate selection of the thickness of the sheet.
- the first sheet is secured to a second sheet, which is of glass, and prior to the sheet assembly operation the second sheet is subjected to a treatment, hereafter called a rectifying treatment, which reduces the incidence on at least one portion of its inner face, i.e. the face which is to be directed toward the first sheet, of flaws liable to cause stress concentrations when the inner side of such sheet is subjected to tensioning forces.
- a rectifying treatment which reduces the incidence on at least one portion of its inner face, i.e. the face which is to be directed toward the first sheet, of flaws liable to cause stress concentrations when the inner side of such sheet is subjected to tensioning forces.
- Such rectifying treatment gives the second sheet greater resistance to breakage due to flexure in the direction which places the inner face under tension. While it is very advantageous to subject the whole of the inner face of said second sheet to a rectifying treatment, an improvement in the resistance of the sheet to breakage by flexure can often be achieved by subjecting a particular zone or zones of such sheet to such a rectifying treatment, and notably by subjecting at least one marginal zone of the sheet face to such rectifying treatment.
- Such a rectifying treatment can advantageously be performd by heating at least one zone of the sheet so as to cause a tire polishing thereof.
- a treatment can be performed by pre-heating the sheet to a temperature of between 400 and 450C and then exposing the zone or zones to be rectified for a relatively brief period, for example from a few seconds to a few minutes, to a higher temperature, e.g., a temperature substantially in the range of 600 to 850C. It has been found that this type of rectifying treatment can be performed with little or no tendency for the optical properties of the sheet to be impaired, which is a very important consideration when the sheet is to be used in a panel which is to form a windshield.
- Another very satisfactory type of rectifying treatment involves chemical dissolution of a surface portion of the sheet.
- This type of treatment is easy to perform.
- the treatment can be carried out by a simple contact of the sheet with a solvent medium by sprinkling, spraying or immersion, there being no need to use a large or expensive installation.
- the degree of rectification can be easily controlled by varying the concentration of the solvent medium.
- Such a dissolution treatment can advantageously be performed by contacting the surface to be treated with an acid medium containing fluorine ions. It has been found that acid media containing fluorine ions act quite rapidly to give very satisfactory results and surfaces treated by such media show an improved mechanical strength and an improved resistance to iridescence.
- a protective layer may, e.g., be a layer of paraffin wax, a peelable varnish or a thin fluid film, for instance a film of water which is caused to flow along the surface portion or portions to be protected during the rectification treatment.
- a protective measure By taking such a protective measure, the rectification treatment can be confined to a given zone or zones, thus reducing the amount of solvent used.
- the resistance of the second sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material to breakage due to flexures in a direction towards the first sheet can also be improved by compressively stressing the external layers of glass or vitrocrystalline material of that sheet at least at the inner face thereof.
- the compressive stressing of such second sheet can be achieved by thermal tempering.
- such compressive stressing of the second sheet is achieved by chemically tempering the second sheet, using any of the chemical tempering processes hereinbefore referred to as suitable for application to the first sheet.
- the use of an ion diffusion treatment for compressively stressing the exterior layers of the second sheet achieves the advantage that in the event such second sheet breaks, it will break into small blunt pieces which do not involve a high risk or personal injury, or damage to the remainder of the panel.
- an ion diffusion treatment is used for compressively stressing exterior layers of both of the first and second sheets, the manufacturing plant can be laid out and operated more conveniently.
- Another manner of increasing the resistance of the second sheet to breakage due to flexure in a direction towards the first sheet is to incorporate the second sheet into the panel while it is in a state of elastic flexure in one or more planes and in a direction such that the second sheet is being compressively stressed at its inner side.
- This method is extremely simple.
- the second sheet can be held in an elastically flexed condition by a frame, or by the other component sheet or sheets of the panel or by the combined action of such other sheet or sheets and a frame.
- the second sheet of the panel may be constituted by a naturally curved glass or vitrocrystalline sheet which is secured at its convex side to a first sheet which is naturally flat or which has a natural curvature less pronounced than the second sheet, so that in the completed panel the second sheet is held, against the elastic recovery'forces therein, by the first sheet in a flat condition or at a curvature less than its natural curvature.
- the first sheet may itself be held, by a frame component and/or by the second sheet, in a state of elastic flexure such that its outer face is in a state of tension or reduced compression.
- Such flexure has the effect of lowering the flexing load level at which the first sheet will break.
- any two or all three of the above-described methods of increasing the resistance of the second sheet to breakage by flexure which subjects its inner face to tensile stress viz: a rectifying treatment, a chemical tempering treatment, and elastic flexure, can be applied to one and the same second sheet.
- the first sheet is secured in facing relationship to the second sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material which has itself been chemically tempered and is itself subjected, at least locally, on the side thereof which in the completed panel faces away from the first sheet, to a weakening treatment which reduces the resistance of the second sheet in at least one region thereof to breakage due to a flexure in the direction which imposes tensile forces in the external layers which are at that side of the second sheet.
- a weakening treatment may be performed before or after the panel sheets are assembled.
- the first and second chemically tempered sheets are subjected to weakening treatments at portions of the faces which are directed away from each other in the completed panel and which are in registry with one another.
- the resistance to breakage of one or more portions of the panel under loading forces acting against either side of the panel can thus be readily and accurately determined without the necessity for subjecting the whole of the outwardly facing sides to weakening treatments.
- those portions of the outer faces of the door where strong accidental impact is most likely to occur may be given a lower mechanical strength.
- the outwardly facing sides of the first and second sheets can be weakened in a region or regions where the head of the driver or of a front seat passenger is likely to strike the screen in the event of hard braking or headon collision.
- this sheet is at least locally subjected, before a weakening treatment thereof, to a supplementary strengthening treatment, at least at the side thereof which is to face away from the first sheet.
- supplementary strengthening treatment may be performed in any of the ways hereinbefore described in relation to the supplementary strengthening of the first sheet.
- the weakening treatment of the two sheets is performed after the panel sheets have been assembled. This procedure is more particularly advantageous when the panel is not flat, for example when the panel has a relatively small radius of curvature, and when aligned portions of the two sheets in the panel have to be weakened. In such cases the required weakening of the sheets can be effected simply by passing the panel once through a machine or installation which treats the opposed outer panel faces simultaneously.
- the first sheet can be secured to a second strength member in sheet form, by means of an intervening organic sheet or sheets, e.g., a sheet of organic material.
- an intervening organic sheet or sheets e.g., a sheet of organic material.
- first and second sheets of glass or vitrocrystalline material can be secured together to form a transparent or translucent laminate.
- the intervening sheet or sheets can serve to retain individual pieces of the first or second sheet in place in the event of breakage.
- Such an intervening sheet can, e.g., be a sheet of thermoplastic material.
- Particularly satisfactory interlayer materials are polyvinyl butyral, e.g. in the form of a sheet 0.76 mm in thickness, and certain polycarbonates of bis-phenols which may be used together with,
- polyacrylate adhesives for example, polyacrylate adhesives.
- the invention also includes a panel composed of a plurality of sheet components in facing relationship, including a sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material in external layers of which compressive surface stresses have been produced by a chemical tempering treatment, one side of such sheet providing an exterior face of the panel, according to the invention, in at least one region of the glass or vitrocrystalline sheet, which corresponds to the first sheet referred to herein, the tensile strength of such sheet, expressed in terms of the tensile force, imposed by flexing the sheet, which can be supported without breakage by the compressively stressed external layers at the one side of the sheet, is made less than the tensile force necessary for reducing such compressive stresses to zero.
- the tensile strength of the first sheet is not only determined by the magnitude of the compressive stresses produced by tempering, and at the same time the existence of the stressesdue to chemical tempering causes the sheet, if itdoes break, to divide into relatively small blunt, i.e. non-cutting, pieces.
- the tensile strength of such first sheet can, for example, be low enough to ensure that if a person should collide against the other side of the panel, the sheet will yield before the impact force reaches a value at which serious internal personal injury is probable.
- the tensile strength of the first sheet in at least one region thereof has a uniform lower value than the tensile force necessary for reducing the compressive stresses therein to zero.
- Such uniformity is considered to exist when the tensile strength of various samples of the sheet within that region, tested in the herein concerning the advantages afforded by the corresponding process features.
- the one side of the first sheet bears surface abrasions or scratches in at least one region of the sheet.
- the presence of scratches is of particular value if they are entirely or primarily in one direction. In the case of a vehicle windshield, it is preferable for the scratches to be wholly or predominantly in a direction normal to the longitudinal axis of the windshield.
- At least one region of the one side of the first sheet has grooves or scratches having a depth of less than microns. Such scratches or grooves are consistent with good transparency or other optical properties of such sheet.
- the first sheet is of glass, for at least one region of the first sheet to contain fluorine ions in external layers of the one side thereof.
- the tensile strength of at least one region of the first sheet expressed in the terms hereinbefore specified, to correspond to a value of less than 50 kg/mm as measured on a disc ll cm in diameter.
- the first sheet may be secured in facing spaced relationship to a second main sheet component, the first and second sheets being directly connected only at the margins of the panel.
- the space between the central portions of the sheets can be empty or may contain a fluid medium, e.g., dry air or other gaseous medium, or a filling material.
- the panel may, e.g., incorporate a filling material having good heat insulating properties.
- the sheets are assembled by means of a metal ribbon or ribbons located between the sheet margins.
- the sheet components of the panel are secured together over their entire area and form a laminate.
- the first sheet is in facing relationship to a second main sheet component of the panel, which second sheet can be flexed to impose flexing forces on the first sheet sufficient to break that sheet.
- a panel has a combination of properties which are of notable value as hereinbefore described in relation to processes according to the invention, particularly in the case of a glazing panel, e.g., a vehicle window or windshield.
- the first sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material is in facing relationship to a second sheet component, such second sheet being a sheet of plastic material.
- the plastic sheet can be bonded to the first sheet with or without an intervening bonding layer to form a laminate, or the plastic sheet and the first sheet may be in spaced relation.
- the panel consists of the first sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material and only one other strength member in sheet form, that second sheet being also a sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material.
- the panel consists of the first sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material and only one other strength member in sheet form, that second sheet being also a sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material.
- Particular preference is given to such panels in the case where such sheets are secured together to form a laminate.
- Such embodiments are particularly important, for reasons hereinbefore stated, in the case where the second sheet has been chemically tempered and is more elastically flexible than the first sheet.
- the first sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material is secured in facing relationship to a second sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material and the sheets constitute plies of a laminate.
- the relative strengths of the first and second sheets are such that the second sheet can be flexed to impose flexing forces on the first sheet sufficient to break the latter sheet, but they are such that the first and second sheets were tested independently of each other, the resistance of the first sheet to breakage due to a flexure subjecting its one side to tensioning forces would be higher than the resistance to breakage of the second sheet due to a flexure subjecting to tensioning forces the side which faces the first sheet.
- the relative strengths of the first and second sheets can be determined by individually peripherally supporting a plurality of identical sheets in turn and dropping a rounded object weighing 10 kg onto each sheet frofn a height which is progressively increased from one test to the next and noting in the case of each sheet the dropping height at which the sheet breaks. This test is very suitable for panels to be used as vehicle windshields.
- the panel includes, as the second sheet, a sheet of glass, the inner face of which is, over at least one region of the sheet, substantially free from flaws liable to cause stress concentrations when tensioning forces are applied to the inner face of such sheet.
- the external layers of the second sheet at the inner side thereof contain fluorine ions in at least one region of such sheet.
- the second sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material has compressively stressed external layers at least at its inner side.
- Such compressive stressing is preferably due at least in part to chemical tempering of such second sheet.
- Compressive stressing of the external layers of glass or vitrocrystalline material at the inner side of the second sheet may also be achieved by sheet flexure as hereinbefore described and in certain panels according to the invention the first sheet is in facing relation to a second sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material which is held in a state of elastic flexure in a direction such that the external layers at the inner side of the second sheet are compressively stressed.
- the second sheet is held elastically flexed by the first sheet.
- the second sheet can be held flexed by means of a frame, or by means of the first sheet and a frame.
- the first sheet is held by a frame and/or by a second sheet, in a state of flexure such that the one side of the first sheet is in a state of tension or reduced compression.
- the first sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material may be in facing relationship to a second sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material which has itself been chemically tempered, the tensile strength of at least one region of the second sheet, expressed in terms of the tensile force, imposable by flexing the sheet, which can be sustained by the compressively stressed external layers, at the side of the second sheet facing away from the first sheet, being less than the tensile force necessary for reducing such compressive stresses to zero.
- the second sheet bears surface abrasion or scratches in at least one region at the side of such sheet which faces away from the first sheet.
- This type of panel is particularly advantageous when there is a risk of each side of the panel being on some occasion subjected to an impact force under circumstances such that a very high resistance to such force would have undesirable effects.
- a glazing panel of a glass door is a case in point.
- this treatment serves to weaken the sheets in zones which are opposite each other, i.e. in registry, in the panel.
- a glazed door or a windshield can for example have its first and second sheets weakened in at least one region of the panel where impact by a person, such as might cause serious personal injury, is liable to occur.
- Such weakened region may have a mechanical strength which is accurately predetermined.
- a panel according to the invention can advantageously be composed of the first sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material secured to a second strength member in sheet form by means of an intervening organic sheet or sheets, e.g., a sheet of organic polymeric material such as a sheet of polyvinyl butyral or a high molecular weight polycarbonate of a bisphenol which may be cemented by means of a polyvinyl acrylate adhesive to the sheets between which it is sandwiched.
- an intervening sheet can serve to'hold individual pieces of the first and second sheets in the event of breakage, and a stable assembly of two sheets, for example of glass, can be readily produced.
- the panel can, if required, have a very good transparency and other advantageous optical properties, such as a lowoptical distortion.
- the first and second sheets are secured together by means of an intervening sheet of organic material which resists penetration or tearing if one or each of the first and second sheets is broken by the impact of a rounded object weighing kg and dropped from a height of about 620 cm. If a panel satisfying that test is used as vehicle windshield, there is but small risk of the head of a driver or passenger penetrating the windshield upon being thrown thereagainst.
- the first sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material is in facing relationship to a second main sheet component which is also of glass or vitrocrystalline material which has also been chemically tempered
- the first sheet is advantageous for the first sheet to be thicker than the second sheet.
- the benefits of such a panel when used as a glazing panel, for example a windshield are best realized when the panel is installed with the thicker sheet facing toward the outside, assuming that forces tending to flex the panel are most likely to act against the inside of the panel, whereas the outside of the panel is most likely to be struck by small hard objects causing indentations.
- the first sheet has a thickness in the range of 1.5 to 4 mm and the second sheet has a thickness in the range of l to 2.5 mm.
- a selection of properties appropriate to the locations of the different sheets can often be realized if the compressive stressing of the thicker sheet due to chemical tempering is substantially equal to or less than the compressive stressing of the thinner sheet due to chemical tempering.
- the first sheet may be naturally flat or naturally curved in one or more planes.
- the sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material which constitutes the first sheet may be coated before or after the assembly operation to produce the panel.
- the face of the first sheet which constitutes an external panel face may be coated with a coating layer, e.g. an anti-reflection layer.
- one'side of the first sheet of glass or vitrocrystalline material which is subjected to a weakening treatment constitutes an exterior panel face.
- the panel may incorporate a sheet which covers the one face, provided that the covering sheet has negligible resistance to flexure, i.e., provided it is not a strength member.
- a covering sheet may be a thin plastic foil which is used for protective or coloring purposes.
- a panel composed of a first sheet of glass secured by means of an intervening organic sheet to a second sheet of glass, each of the first and second sheets having been chemically tempered.
- the first sheet is thicker than the second sheet, and the inherent resistance of thefirst sheet to breakage by flexure in a direction such that the flexure imposes tensioning forces on its side which is remote from the second sheet is higher than the inherent resistance of the second sheet to breakage by flexure which imposes tensioning forces on the side of that sheet which faces the first sheet, but the second sheet of the assembly can be flexed to impose flexing forces on the first sheet sufficient to break the first sheet.
- the inherent resistance of the first or second sheet to breakage is the resistance of that sheet to breakage when tested in isolation from the other sheet.
- Such a panel has a very important combination of properties which make it very suitable for use as a glazing panel in a building or vehicle, and particularly as a vehicle windshield.
- the panel When used as a windshield with the thicker glass sheet facing the outside of the vehicle, the panel affords a high degree of safety to vehicle occupants in the event of impact of an occupant against the inside of the windshield and in the event of the windshield being struck from the outside by small hard objects, e.g. pieces of gravel, or by larger objects, e.g. large stones which may fall against the windshield while being loaded into a truck.
- the panel may be flat or may be curved in one or more planes.
- the first sheet of glass has a thickness at least 1.25 times that of the second sheet of glass.
- the thicker glass sheet presents an external face of the panel, but it may be covered by a sheet which is not a strength member.
- the thinner glass sheet also presents an external face of the panel.
- the inherent strengths of the sheets of glass of different thicknesses may be tested, for example by individually peripherally supporting identical sheets and dropping a rounded object weighing 10 kg onto each sheet from a height which is progressively increased from one test to the next until the sheet breaks.
- any of the features hereinbefore referred to in connection with the invention in its first aspect can be present, for example: an all-over or localized weakening of the first sheet or of the first and second sheets; a second sheet with a rectified inner face or an inner face which is compressively stressed in part by reason of such sheet being held in the panel in a state of elastic flexure; the presence of fluorine ions in the exposed face of the first sheet and/or in the inner face of the second sheet; and an intervening sheet of thermoplastic material resisting penetration by an impacting rounded object as hereinbefore referred to in the event that the second sheet breaks under the impact.
- the thicker glass sheet preferably has a thickness in the range of 1.5 to 4 mm and the thickness of the thinner glass sheet is preferably in the range of l to 2.5 mm.
- the thickness of the thinner glass sheet is preferably in the range of l to 2.5 mm.
- the invention also includes processes of making a panel according to the invention in its second aspect. Such process may have any of the process features hereinbefore referred to.
- the said discs are disposed freely on a ring-shaped holder
- FIG. 1 is an elevational view of one form of panel according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 isa cross-sectional view taken along the line 2-2 of FIG. 1. a
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a panel according to the invention.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a further embodiment of a panel according to the invention.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a windshield according to the invention.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 6-6 of FIG. 5.
- FIG. 7 is an elevational view of another embodiment of a windshield according to the invention.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 88 of FIG. 7.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the components of one embodiment of a windshield according to the invention prior to assembly.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 9, after assembly.
- FIG. 11 is an elevational view of one embodiment of a window pane] according to the invention.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 12-12 of FIG. 11.
- FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a window panel according to the invention.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the components of another window panel according to the invention, prior to assembly.
- FIG. 15 is a cross sectional view of a window pane] formed of the components illustrated in FIG. 14 and after assembly.
- Example I The article illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is a translucent panel intended to be utilized as a closure panel, such as a door for a building, having a high degree of fire resistance.
- a closure panel such as a door for a building
- a high degree of fire resistance For safety reasons, such a panel should satisfy numerous requirements, and in particular the following:
- the panel should have a high degree of fire resistance so as to provide a maximum impediment to the propagation of fire from one side of the panel to the other;
- the mechanical strength of the panel should be such that, if a person becomes imprisoned within the area closed off by the panel, the panel can be broken to free such person by striking the panel, or otherwise subjecting it to shocks, either from within or without the enclosure;
- the mechanical strength of the panel should be such that, in case a person should accidentally run into it, he will not be in danger of suffering serious head injuries (cranial trauma).
- a group of six panels were each formed from two identi-' cal sheets 5 and 7, each measuring 2 m X 2.5 m X 0.003 m and formed from a vitroceramic material having the following composition, by weight:
- Sheets 5 and 7 were joined together by means of a sheet 6 of polyvinyl butyral.
- the faces 1 and 2 constitute surfaces of the sheet 5 intended to be disposed toward the interior of the enclosure when the panel according to the invention is utilized as a closing panel for such enclosure, while the faces 3 and 4 constitute surfaces of the sheet 7 intended to be directed toward the exterior of such enclosure.
- the panel is composed of two sheets having identical characteristics, so that the side of the enclosure toward which each sheet is directed is of little importance.
- the surface rupture stress due to flexure of six of the treated discs was measured and it was noted that the highest rupture stress measured was 91 kg/mm and the lowest measured rupture stress was 74 kg/mm.
- one face of each of the six remaining treated discs and one part of the faces 1 and 4 of the sheets 5 and 7, respectively, intended to constitute the exterior faces of the panels were subjected to an abrasion treatment such that the value of the rupture stress due to flexure of those faces was made no greater than 50 kglmm
- the abrasion treatment was performed by using sand whose grains had an average diameter of p, the sand being applied to the entirety of one face of each of the six discs and to a rectangular part 8 and 9 of each of the facesl and 4 of sheets 5 and-7, respectively.
- each face 1 and 4 had an area of 3.6m and the rectangular portions 8 and 9 were disposed in registry with one another in such a manner that the lateral sides of each of the rectangular parts 8 and 9 were 0.1m from 2.5m long sides of the respective sheets 5 and 7, while thelower edge of each rectangular part was spaced 0.4m from the lower edge of each respective sheet.
- Similar panels were also constructed from sheets 5 and 7 of the same vitroceramic material, and having the same dimensions, as those described above, but which differed from the above-described panels by the fact that only one face of one of the panels, i.e., either the face 1 or the face 4, intended to form one of the exterior faces of the panels, was chemically tempered by being maintained in contact for 24 hours with potassium nitrate maintained at 450C and the abovedescribed abrasion treatment of faces l and 4 was performed before the chemical tempering.
- the faces 1 and 4 of sheets 5 and 7 were subjected to a strengthening treatment by being maintained for 24 hours in contact with molten potassium nitrate at a temperature of 450C, and to an abrasion treatment identical with that disclosed above and utilizing sand whose grains have an average diameter of 1011.. After the treatment, it was noted that the last sheet 5 was no more flexible than the vitroceramic sheet 7.
- Example 2 A lot of twelve sheets of soda-lime glass measuring 1.5m X 2 m X 3 mm, and having the following composition, by weight:
- Sodium ions initially present in the glass were replaced by lithium ions in a bath containing 2% LiNO and 98% NaCl and at a temperature of 580C. The treatment lasted 20 minutes. The sheets were then withdrawn from the bath, cooled and cleaned.
- .MXQQQ discs having a d saste t 1.1. 9 arid of the same thickness and composition as the abovedescribed 12 sheets were subjected to the same ion diffusion treatment.
- the rupture stress due to flexure applied symmetrically with respect to the center of the discs was measured for six of the 12 discs and different values were obtained for each of the discs. The lowest measured value was 14 kg/mm and the highest measured value was 19 kg/mm.
- the six remaining discs simultaneously had one face of each subjected to an abrasion treatment utilizing alumina and the abrasion treatment was halted when the rupture stress due to flexure of one of the discs became equal to kg/mm
- the rupture stresses due to flexure of the other discs was then measured and it was noted that the lowest measured value was 13 kg/mm while the highest measured value was 16 kg/mm.
- One face of each of the sheets was abraded by a treatment identical to that carried out on the discs.
- the abraded portions of faces 1 and 4 are in registry, i.e. they are coextensive with one another, and are disposed at the location having the greatest probability of being struck by a person moving against the panel.
- This arrangement is particularly advantageous when the panels are utilized as glass doors, in which case there is a greater probability that the central region of the surface of the faces 1 and 4 will be struck by a person moving toward the door.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a panel according to the invention, one component of which is constituted by a rectangular glass sheet 15. This sheet measures 1 m X 0.5 m X 0.006 m and has the following composition, by weight:
- the surface rupture strength with respect to flexure of a group of six treated discs was measured in the manner indicated above and it was noted that the lowest measured value was 1 l0 kg/mm while the highest measured value was 130 kglmm. Then, all of the sheets and the remaining discs has one face of each simultaneouslysubjected to an abrasion by means of a cerium oxide powder and the abrasion operation was halted when the rupture stress due to flexure of one of the discs reached a value of 49 kg/mm Then, the value of the rupture stress due to flexure for the remaining 17 discs was measured and it was noted that the lowest rupture stress value was 47 kg/mm, while the highest rupture stress value was 50 kg/mm An improved resistance to iridescence was also noted.
- Each of the sheets thus treated was joined, by means of a polyvinyl butyral sheet 14, as illustrated in FIG. 4, to a sheet 13 having a thickness of 1.2 mm in such a manner that the abraded surface of sheet 15 constituted the outer face 4 of the resulting panel.
- the sheet 13 is more flexible than the 6 mm thick sheet 15 and is composed of a soda-lime glass which was treated by immersion for 24 hours in a potassium nitrate bath maintained at 460C and containing 0.2 percent, by weight, potassium carbonate.
- the resulting panels were intendedfor use as closures for the control cabins of cranes, the 6 mm thick sheet 13 being disposed toward the exterior.
- panels comparable to those described were formed of a glass sheet 15 having a thickness of 6 mm and joined, by means of a polyvinyl butyral sheet 14, to a glass sheet 13 having a thickness of 1.2 mm.
- the sheets 15 and 13 were chemically tempered by immersion for 24 hours in a bath of potassium nitrate maintained at 460C and containing 0.2 percent potassium carbonate.
- the face 4 of sheet 15 underwent the abrasion treatment described above in the present example in such a manner as to cause the rupture stress of that face due to flexure to be less than 50 kg/mm the face 2 of glass sheet 13 was subjected to a treatment serving to at least partially remove surface flaws, which would be sources of stress concentrations if forces were applied to the sheet.
- the surface flaw removal treatment was carried out on six sheets 13 before assembly of the panel illustrated in FIG. 4.
- the treatment was carried out before the chemical tempering with potassium nitrate, described above, and was performed on the face 2 of the six sheets.
- the flaw removal treatment was carried out at a temperature of 20C and involved the application to the face 2 of the sheetsof an aqueous solution having the following composition:
- Example 4 Several laminated glazings having the form illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6 were each formed from a sheet 16 and a sheet 18 of curved, chemically tempered glass, the sheet 16 having a thickness of 1.2 mm and the sheet 18 having a thickness of 3.2 mm.
- the sheets were constituted by soda-lime glass having an ordinary composi tion.
- the glazings were obtained by bonding the sheets 16 and 18 to respective opposite faces of a sheet 17 of high impact polyvinyl butyral having a thickness of 0.76 mm.
- the glazings were intended to be utilized as Windshields mounted in such a manner that the 3.2 mm thick sheet 18 would be disposed toward the exterior of the vehicle, while the sheet 16, which is more flexible than the sheet 18, is disposed toward the interior of the vehicle.
- the sheets 16 having a thickness of 1.2 mm and the sheets 18 having a thickness of 3.2 mm were subjected to an ion diffusion treatment by immersion for 24 hours in a potassium nitrate bath maintained at a temperature of 450C. After this potassium nitrate treatment, the rupture stress due to flexure was measured for six discs of each group and it was noted that the lowest value measured was 66 kg/mm while the highest value measured was 108 kg/mm.
- Example 5 A series of sandwich-type Windshields were each fabricated of two sheets of chemically tempered glass having respective thickness of 1.4 mm and 2 mm and formed from a glass having substantially the following composition, by weight: 2
- Windshields were fabricated by cementing or otherwise bonding the two sheets to opposed faces of a sheet of high impact polyvinyl butyral having a thickness of 0.76 mm.
- Windshields are intended to be mounted in automobiles in such a manner that the 2 mm thick sheet, represented by the sheet 18 of FIG. 6, is disposed toward the exterior of the vehicle, while the 1.4 mm thick sheet, constituted by the sheet 16 of FIG. 6, is disposed toward the interior.
- the series of 1.4 mm thick sheets, the series of 2 mm thick sheets, and two groups of control discs 11 cm in diameter, one group of discs having a thickness of 1.4 mm and the other group of discs having a thickness of 2 mm, both groups of discs being of the same compositions as the sheets were subjected to an ion diffusion treatment by immersion for 24 hours in a bath of potassium nitrate maintained at a temperature of 450C.
- Windshields having the form illustrated in FIG. 6
- Windshields were produced in the manner described above in the present example, with the exception that the abrasion treatment was performed after joining together the sheets 16 and 18 and it was noted that the resulting Windshields also satisfied the biomechanical requirements for the safety of the occupants of the automobile.
- FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate another embodiment of an automobile windshield according to the invention composed essentially of two sheets and 22, each formed from a soda-lime glass having the following composition, by weight:
- the sheet 22 has a thickness of 1.5 mm and is. intended to be directed toward the interior of the automobile, while the sheet 20 has a thickness of 3.2 mm and is intended to be directed toward the exterior of the automobile.
- these sheets were treated in the following manner:
- the sheets corresponding to sheet 20 of FIGS. 7 and 8 were cut by tracing around the periphery of the sheet, 1 cm from the edge and only on the face 4, a groove 19 having a depth of 0.03 mm. This constituted a weakening treatment.
- the sheets 20 as well as the sheets 22 which did not undergo a weakening treatment were subjected to a strengthening treatment by immersion for 24 hours in a bath of potassium nitrate maintained at a temperature of 450C. After washing and drying, the sheets 20 and 22 were joined together by means of a high impact polyvinyl butyral sheet 21 having a thickness of 0.76
- Windshields were subjected to mechanical stresses and it was observed that this type of windshields satisfied the biomechanical requirements for the safety of persons within the automobile, i.e., in all cases the tensile rupture stress due to flexure of the face 4 was no greater than 50 kg/mm.
- Example 6a A batch of windscreens illustrated by FIGS. 9 and 10 was made.
- the windscreen components, immediately prior to the assembly step, were substantially the same as the components of the windscreens made as described in Example 6, immediately prior to the assembly of those components, with the exception however that the sheet 22 of each windscreen had a natural curvature somewhat more pronounced than the natural curvature of the sheet 20 of the screen.
- the components of the windscreen shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 and the groove or scratch in the thicker glass sheet thereof bear the same reference numerals as the corresponding parts in FIGS. 7 and 8.
- the sheet 22 had to be elastically flexed so that in the panel the inner side of the sheet 22 was compressively stressed due to the flexure.
- the laminated sheets could be held flat as shown in FIG. 10 by means of a frame (not shown) or the sheets could remain at a curvature intermediate the natural curvatures of the sheets 20, 22, each sheet being sustained at that curvature by the elastic recovery forces stored in the other sheet.
- the sheet 22 was able to withstand higher impact forces acting against face 1 of the panel so that there is less risk of the windscreen being penetrated by a body in the event of it making high energy impact against such face.
- the windscreens fully met the required biomechanical specifications for avoiding serious risks of injury to a driver or passenger.
- the tensile strength of face 4 of the windscreens was at most 50 kg/mm".
- a sheet 24 of polymethylmethacrylate 0.5 mm in thickness and having an optical quality at least as good as that of the glass sheet 20 was glued to that sheet.
- Example 7 A series of panels having the form illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12 were formed by cementing a stretched acrylic plastic sheet 26 having a thickness of 12.7 mm to a sheet of glass 25 having a thickness of 2.2 mm.
- the sheet 25 was made of a glass having the following composition, by weight:
- the glass sheet 25 was strengthened by immersion for 24 hours in a potassium nitrate bath maintained at 460C. To this end, a group of 12 sheets 25, as well as 12 samples in the form of discs having a diameter of 11 cm, and having the same thickness and composition as the sheets 25, were immersed for 24 hours in a bath of potassium nitrate at 460C.
- the mechanical strength relative to flexure was measured for a group of six discs and it was observed that the lowest measured value was kg/mm while the highest measured value was kg/mm.
- the five remaining discs which had been abraded were subjected to mechanical strength tests with respect to flexure and it was observed that the lowest rupture stress measured was 40 kg/mm and the highest value measured was of the order of 49 kg/mm*.
- FIG. 13 illustrates another panel formed according to the invention, which could be utilized as a fire resistant panel.
- These panels are constituted by a sheet 28 of vitroceramic material measuring 2.1 m X 1 m X 0.006 m and formed from a vitro-ceramic material having the following composition, by weight:
- a glass sheet 27 measuring 2.1 m X l m X 0.002 m and formed from a window glass of ordinary composition.
- the sheet 28 is intended to be disposed'toward the exterior when the panel is utilized as a closure panel of a dwelling, a door of an enclosure or an elevator, or a window of an enclosure.
- the panel is assembled in the following manner.
- Around the periphery of the face 2 of sheet 27 and the face 3 of sheet 28 thin copper films 29 and 30, respectively, are disposed.
- the sheets 27 and 28 are then soldered together by means of a tin solder layer 31 which becomes bonded to the copper films 29 and 30.
- the thicknesses of films 29 and 30 and of solder layer 31 have been greatly exaggerated. Air trapped within the space 32 between sheets 27 and 28 had been thoroughly dried before the space became completely sealed by the solder layer 31.
- similar panels were produced but, to improve the insulation and acoustic property of the panels, the space 32 was filled with glass wool.
- the two types of sheets i.e., the vitroceramic sheets 28 and the glass sheets 27, were subjected to the same chemical tempering treatment performed by immersion of the sheets for 24 hours in a bath of potassium nitrate maintained at a temperature of 460C. After this chemical tempering treatment and a washing and drying, the sheets were assembled as described above to form the panel illustrated in FIG. 13.
- the face 4 of vitroceramic sheet 28 was weakened by cutting therein a groove 33 having a depth of the order of 0.05 mm and extending around the periphery of the face at a distance of 1 cm from the edge.
- the panels could be easily broken from the interior, which permitted easy evacuation of persons trapped in the enclosure closed by the panel;
- FIG. 15 illustrates another type of hollow panel formed according to the invention and composed essentially of two sheets 34 and 35, both made of glass having the following composition, by weight:
- the two sheets 34 and 35 had respective thicknesses of 1.5 mm and 3 mm and were joined together by means of a frame 36.
- the sheets 34 and 35 were initially given respectively different curvatures, as shown in FIG. 14, where the sheet 34 is flat and the sheet 35 is curved.
- the sheet 35 is intended to be directed toward the exterior of a building or room when the resulting panel is utilized as a closing panel and its curvature is such that its face 4 will be placed in a state of compression when the sheet 35 is forced into a flat configuration by the holding action of frame 36.
- each sheet 34 and 35 were subjected to a chemical tempering treatment by immersing them for 24 hours in a potassium nitrate bath maintained at a temperature of 450C. Twelve control discs, six of each thickness, each having a diameter of 11 cm and formed from the same glass as the sheets 34 and 35 were chemically tempered together with those sheets. Subsequently, each sheet 35 was treated by being brought into contact for minutes with an aqueous solution maintained at a temperature of 20C and having the following composition:
- each treated sheet 34 was assembled with a treated sheet 35 by means of a frame 36 in such a manner that the sheet 35 was caused to assume a planar configuration and it was noted that the resulting panels possessed numerous advantages, the principal ones of which are:
- the face 4 presented a good resistance to indentation and to iridescence
- the sheet 34 in case of a shock caused by a person striking face 1 of the panel, the sheet 34, being more flexible than the sheet 35, came to bear against the sheet 35 and the latter broke when the tensile stresses induced in the face 4 by sheet 34 reached a value of 50 kg/mm, so that it was possible to prevent serious head injuries.
- the second type of panel was formed from a sheet 34 which was chemically tempered and slightly curved before assembly in such a manner that, during assembly, the sheet 34 was forced to assume a planar configuration so that compressive stresses were induced in its face 2'.
- this treatment for increasing the mechanical resistance of the sheets 34 to flexure with a fire polishing treatment of the face 2, or with a treatment by an aqueous solution of hydrofluoric acid, or simply subject the face 2 to one of these treatments.
- Example 10 Windscreens as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 were made, each comprising two sheets 16, 18 of soda-lime glass having the following composition by weight:
- the glass sheets were separately subjected to an ion diffusion treatment by immersion in a bath of potassium nitrate at a temperature of 450C.
- ion diffusion treatment After such ion diffusion treatment, measurements were made of the resistance of samples of the sheets 16, 18 to breakage by flexure placing their convex faces in tension. In other words each sample was flexed to determine the maximum tensile loading which could be imposed on face 2 or 4, as the case may be, by flexing the sample, before breakage of the sample occured. It was found that sheet 18 could withstand a higher tensile loading on its convex side than the sheet 16.
- a batch of the windscreens was subjected to different mechanical strength and biomechanical tests as hereafter specified.
- each of 10 of the windscreens was subjected to impact by a body weighing 10 kg of rounded shape and having substantially the volume of a human head by dropping the body onto face I of the windscreen from a height of 620 cm while the screen was peripherally supported.
- the sheet 16 shattered into small blunt fragments at the zone of impact, but in no case did the body penetrate or even rupture the polyvinylbutyral intersheet 17.
- each of another ten of the windscreens was subjected to a similar impact by a rounded body weighing 10 kg dropped from a height of 620 cm, the body being covered with two chamois leathers to simulate human skin, and the intensity of the impact force sustained by the body and the gravity of the cuts in the leather skins were measured.
- ii. laceration index having a value from 0 to 10 depending on the gravity of the cuts; 0 being the value assigned in the absence of cuts and 10 the value assigned to fatal cuts.
- the combined index is: f (a dt/ l 00) laceration index.
- the value of the combined index should be less than 20.0.
- the value of the combined index was in no case higher than 7.0.
- a further batch of the windscreens made according to this Example were also subjected to the impact of pieces of hard gravel projected against face 4 of the screen at different speeds. It was found that in 90 percent of the tests in which pieces of the gravel were projected against the screens at km per hour the windscreens were apparently unaffected or at most a dent from 50 to I00 microns in depth appeared in face 4. In no case was there any cracks radiating from the indentation so that windscreens affected in that way during use would not have to be replaced.
- the glass sheets 16, 18 were 1.5 mm and 3 mm in thickness respectively.
- the sheets 16, 18 were subjected to identical ion diffusion treatment by immersion for 24 hours in a potassium nitrate bath kept a temperature of 450C and each sheet 16 was then secured to one of the sheets 18 by means of a sheet 17 of polyvinylbutyral.
- the resulting windscreens were subjected to various mechanical strength and biomechanical tests and it was found that they satisfactorily met the required specifications for the safety of a vehicle driver or passenger.
- impact strength tests were carried out on several of the windscreens by allowing a rounded body weighing 10 kg and having substantially the volume of a human head to fall onto face I of the windscreen from a height of 620 cm.
- face 1 shattered into very small blunt fragments at the zone of impact but in none of the cases was the intersheet of polyvinylbutyral penetrated or even torn.
- the intensity of the shock received by the mass representing the human head was measured and it was found that with such impacts the weighted safety index defined by General Motors Corporation and corresponding to the formula:
- weighted safety index (weighted safety index) :I a dt.
- a deceleration expressed in multiples of g acceleration due to weight never reached the critical value of 1,000. This value of the weighted safety index is that at which head injuries become highly dangerous if not fatal.
- a panel comprising a plurality of sheet components in facing relationship, at least one of said sheet components being a first main sheet of an at least substantially vitreous material which is chemically tempered to have compressive surface stresses in external layers at at least one face of said first sheet, which face constitutes an exterior face of said panel, the improvement wherein said first sheet is weakened at its said one face, whereby the tensile strength in at least one region of said first sheet, expressed in terms of the tensile force, imposable by flexing said first sheet, which can be sustained by the compressively stressed external layers at said one face of said first sheet is less than the tensile force necessary for reducing such compressive stresses to zero.
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Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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GB1628371A GB1359166A (en) | 1971-05-21 | 1971-05-21 | Panels incorporating a glass or vitrocrystalline sheet and the manufacture thereof |
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US3801423A true US3801423A (en) | 1974-04-02 |
Family
ID=10074531
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US00148334A Expired - Lifetime US3801423A (en) | 1971-05-21 | 1971-06-01 | Multiple glazing panel and manufacturing method therefor |
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US (1) | US3801423A (es) |
JP (1) | JPS5410963B1 (es) |
AT (1) | AT343307B (es) |
BE (1) | BE783459A (es) |
CA (1) | CA1013571A (es) |
CH (1) | CH553135A (es) |
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ES (2) | ES403414A1 (es) |
FR (1) | FR2138707A1 (es) |
GB (1) | GB1359166A (es) |
IL (1) | IL39422A0 (es) |
IT (1) | IT954772B (es) |
NL (1) | NL7206886A (es) |
NO (1) | NO132688C (es) |
SE (2) | SE387327B (es) |
TR (1) | TR17620A (es) |
ZA (1) | ZA723251B (es) |
Cited By (23)
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US3973388A (en) * | 1974-03-18 | 1976-08-10 | Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal display cell |
US4192689A (en) * | 1978-05-30 | 1980-03-11 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Ion exchange strengthening of soda-lime-silica glass |
US4264681A (en) * | 1977-10-11 | 1981-04-28 | Saint Gobain Industries | Fire resistant glass window |
US5685889A (en) * | 1991-06-20 | 1997-11-11 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Method for flame abrasion of glass preform |
WO2000012422A1 (de) * | 1998-08-27 | 2000-03-09 | Kone Corporation | Glasbalustrade für eine personenförderanlage |
US20030064231A1 (en) * | 1999-06-08 | 2003-04-03 | Hurst Simon James | Coated substrates |
US20030227190A1 (en) * | 2002-06-10 | 2003-12-11 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Vehicle windshield |
US20040028953A1 (en) * | 1999-06-17 | 2004-02-12 | Saint-Gobain Vitrage | Laminated glazing which reflects solar rays and heat rays |
US20120328843A1 (en) * | 2011-06-24 | 2012-12-27 | Cleary Thomas M | Light-weight hybrid glass laminates |
US20140093702A1 (en) * | 2011-06-20 | 2014-04-03 | Asahi Glass Company, Limited | Method for producing laminated glass, and laminated glass |
KR20150020631A (ko) * | 2012-06-01 | 2015-02-26 | 코닝 인코포레이티드 | 최적화된 파손 성능을 위한 유리 적층 구조 |
US20150064374A1 (en) * | 2013-08-30 | 2015-03-05 | Corning Incorporated | Light-weight, high stiffness glass laminate structure |
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US9616641B2 (en) | 2011-06-24 | 2017-04-11 | Corning Incorporated | Light-weight hybrid glass laminates |
CN108778719A (zh) * | 2016-03-04 | 2018-11-09 | 首诺公司 | 表现出增强的性质和性能的聚合物夹层和由其制成的多层板 |
CN109070547A (zh) * | 2016-03-04 | 2018-12-21 | 首诺公司 | 表现出增强的性质和性能的聚合物夹层和由其制成的多层板 |
US10450215B2 (en) | 2017-02-20 | 2019-10-22 | Corning Incorporated | Shaped glass laminates and methods for forming the same |
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US10596783B2 (en) | 2012-05-31 | 2020-03-24 | Corning Incorporated | Stiff interlayers for laminated glass structures |
EP3571046A4 (en) * | 2017-01-20 | 2020-10-14 | Pittsburgh Glass Works, LLC | HIGH IMPACT RESISTANCE ASYMMETRICAL GLAZING LAMINATES |
US11214130B2 (en) * | 2011-07-04 | 2022-01-04 | Agc Glass Europe | Glazing for motor vehicles |
US11236003B2 (en) | 2017-10-18 | 2022-02-01 | Corning Incorporated | Methods for controlling separation between glasses during co-sagging to reduce final shape mismatch therebetween |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE3844882C2 (de) * | 1987-02-03 | 1997-09-25 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | Glasplatte und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
AT505240B1 (de) * | 2006-12-07 | 2013-06-15 | Univ Graz Tech | Scheibenstapel |
EP2282795A4 (en) | 2008-06-05 | 2016-01-06 | Resmed Ltd | TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES |
TWI649286B (zh) * | 2013-07-09 | 2019-02-01 | 康寧公司 | 輕量之混成式玻璃層疊物 |
GB201322240D0 (en) * | 2013-12-16 | 2014-01-29 | Pilkington Group Ltd | Laminated glazing |
CO2017012225A1 (es) * | 2017-08-23 | 2018-02-20 | Agp America Sa | Blindaje transparente multi impacto |
DE102018107143A1 (de) * | 2018-03-26 | 2019-09-26 | Volkswagen Ag | Fahrzeugfenster und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
CN109279788B (zh) * | 2018-09-14 | 2022-03-25 | 苏州新吴光电股份有限公司 | 一种消除玻璃化学强化曲翘的方法 |
GB202003627D0 (en) * | 2020-03-12 | 2020-04-29 | Pilkington Group Ltd | Laminated glazing |
GB202009887D0 (en) * | 2020-06-29 | 2020-08-12 | Pilkington Group Ltd | Laminated glazing |
-
1971
- 1971-05-21 GB GB1628371A patent/GB1359166A/en not_active Expired
- 1971-06-01 US US00148334A patent/US3801423A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1971-12-30 TR TR17620A patent/TR17620A/xx unknown
-
1972
- 1972-04-27 IT IT68294/72A patent/IT954772B/it active
- 1972-05-10 NO NO1670/72A patent/NO132688C/no unknown
- 1972-05-10 SE SE7206178A patent/SE387327B/xx unknown
- 1972-05-11 IL IL39422A patent/IL39422A0/xx unknown
- 1972-05-12 CH CH709872A patent/CH553135A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1972-05-12 ZA ZA723251A patent/ZA723251B/xx unknown
- 1972-05-12 DE DE19722223355 patent/DE2223355A1/de active Pending
- 1972-05-15 FR FR7217358A patent/FR2138707A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1972-05-15 BE BE783459A patent/BE783459A/xx unknown
- 1972-05-18 CA CA142,660A patent/CA1013571A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-05-19 ES ES403414A patent/ES403414A1/es not_active Expired
- 1972-05-19 AT AT438372A patent/AT343307B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1972-05-19 ES ES403413A patent/ES403413A1/es not_active Expired
- 1972-05-19 JP JP4976972A patent/JPS5410963B1/ja active Pending
- 1972-05-20 NL NL7206886A patent/NL7206886A/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1975
- 1975-09-12 SE SE7510190A patent/SE7510190L/xx unknown
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US3973388A (en) * | 1974-03-18 | 1976-08-10 | Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal display cell |
US4264681A (en) * | 1977-10-11 | 1981-04-28 | Saint Gobain Industries | Fire resistant glass window |
US4192689A (en) * | 1978-05-30 | 1980-03-11 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Ion exchange strengthening of soda-lime-silica glass |
US5685889A (en) * | 1991-06-20 | 1997-11-11 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Method for flame abrasion of glass preform |
WO2000012422A1 (de) * | 1998-08-27 | 2000-03-09 | Kone Corporation | Glasbalustrade für eine personenförderanlage |
US20030064231A1 (en) * | 1999-06-08 | 2003-04-03 | Hurst Simon James | Coated substrates |
US6929862B2 (en) * | 1999-06-08 | 2005-08-16 | Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. | Coated substrates |
US20040028953A1 (en) * | 1999-06-17 | 2004-02-12 | Saint-Gobain Vitrage | Laminated glazing which reflects solar rays and heat rays |
US20030227190A1 (en) * | 2002-06-10 | 2003-12-11 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Vehicle windshield |
US6834905B2 (en) * | 2002-06-10 | 2004-12-28 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Vehicle windshield |
US20140093702A1 (en) * | 2011-06-20 | 2014-04-03 | Asahi Glass Company, Limited | Method for producing laminated glass, and laminated glass |
US10035332B2 (en) | 2011-06-24 | 2018-07-31 | Corning Incorporated | Light-weight hybrid glass laminates |
US11691390B2 (en) | 2011-06-24 | 2023-07-04 | Corning Incorporated | Light-weight hybrid glass laminates |
US20120328843A1 (en) * | 2011-06-24 | 2012-12-27 | Cleary Thomas M | Light-weight hybrid glass laminates |
US10035331B2 (en) * | 2011-06-24 | 2018-07-31 | Corning Incorporated | Light-weight hybrid glass laminates |
TWI581960B (zh) * | 2011-06-24 | 2017-05-11 | 康寧公司 | 輕量之混成式玻璃層疊物 |
US9616641B2 (en) | 2011-06-24 | 2017-04-11 | Corning Incorporated | Light-weight hybrid glass laminates |
US11214130B2 (en) * | 2011-07-04 | 2022-01-04 | Agc Glass Europe | Glazing for motor vehicles |
US10596783B2 (en) | 2012-05-31 | 2020-03-24 | Corning Incorporated | Stiff interlayers for laminated glass structures |
US11305517B2 (en) | 2012-05-31 | 2022-04-19 | Corning Incorporated | Stiff interlayers for laminated glass structures |
US20150132538A1 (en) * | 2012-06-01 | 2015-05-14 | Corning Incorporated | Glass laminate construction for optimized breakage performance |
US10137667B2 (en) * | 2012-06-01 | 2018-11-27 | Corning Incorporated | Glass laminate construction for optimized breakage performance |
KR20150020631A (ko) * | 2012-06-01 | 2015-02-26 | 코닝 인코포레이티드 | 최적화된 파손 성능을 위한 유리 적층 구조 |
US20160207290A1 (en) * | 2013-08-29 | 2016-07-21 | Corning Incorporated | Thin glass laminate structures |
US20150064374A1 (en) * | 2013-08-30 | 2015-03-05 | Corning Incorporated | Light-weight, high stiffness glass laminate structure |
US10279567B2 (en) * | 2013-08-30 | 2019-05-07 | Corning Incorporated | Light-weight, high stiffness glass laminate structure |
US20150158275A1 (en) * | 2013-12-10 | 2015-06-11 | Corning Incorporated | Non-yellowing glass laminate structure |
US20190283367A1 (en) * | 2016-03-04 | 2019-09-19 | Solutia Inc. | Polymeric interlayers and multiple layer panels made therefrom exhibiting enhanced properties and performance |
US10343379B2 (en) * | 2016-03-04 | 2019-07-09 | Solutia Inc. | Polymeric interlayers and multiple layer panels made therefrom exhibiting enhanced properties and performance |
US10525675B2 (en) | 2016-03-04 | 2020-01-07 | Solutia Inc. | Polymeric interlayers and multiple layer panels made therefrom exhibiting enhanced properties and performance |
CN108778719A (zh) * | 2016-03-04 | 2018-11-09 | 首诺公司 | 表现出增强的性质和性能的聚合物夹层和由其制成的多层板 |
CN109070547A (zh) * | 2016-03-04 | 2018-12-21 | 首诺公司 | 表现出增强的性质和性能的聚合物夹层和由其制成的多层板 |
CN109070547B (zh) * | 2016-03-04 | 2021-07-20 | 首诺公司 | 表现出增强的性质和性能的聚合物夹层和由其制成的多层板 |
EP3524427A4 (en) * | 2016-10-07 | 2019-10-30 | LG Chem, Ltd. | CURVED LAMINATED GLASS AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING CURVED LAMINATED GLASS |
US11027525B2 (en) | 2016-10-07 | 2021-06-08 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Curved laminated glass and manufacturing method for curved laminated glass |
EP3571046A4 (en) * | 2017-01-20 | 2020-10-14 | Pittsburgh Glass Works, LLC | HIGH IMPACT RESISTANCE ASYMMETRICAL GLAZING LAMINATES |
US10773988B2 (en) | 2017-02-20 | 2020-09-15 | Corning Incorporated | Shaped glass laminates |
US10954154B2 (en) | 2017-02-20 | 2021-03-23 | Corning Incorporated | Shaped glass laminates and methods for forming the same |
US11465927B2 (en) | 2017-02-20 | 2022-10-11 | Corning Incorporated | Shaped glass laminates |
US10450215B2 (en) | 2017-02-20 | 2019-10-22 | Corning Incorporated | Shaped glass laminates and methods for forming the same |
US11987516B2 (en) | 2017-02-20 | 2024-05-21 | Corning Incorporated | Shaped glass laminates |
US11236003B2 (en) | 2017-10-18 | 2022-02-01 | Corning Incorporated | Methods for controlling separation between glasses during co-sagging to reduce final shape mismatch therebetween |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES403413A1 (es) | 1975-04-16 |
IT954772B (it) | 1973-09-15 |
ZA723251B (en) | 1973-03-28 |
NL7206886A (es) | 1972-11-23 |
ATA438372A (de) | 1977-09-15 |
ES403414A1 (es) | 1976-01-01 |
SE7510190L (sv) | 1975-09-12 |
TR17620A (tr) | 1975-07-23 |
FR2138707A1 (es) | 1973-01-05 |
CA1013571A (en) | 1977-07-12 |
SE387327B (sv) | 1976-09-06 |
GB1359166A (en) | 1974-07-10 |
AU4247472A (en) | 1973-12-20 |
JPS5410963B1 (es) | 1979-05-11 |
AT343307B (de) | 1978-05-26 |
DE2223355A1 (de) | 1972-11-30 |
CH553135A (fr) | 1974-08-30 |
NO132688C (es) | 1975-12-17 |
IL39422A0 (en) | 1972-07-26 |
NO132688B (es) | 1975-09-08 |
BE783459A (fr) | 1972-11-16 |
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