US3795141A - Well logging probes - Google Patents

Well logging probes Download PDF

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Publication number
US3795141A
US3795141A US00256107A US3795141DA US3795141A US 3795141 A US3795141 A US 3795141A US 00256107 A US00256107 A US 00256107A US 3795141D A US3795141D A US 3795141DA US 3795141 A US3795141 A US 3795141A
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United States
Prior art keywords
wall
formation
well bore
members
well
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00256107A
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English (en)
Inventor
J Planche
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Schlumberger Technology Corp
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Schlumberger Technology Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Schlumberger Technology Corp filed Critical Schlumberger Technology Corp
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3795141A publication Critical patent/US3795141A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V11/00—Prospecting or detecting by methods combining techniques covered by two or more of main groups G01V1/00 - G01V9/00
    • G01V11/002—Details, e.g. power supply systems for logging instruments, transmitting or recording data, specially adapted for well logging, also if the prospecting method is irrelevant
    • G01V11/005—Devices for positioning logging sondes with respect to the borehole wall
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/10—Wear protectors; Centralising devices, e.g. stabilisers
    • E21B17/1014—Flexible or expansible centering means, e.g. with pistons pressing against the wall of the well
    • E21B17/1021—Flexible or expansible centering means, e.g. with pistons pressing against the wall of the well with articulated arms or arcuate springs
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
    • G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V3/20—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with propagation of electric current

Definitions

  • an elongated wall-engaging pad carrying one or more formation-investigating devices is op- [73] Assignee: Schlumberger Technology Corporation, New York, NY.
  • such logging tools include an elongated wall-engaging pad carrying one or more formation-investigating devices which is pivotally mounted on the outer ends of extendible paralleled linkage arms and appropriately arranged for limited tilti'figmovement about an axis which is perpendicular to a selected plane of movement including the longitudinal axes of the tool body and the pad.
  • one or more spring-biased positionirTg arms are typically arranged on the opposite side of the logging tool and adapted to be urged against the opposite borehole wall with sufficient force to retain the face of the pad in contact with the adjacent borehole wall.
  • first positioning means operatively arranged on the body of the tool for urging one side thereof away from an adjacent well bore wall with a first force of at least a predetermined magnitude and second positioning means contacting the opposite well bore wall are adapted for urging the tool body against the first positioning means with a second force less than the first force
  • Formationinvestigating means are movably arranged to be urged outwardly from the one body side by biasing means operatively arranged for urging the formationinvestigating means against the adjacent well bore wall with a third force less than the second force.
  • a new and improved logging tool incorporating the principles of the present invention is illustrated as it will appear while suspended in a borehole 11 by a typical logging cable 12 which is carried over a pulley 13 at the surface and spooled in the usual fashion on a winch (not shown).
  • the electrical conductors in the logging cable 12 are coupled to appropriate surface equipment 14 operatively arranged for controlling the operation of the logging tool 10 as well as processing the logging signals provided thereby.
  • the preferred embodiment of the new and improved logging tool 10 includes a pair of enclosed housings 15 and 16 arranged on its upper end and dependently supporting paralleled, laterallyspaced body members, as at 17, which are joined at their lower ends by a transverse spacer 20.
  • the logging tool 10 includes formation-investigating means including electrical circuitry in the housing 15 and one or more typical electrical, acoustic or radioactivity measuring elements or monitoring devices, as at 18 and 19, which are operatively arranged on a selectivelyextendible wall'engaging pad 341.
  • the pad 34 is adapted to be moved between a retracted position within or adjacent to the forward side of the spaced body members 17 and its illustrated extended position for placing the formation measuring elements 18 and 19 into the proximity of the nearby wall of the borehole 11.
  • the logging tool 10 further includes first tool-positioning means such as a pair of selectively-extendible arms 31 and 57 carrying wallengaging members or rollers 30 and 61 on their outer ends which are respectively arranged on the body 17 above and below the extendible pad 34.
  • the rollers 30 and 61 are adapted for movement in a longitudinal plane between retracted positions and their respectively-illustrated extended positions for spacing the body 17 at a selected distance away from the wall of the borehole 11 so that the pad member 34 is free to move as required for accurately following the contours of the borehole wall.
  • the first positioning means further include biasing means, such as a pair of springs 33 and 62, for urging the arms 31 and 57 outwardly.
  • Second tool-positioning means are also operatively ar ranged on the body 17 and, in the preferred embodiment of the logging tool 10, include a pair of selectively-extendible, longitudinally-spaced wall-contacting members, as at 21 and 50, which are respectively pivoted, as at 22 and 51, to the body for movement in the aforementioned longitudinal plane. Accordingly, as will be subsequently explained, upon concerted movement of the arms 21 and 50 from their retracted positions adjacent to the rearward side of the body 17 and their respective extended positions, the tool body will be shifted laterally (to the right as viewed in the drawing) for insuring that the rollers 30 and 61 are engaged in rolling contact with the borehole wall above and below the pad member 34.
  • the pad 34 be free to move as required for closely following the adjacent irregular surfaces of the borehole 11 as the logging tool 10 is moved through the borehole during a logging operation.
  • the pad 34 is movably coupled to the tool body 17 by a pair of paralleled arms 36 and 41 each having their outer ends pivotally coupled to the pad member as at 35 and 40.
  • the lower arm $1 is pivotally coupled to the body by a transverse pivot 42; and the inner end portion of the upper arm 36 is provided with an elongated slot 37 which is slidably disposed over a second transverse pivot which is also attached between the paralleled body members 17.
  • the pad 34 upon outward movement of the pivoted arms 36 and 41, the pad 34 will be moved out wardly from its retracted position between the paralleled body members 17 to its illustrated extended position so as to place the forward face of the pad into contact with the adjacent wall of the borehole 11.
  • the pad member 34 will, of course, be free to tilt about the central pivot 411 with a sufficient degree of freedom to enable the pad to closely follow the contours of the ad jacent borehole wall.
  • biasing means are provided such as an arcuate spring 43 which is secured to the body 17 and has its free end resiliently engaged with the pad member.
  • the tool body 17 is spatially positioned at a selected distance from the adjacent borehole wall by the rollers 311 and 61. Accordingly, to insure that the outwardly-disposed rollers 311 and 61 are fully extended into rolling contact with the adjacent wall of the borehole 11, the positioning arms 21 and 511 are cooperatively arranged to be extended outwardly from the rear side of the tool body 17 and urged into contact with the wall of the borehole opposite the wall on which the pad member 34 is engaged against.
  • biasing means such as springs 23 and 52, are cooperatively arranged on the body 17 for urging the arms 21 and 50 outwardly with sufficient force to shift the body laterally (to the right as viewed in the drawing) for placing the extended rollers 31) and 61 into engagement with the borehole wall.
  • biasing means such as springs 23 and 52
  • springs 23 and 52 are cooperatively arranged on the body 17 for urging the arms 21 and 50 outwardly with sufficient force to shift the body laterally (to the right as viewed in the drawing) for placing the extended rollers 31) and 61 into engagement with the borehole wall.
  • the springs 33 and 62 are selected in conjunction with the effective length of the arms 31 and 57 for urging the rollers 30 and 61 outwardly with a combined biasing fogce which is at least somewhat greater than the combined biasing forces imposed by the springs 23 and 52 on the extend ible arms 21 and 50 respectively.
  • the rollers 30 and 61 will be retained in their maximum extended position; and, as the logging tool passes through the borehole 11, the arms 21 and 50 will shift inwardly and outwardly as is necessary for the continued passage of the logging tool through the borehole. Therefore, since the rollers 30 and 61 will remain in their maximum extended position, the pad 34 will be free to tilt freely about its pivot 40 as well as to be shifted laterally as is required to follow the irregular contour of the wall of the borehole 11.
  • the spring 43 is selected to be weaker than the springs 23 and 52 so that rearward movements of the pad 34 will not cause the arms 21 and to move inwardly toward the body 17.
  • an electric motor 65 coupled to a suitable hydraulic pump 66 are mounted in the housing 16 and fluidly coupled as by a hydraulic conduit 63 to typical piston actuators as at 26, 45 and 55.
  • the actuator 26 preferably includes a pair of opposed pistons 25 and 27 which are respectively adapted fowtward movement into engagement with a crank arm 24 on the end of the positioning arm 21 and the roller support arm 31 upon application of an increased hydga ulic pressure in the piston chamber between the opposed pistons.
  • the piston actuator 55 is comprised of a second pair of opposed pistons 54 and 56 which, upon an increase of hydraulic P13551116 in the chamber therebetween, are cooperatively arranged for movement into engagement with a crank arm 53 on the arm 50 and the roller support arm 57 respectively.
  • a single piston 44 is cooperatively arranged in the chamber of the piston actuator 45 for engaging a crank arm 51" on the inner end of the lever 41 whenever an increased hydraulic pressure is applied thereto. Accordingly, it will be recognized that whenever there is an increase of hydraulic pressure in the fluid conduit 63, the piston actuators 26, 45 and 55 will simultaneously be actuated for retracting the extendible arms 21, 31, 51) and 57 in unison.
  • the housing 16 is arranged to provide a reservoir 64 for the hydraulic fluid and a piston 73 is movably disposed in an opening 72 between the reservoir and the exterior of the tool 14). It will be appreciated, therefore, that the piston 73 will serve to maintain the pressure of the hydraulic fluid in the reservoir 64 equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the borehole fluids.
  • the pump 66 is arranged to take suction from the reservoir 64 and the discharge conduit 63 is normally opened to the reservoir as by a normally-open solenoid valve 67.
  • the hydraulic pump 66 and the solenoid valve 67 are initially energized so that the piston actuators 26, 45 and 55 will be respectively actuated for retaining the positioning arms 21, 31, 511 and 57 as well as the pad 34 retracted against the body 17. This will, of course,
  • the pump 66 and the solenoid valve 67 are de-energized so that the positioning arms 21, 31, 50 and 57 as well as the pad 34 are free to be urged outwardly to their respective extended positions by the several biasing springs 23, 33, 43, 52 and s2.
  • the winch (not shown) is operated as, for example, required to withdraw the tool from the borehole so as to investigate the earth formations thereabove.
  • the rollers 34) and 61 are fuliy extended, there will be an ample clearance space between the forward face of the tool body 17 and the adjacent wall of the borehole llll.
  • the measuring pad 34 carrying the investigating devices l8 and 19 pass a protrusion on the borehole wall as illustrated in the drawing, the pad will be free to first tilt rearwardly as it initially encounters the borehole protrusion and then tilt forwardly as shown as the protrusion is passed.
  • the pad 34 will still be free to tilt as required to remain in contact with the borehole wall as far as is permitted by the respective dimensions of the pad member and the discontinuity in the borehole wall.
  • the present invention has provided new and improved logging tools which are particularly suited for logging well bores having irregular contours.
  • the body of the tool is always spatially disposed away from a borehole wall so as to provide a sufficient clearance for a pad-mounted formation-investigating device to operate more efficiently and obtain more-effective logging records.
  • Well-logging apparatus adapted for passage through a well bore for investigating earth formations penetrated thereby and comprising: a body; first positioning means adapted for spacing one side of said body away from one wall of a well bore and including upper and lower wall-engaging members movably mounted on said body and respectively adapted for movement between a retracted position and an extended position away from said one side of said body, and first biasing means operatively arranged for urging said wallengaging members respectively against said one well bore wall with a combined first force of at least a predetermined magnitude; second positioning means operatively arranged on said body and including at least one wall-contacting member movably mounted on said body and adapted for movement between a retracted position and at least one extended position away from the opposite side of said body, and second biasing means operatively arranged for urging said wallcontacting member against the opposite wall of a well bore with a second force less than said predetermined magnitude; formation'investigating means adapted to be pressed against said onewell bore wall movably coupled to said body and
  • the well-logging apparatus of claim ll further including actuating means on said body and operatively coupled to said members and said formationinvestigating means for selectively moving said members and said formation-investigating means between their respective retracted and extended positions.
  • first, second and third biasing means normally urge said members and said formation-investigating means toward their respective extended positions; and further including actuating means on said body and operatively coupled to said members and said formationinvestigating means for selectively moving said members and said formation-investigating means from their respective extended positions to their respective retracted positions.
  • said formation-investigating means include a wall-engaging pad member, and at least one pivoted arm operatively coupling said pad member to said body for moving between said retracted and extended positions of said formation-investigating means.
  • Well'logging apparatus adapted for passage through a well bore for investigating earth formations penetrated thereby and comprising: a body; first and second positioning members movably mounted at spaced intervals along one side of said body and respectively adapted for movement between a retracted position adjacent thereto and an extended position at a selected distance therefrom for engaging one wall of a well bore; formation-investigating means on said body and including a wall-engaging member, means on said wall-engaging member adapted for measuring at least one formation characteristic upon engagement of said wall-engaging member with said one well bore wall, and support means movably coupling said wallengaging member to said body for movement of said wall-engaging member between a retracted position adjacent to said one side of said body and extended positions in engagement with said one well bore wall; at least one third positioning member movably mounted on said body and' adapted for movement between a retracted position adjacent to the opposite side of said body and extended positions in engagement with the opposite wall of a well bore; first and second biasing means for normally urging said first and second
  • support means include first and second parallel arms movable in a longitudinal plane defined by the longitudinal axes of said body and said wall-engaging member and respectively pivotally coupled to said wall engaging member and to said body for allowing said wall-engaging member to tilt about a transverse axis perpendicular to said longitudinal plane for following irregular contours on said one well bore wall.
  • first and second positioning members respectively include a laterallymovable arm member having its inner end portion pivotally coupled to said body for movement in a longitudinal plane defined by the longitudinal axes of said body and said wall-engaging member, and a roller member journalled to the outer end portion of said arm member for rotation about a transverse axis perpendicular to said longitudinal plane.
  • support means include first and second parallel arms movable in said longitudinal plane and respectively pivotally coupled to said wall-engaging member and to said body for allowing said wall-engaging member to tilt about a selected transverse axis perpendicular to said longitudinal plane.
  • Well-logging apparatus adapted for passage through a well bore for investigating earth formations penetrated thereby and comprising: a body; upper and lower wall-engaging members movably mounted on said body and respectively adapted for movement between retractcd and extended positions, and first biasing means operatively arranged for urging said wallengaging members respectively in a first direction against a well bore wall with a combined first force of at least a predetermined magnitude for spacing one side of said body away from one wall of a well bore; second positioning means operatively arranged on said body and including at least one wall-contacting member movably mounted on said body and adapted for movement between retracted and extended positions, and second biasing means operatively arranged for urging said wall-contacting member in a second direction against another wall of a well bore with a second force less than said predetermined magnitude for spacing said body away from said other well bore wall; formation-investigating means adapted to be pressed against said one well bore wall movably coupled to said body and adapted for movement between a retracted position
  • the well-logging apparatus of claim 11 further including actuating means on said body and operatively coupled to said members and said formationinvestigating means for selectively moving said members and said formation-investigating means between their respective retracted and extended positions.
  • said formation-investigating means include a wallengaging pad member, and at least one pivoted arm operatively coupling said pad member to said body for moving between said retracted and extended positions of said formation-investigating means.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
  • A Measuring Device Byusing Mechanical Method (AREA)
US00256107A 1971-05-24 1972-05-23 Well logging probes Expired - Lifetime US3795141A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR7118636A FR2138335B1 (pt) 1971-05-24 1971-05-24

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US3795141A true US3795141A (en) 1974-03-05

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CA (1) CA950824A (pt)
DE (1) DE2223735C3 (pt)
FR (1) FR2138335B1 (pt)

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4226116A (en) * 1979-01-08 1980-10-07 Shell Oil Company Logging while raising a drill string
US4289025A (en) * 1979-02-09 1981-09-15 Institut Francais Du Petrole Sonde with rotatable pad for carrying out logging measurements in a borehole
US4588951A (en) * 1983-07-06 1986-05-13 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Arm apparatus for pad-type logging devices
US4594552A (en) * 1983-07-06 1986-06-10 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Logging method and apparatus for measuring earth formation resistivity as well as arm mechanism for the same
US4692707A (en) * 1983-07-06 1987-09-08 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method and apparatus for measuring the earth formation resistivity of a plurality of radial regions around a borehole
US6164126A (en) * 1998-10-15 2000-12-26 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Earth formation pressure measurement with penetrating probe
US20060290353A1 (en) * 2005-06-27 2006-12-28 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Pad assembly for logging tool
US20100328095A1 (en) * 2009-06-30 2010-12-30 Andrew Hawthorn Apparatus, system, and method for communicating while logging with wired drill pipe
US9297217B2 (en) 2013-05-30 2016-03-29 Björn N. P. Paulsson Sensor pod housing assembly and apparatus
WO2018195009A1 (en) * 2017-04-17 2018-10-25 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Self retracting wall contact well logging sensor
US20190301244A1 (en) * 2016-11-02 2019-10-03 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Rotary Steerable Drilling Tool and Method with Independently Actuated Pads

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2803694C3 (de) * 1978-01-28 1981-04-23 Krauß, geb. Seidenbach, Irene, Dipl.Geophys. Dr., 6200 Wiesbaden Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung der Transmissivität einer flüssigkeitsführenden Schicht, insbesondere eines Grundwasserleiters
FR2501380A1 (fr) * 1981-03-09 1982-09-10 Inst Francais Du Petrole Dispositif d'ancrage d'un instrument dans une cavite, muni de bras escamotables
FR2530345B1 (fr) * 1982-07-13 1985-06-21 Schlumberger Prospection Procede pour coupler un detecteur sismique a la paroi d'un forage, et sonde d'acquisition sismique pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede
FR2548727B1 (fr) * 1983-07-06 1985-11-29 Inst Francais Du Petrole Dispositif d'ancrage d'une sonde dans un puits, par ouverture de bras mobiles
FR2561394B1 (fr) * 1984-02-28 1987-03-20 Inst Francais Du Petrole Dispositif de reception d'ondes acoustiques dans un puits

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2960608A (en) * 1956-04-27 1960-11-15 Texaco Development Corp Radiological well logging
US3448373A (en) * 1966-06-10 1969-06-03 Schlumberger Technology Corp Well logging tool with a transversely shiftable member carrying a logging element and having a pivotally linked pad member

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3023508A (en) * 1958-09-30 1962-03-06 Schlumberger Well Surv Corp Single arm borehole apparatus
US3354983A (en) * 1965-01-18 1967-11-28 Continental Oil Co Method and apparatus for obtaining shear wave velocities
US3405772A (en) * 1966-09-28 1968-10-15 American Coldset Corp Sampling device
US3508439A (en) * 1966-12-09 1970-04-28 Schlumberger Technology Corp Combination sidewall neutron porosity and sonic tool
US3500684A (en) * 1968-01-04 1970-03-17 Dresser Ind Borehole logging apparatus and method
US3500683A (en) * 1968-05-13 1970-03-17 Schlumberger Technology Corp Methods and apparatus for interpreting shaly-sand earth formations

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2960608A (en) * 1956-04-27 1960-11-15 Texaco Development Corp Radiological well logging
US3448373A (en) * 1966-06-10 1969-06-03 Schlumberger Technology Corp Well logging tool with a transversely shiftable member carrying a logging element and having a pivotally linked pad member

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4226116A (en) * 1979-01-08 1980-10-07 Shell Oil Company Logging while raising a drill string
US4289025A (en) * 1979-02-09 1981-09-15 Institut Francais Du Petrole Sonde with rotatable pad for carrying out logging measurements in a borehole
US4588951A (en) * 1983-07-06 1986-05-13 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Arm apparatus for pad-type logging devices
US4594552A (en) * 1983-07-06 1986-06-10 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Logging method and apparatus for measuring earth formation resistivity as well as arm mechanism for the same
US4692707A (en) * 1983-07-06 1987-09-08 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method and apparatus for measuring the earth formation resistivity of a plurality of radial regions around a borehole
US6164126A (en) * 1998-10-15 2000-12-26 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Earth formation pressure measurement with penetrating probe
US20060290353A1 (en) * 2005-06-27 2006-12-28 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Pad assembly for logging tool
US20100328095A1 (en) * 2009-06-30 2010-12-30 Andrew Hawthorn Apparatus, system, and method for communicating while logging with wired drill pipe
US8462013B2 (en) 2009-06-30 2013-06-11 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Apparatus, system, and method for communicating while logging with wired drill pipe
US8791832B2 (en) 2009-06-30 2014-07-29 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Apparatus, system, and method for communicating while logging with wired drill pipe
US9297217B2 (en) 2013-05-30 2016-03-29 Björn N. P. Paulsson Sensor pod housing assembly and apparatus
US20190301244A1 (en) * 2016-11-02 2019-10-03 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Rotary Steerable Drilling Tool and Method with Independently Actuated Pads
WO2018195009A1 (en) * 2017-04-17 2018-10-25 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Self retracting wall contact well logging sensor
US10358907B2 (en) 2017-04-17 2019-07-23 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Self retracting wall contact well logging sensor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA950824A (en) 1974-07-09
FR2138335B1 (pt) 1974-03-08
FR2138335A1 (pt) 1973-01-05
DE2223735B2 (de) 1980-11-20
DE2223735A1 (de) 1972-12-07
DE2223735C3 (de) 1981-07-16

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