US3791153A - Method for placing hydraulic concrete - Google Patents

Method for placing hydraulic concrete Download PDF

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Publication number
US3791153A
US3791153A US00226487A US3791153DA US3791153A US 3791153 A US3791153 A US 3791153A US 00226487 A US00226487 A US 00226487A US 3791153D A US3791153D A US 3791153DA US 3791153 A US3791153 A US 3791153A
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United States
Prior art keywords
tube
concrete
water
paste
pressure
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00226487A
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English (en)
Inventor
G Inoue
N Kubo
S Hatano
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd
OSAKA CONSULTING ENG Ltd
Original Assignee
Osaka Cement Co Ltd
OSAKA CONSULTING ENG Ltd
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Publication date
Priority claimed from JP619671A external-priority patent/JPS4931930B1/ja
Priority claimed from JP5145171A external-priority patent/JPS5133323B2/ja
Application filed by Osaka Cement Co Ltd, OSAKA CONSULTING ENG Ltd filed Critical Osaka Cement Co Ltd
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Publication of US3791153A publication Critical patent/US3791153A/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D15/00—Handling building or like materials for hydraulic engineering or foundations
    • E02D15/02—Handling of bulk concrete specially for foundation or hydraulic engineering purposes
    • E02D15/06—Placing concrete under water

Definitions

  • Soffen ABSTRACT A method for placing hydraulic concrete to form a concrete structure in the water which is characterized in that a paste consisting of portland cement, fine aggregate and water is transferred to the bottom of the water through elastic and watertight tubes, each of said tubes being provided with a paste delivery apparatus having a control valve, and said control valve can be controlled from the remote place above the water surface by means of hydraulic pressure, and after the placement of the predetermined amount of the paste, said tubes are wound up for a certain height and transferring of the paste is repeated again to continue the placing.
  • PATENTEDFEB 12 I974 SHEET 6 BF 6 METHOD FOR PLACING HYDRAULIC CONCRETE This invention relates to a method for constructing hydraulic concrete structures with using hydraulic materials on a firm ground in the water, for example a method for constructing piers of bridges or other foundations built on the bed of the sea, river and so forth.
  • This invention relates to a method for constructing hydraulic concrete structures with using hydraulic materials on a firm ground in the water, for example a method for constructing piers of bridges or other foundations built on the bed of the sea, river and so forth.
  • the method and apparatus prevent change of the concrete mixture on account of the immersion of water during placement.
  • the present invention proposes a method to solvethe aforementioned disadvantages and inconveniences, and which is also suitable for the placement of concrete mixtureonto a very deep bottom in the water.
  • the hydraulic concrete mixture consisting, for example, of portland cement, fillers or aggregates such as blast furnace slag powder, fly ash and siliceous sand and water, is supplied onto the bottom of water through flexible hoses or tubes which are hung and can be rolled up and are made of tough watertight material.
  • a special automatic hydraulic valve is fixed to the bottom end of said flexible tube, and this automatic valve can be controlled by romote operation above the water surface.
  • the concrete paste fed in said tube can be moved into the final position on the bottom in the water in which it is to be allowed to harden. After a certain amount of said paste is delivered through said tube, the'tube is pulled up for a certain height to repeat the same operation. Accordingly the hydraulic concrete mixture can be placed in the water.
  • the mixed materials such as cement, sand, gravel and water must not be separated in order that they be placed in the final position in the best condition.
  • the composition and particle size distribution of the aggregates must be taken into consideration and the amount of water used is to be restricted in order to obtain a required strength and to prevent the occurrence of cracks during and after the curing.
  • the placing of the concrete mixture itself is very difficult, and it is commonly accepted that a relatively large amount of cement is to be used in order to prevent the separation of the aggregates contained in the concrete mixture.
  • the amount of the coarse aggregate is decreased in such compositions as 1:2:4 or 1:326 and much of cement, fine powder aggregates are used for the concrete mixture, that is, a concrete mixture containing larger amounts of mortar or cement paste has been recommended.
  • blast furnace slag powder, fly ash and siliceous sand are used as said fine powder aggregates.
  • Blast furnace slag powder has been found to be the most suitable material as the fine aggregate for portland cement mixture which is used in hydraulic concrete, because the blast furnace slag powder has good hydraulic property, gives good workability and decreases the heat of hydration. Therefore, in the method of the present invention, the blast furnace slag is pulverized into fine powder of 3,500 to 4,000 cm /g and this may be admixed with portland cement in the ratio of 1:7 to 1:8. This is suitable for economic reasons and gives very desirable results from the point of concrete material engineering.
  • the stratum or the ground beneath the water has many defects such as unevenness of the surface, openings, gaps and cracks in several sizes. These defects must be strengthened with the concrete mixture as used. Accordingly, the mixture of hydraulic material is used to fill up such defectson the bottom and such material must be employed in the construction. Further, the construction work must be performed in a relatively limited space on the water surface, therefore the weighing of each material, mixing, feeding and controlling of the mixture must be carried out without difficulty and with reliability.
  • FIG. 1 is a partially cross sectioned front elevation of the series of apparatus to carry out the method of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a front elevation of the measuring and mixing apparatus used for the series as shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a plan view of the series of apparatus as shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a front elevation of the main part of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 5 is a front elevation of the winding-up device for the tube
  • FIG. 6 is a side elevation of the device as shown in FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 7 is an enlarged sectional view of the paste delivery apparatus
  • FIGS. 8 to 13, inclusive are sectional views of the valve mechanism of the delivery apparatus, where FIGS. 8, and 12 are vertical sections and FIGS. 9, 11 and 13 are plan sections; and
  • FIGS. 14 and are cross sectional views of the connection of the transferring tube, where FIG. 14 is a vertical section and FIG. 15 is a plan section thereof.
  • the preferable hydraulic material used for the method of this invention can be prepared by mixing the following materials:
  • the apparatus for placing the paste of hydraulic material consists of the following five apparatus (see FIG. 1
  • this apparatus consists of a stand 1 above the surface of the water, screw paste mixers 2 installed on said stand 1 and a paste pump 3.
  • the paste is mixed in of multi-stage mixers 2 with measuring and mixing blades as shown in FIG. 2, and the mixed paste is transferred into the paste reservoir tank 13 through the paste pump 3 and the forcing pipe 4.
  • the numeral 5 denotes a stage and the numeral 6 denotes a supporting frame for the stage 5 which is built on the stand 1.
  • the stand 1 is supported by poles 7 which are long enough to reach the sea bed.
  • the numeral 8 denotes a water measuring tank, 9 an intake pump, 10 an intake pipe, 11 a stage for opening cement bags, and 12 an electric motor for the paste mixer (see FIGS. 2 and 3).
  • portland cement and blast furnace slag in the ratio of 1:8 and sea water or fresh water are measured and mixed with each other by the screw mixers 2 to obtain a pastelike mixture, and this is then transferred to the next paste reservoir tank by means of the pump 3, the capacity of which is, for example, 20 m /hr.
  • Paste reservoir tank This tank stores the paste which is moved from the above measuring and mixing apparatus through the pump 3 and the forcing pipe 4, and the tank is indicated by the numeral 13 in FIG. 1, part (A).
  • the tank 13 is held by a frame 14 on the stand 1, and is for example 20 meters above the water surface.
  • Each paste delivery apparatus which is explained below is provided with each of this paste reservoir tank so as to facilitate the controlling of operation as well as the measurement.
  • the bottom of said paste reservoir tank 13 is provided with a valve 15 and a pipe 16 which is to be connected to a tube.
  • Paste feeder As shown in the part (B) in FIG. 1, the paste feeder is suspended by a hanging device so as to be raised or lowered in the vertical direction.
  • the connecting pipe 16 for connecting the tube is made of flexible material.
  • pipe 16 is provided with a suspension link 18 with a suspension ring 17 which is separably fixed to the top end of the tube as explained below.
  • the suspension ring 17 is connected with a winding rope 19 which is led to a lifting winch 21 through pulleys 20.
  • the suspension link 18 can be raised or lowered by winding up or releasing the winding rope 19 by means of the operation of said winch 21. Accordingly, said tube can be raised or lowered following the movement of said connecting pipe 16.
  • the suspension link 18 having the suspension ring 17 is secured to the pipe connecting portion at which the lower end of said pipe 16 is separably connected to the top end of the tube.
  • the paste feeder having the abovementioned structure is further provided with a valve 22 in order to control the flow of the cement paste.
  • Tubes The tubes for moving the paste from the abovementioned paste feeder to the paste delivery apparatus (V) are shown in the part (C) in FIG. I.
  • a plurality of the tubes 25 are held inside a steel pipe column 24 having a large diameter and being set up into the firm ground.
  • Said tubes 25 are made of a durable, watertight and flexible material in an appropriate length.
  • the cross section of said column 27 may be circular, oval or polygonal and having a large strength, and it is inserted into a pit 26 which is previously dug into the firm ground 23.
  • the size of said steel pipe column 24 is, for example, 8 to 10 m in the inner diameter and 30 m or more in the vertical head.
  • steel pipes generally 4 to 10 m in length are used and are suspended by a crane ofa barge and are connected one by one by means of welding or riveting. Then the obtained column is inserted into the pit 26 which is dug previously in the firm ground 23 beneath the water. Above the water, further pipes are added by welding or riveting to form a long steel pipe column 24 as shown in FIG. 1. After being set up, the inside of the column 24 is filled with water.
  • the tube 25 which is made of flexible watertight cloth such as canvas or antifriction synthetic fiber fabric is preferably lined on the inside with an anticorrosive and antifriction coating 25 such as natural rubber, snythetic rubber and synthetic resin layers.
  • the size of the tube may be, for example, 30 to m in length and 10 to 25 cm in outer diameter, and the thickness of said lining is 2 to 3 mm. Every 5 to 15 m of said tube is provided with a coupling or joint to form a long tube.
  • the flange portion of the tube 25 is secured with other flange portion-of other tube 25 by bolts and nuts 57. Any other coupling means may be used to connect the tube 25 with each other.
  • Appropriate number of such tubes 25 are installed in the steel pipe column 24.
  • the tubes 25 are swollen or deflated by the differencial pressure of the water pressure from the outside and the inside pressure of the paste.
  • the tubes 25 can be provided with supports to prevent their swinging, and when the tubes 25 are very long ones, trunnions, flanges or other hanging devices can be employed.
  • the paste placing and delivery apparatus is shown in the part (D) in FIG. 1, and is the apparatus to place the cement paste in a certain position in the water.
  • This paste delivery apparatus consists of a paste delivery pipe 27 which is connected to the lower end of said tube 25, and a valve 28 which controls the quantity of the paste to be sent forth.
  • This valve 28 can be operated by hydraulic pressure from the operation stand 1 above the water surface, thus the valve 28 can be easily opened or closed by the remote operation, accordingly the quantity of the paste to be placed through said tubes can be controlled appropriately.
  • This valve 28 is closed before and after the placing work, and is opened only when the cement paste is delivered.
  • the paste delivery pipe 27 is connected to the lowermost portion of the tube through the valve 28 and the paste delivery pipe 27 which is made of metal is provided with a slidable delivery nozzle 29.
  • the paste is discharged from the notches 30 at the lower end of said nozzle 29 and from the perforations 31 around the periphery of said nozzle 29.
  • the upper endof the delivery nozzle 29 and the lower end of the delivery pipe 27 are provided with friction flanges 32 and 33, respectively, in order to restrict the excessive sliding between the metal pipe 27 and the nozzle 29.
  • a bellows 34 which is made of expansible synthetic plastic film is provided so as to keep off the foreign matters such as sand, dirt and other fragments.
  • the tube 25 is connected to the connecting pipe 39 with the aid of a clamping sleeve 52.
  • the valve 28 can be controlled by means of hydraulic pressure from the remote place on the water surface, as shown in FIGS. 1, 4 and 7.
  • a rubber tube 35 is held within a metal casing 36 and both flanges 42 onboth ends of said tube 35 are held tightly by the flanges 37 of the casing 36, the flange 38 of the metal pipe 27, and the flange 40 of the connecting pipe 39 with using the bolts and nuts 41.
  • screw threads 43 are provided to receive the fluid pressure line 44, through which a fluid such as water is passed. As shown in FIG. 4, this fluid pressure line 44 is led to a water tank 45 above the operation stand 1.
  • Two valves 46 and 47 are provided in the middle portion of said pressure line 44 and under said water tank 45, and a water take-out line 48 with a valve 49 is connected to said line 44 between said two valves 46 and 47, further a water measuring vessel 50 is positioned under the top end of said water take-out line 48.
  • the numeral 51 in a pressuregauge for measuring the inside pressure of the line 44.
  • a winding-up device 53 for the tube 25 is installed on an appropriate rack above the stand 1, whereby the drawing out or winding up of the tube 25 can be carried out by rotating the drum 55 through the motor 54.
  • a set of tubes 25 having proper length is provided. Each of said tubes is wound on a drum. Then the paste delivery apparatus (v) is connected to the lower end of each tube 25. The tubes 25 with the delivery apparatus (v) are put into the steel pipe column 24 and they are lowered to the bottom of the water by hanging. In this instance, each valve 28 at the lower end is closed.
  • the tube 25 is connected to the paste feeder (iii) and detached from the winding-up drum, and further passed to the tube hanging device. Each of the tubes 25 is supported.
  • the hanging device is then operated upward or downward to confirm that the delivery pipe 27 of the delivery apparatus (v) reaches the predetennined bottom of the water and further to check that the tube 25 is not slacked.
  • valve 28 of the delivery apparatus (v) is still closed to that the air in the tube 25 is pushed out by the water pressure as the tube 25 is flattened.
  • the connecting pipe 16 from the paste reservoir tank 13 is connected to the paste feeder (iii), and after confirming all over the system, the valve 15 under the tank 13 and the valve 22 are opened slowly in order.
  • the paste in the tank 13 flows down slowly through the paste feeder (iii) and the lower valve.
  • the head from the bottom of the paste reservoir tank 13 to the water surface is, for example 20 meters. Therefore the flattened tube 25 is expanded by this pressure through which the paste is passed.
  • the feed velocity of the paste can be known from the expansion of the tube 25, so that in accordance with the condition thereof, the valve 22 of the paste feeder (iii) is further opened gradually.
  • valve 28 of the delivery apparatus (v) is still closed.
  • the valve 28 of the paste delivery apparatus is opened slowly.
  • the system must be in such state that the pressure caused by the column of the paste in the tube 25 exceeds the pressure of the water around the tube 25 at the bottom.
  • P is the quantity of paste as fed in cubic meter
  • D is the diameter of the tube in meter
  • the density of the paste is regarded as about 1.9.
  • the water pressure B at the lower end of the tube 25 is represented with the following formula:
  • L is the length of the tube under the free surface of water in meter.
  • the valve 28 at the bottom of the tube 25 can be opened when the above A is larger than B.
  • the valve 28 is operated from the remote place, that is, in order to close the valve 28, the two valves 46 and 47 on the fluid pressure line 44 as shown in FIG. 4 are opened and the valve 49 of the take-out pipe 48 is closed, the pressurized water is passed from the water tank 45 into the casing 36 of the valve 28 by way of the pressure line 44, thereby the rubber tube 35 is pushed flat and the valve 28 is closed.
  • the valve 28 is opened, the upper valve 46 is closed and the lower valve 47 and the valve 49 of the pipe 48 are opened, the water in the casing 36 of the valve 28 is forced out by the inside pressure of the tube 35 from the take-out pipe 48, while by controlling the volume of water discharged from the pipe 48, the opening of the valve 28 can be regulated.
  • valve 28 of the paste delivery apparatus can be opened and the feed of the paste, i.e., its falling velocity is then increased gradually to the normal value of the feed.
  • the too rapid feed of the paste causes the tube 25 to expand excessively, and on the contrary the too slow feed causes the tube to become flat by the pressure of the outside water and suction from the bottom.
  • the water pressure and the inside pressure of the flowing paste must keep the balance with each other so as to pass the paste at a constant rate.
  • the velocity of the flow of paste may be preferably in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 m/sec.
  • the feed volume of the paste can be measured by the scale of the mixing apparatus or the changes in the paste surfaces in the paste reservoir tank.
  • the paste feeder and other parts are lifted up slowly a certain height by the hanging device, and the feed of the paste is continued.
  • At the bottom of the water paste is placed at a rate of the depth of about 1 to 1.5 meters per hour.
  • the necessary number of the following tubes 25 can be estimated by the method:
  • the area of the bottom to receive the cement paste A m Depth of depositing per hour H m Feed volume per hour of the paste per one tube V m Necessary number of delivery apparatus A X H For example, assuming that H is l.5 m, A is m and V's are 8 m for 4 inch tube, 13 m for 5 inch tube and I) m" for 6 inch tube, the necessary number of tubes are six, four and three for the 4 inch, 5 inch and 6 inch tubes, respectively.
  • the valve 28 of the paste delivery apparatus (v) is closed, the tube 25 is disconnected from the paste reservoir tank 13, and the paste feeder (iii) is lifted up by the hanging device.
  • the paste delivery apparatus (v) is removed from the paste layer on the bottom of the water.
  • the paste feeder (iii) is detached from the hanging device, and each of the tubes is wound up by the winding-up drum.
  • the tube is washed with water. However if the tube is discarded after use, the wound tube can be left as it is.
  • a paste placement test in accordance with the method of the present invention was carried out in the sea water.
  • the results of the test were as follows:
  • Grouting can be carried out only by the natural flow of the paste.
  • Blast furnace slag powder which has hydraulic property is used in place of sand and gravel. If a certain additive is used, the viscosity can be improved and the separation of the cement particles can be prevented.
  • the temperature is not raised during the hardening. in addition, the potential strength is high.
  • the feed velocity can be controlled with ease.
  • the placement work can be stopped at any time, because Torricellis vacuum does not occur and water or air does not enter into the tube or paste.
  • the placing tube need not be jointed at the work site, whereby the apparatus are simple and convenient.
  • the placing tube can be wound on a drum.
  • the apparatus for the placement are compact and economical, whereby the construction is easy, reliable and not expensive.
  • the movement of the tube can be controlled automatically.
  • a method for depositing concrete on a surface located in a pressurized medium comprising the steps of: placing within the pressurized medium a flexible tube that is capable of being selectively flattened, when the pressure outside the tube exceeds the pressure inside the tube, and enlarged, when the pressure inside the tube exceeds the pressure outside it; valving the tube closed to prevent exit of concrete from the tube outlet;

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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
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  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
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  • Underground Or Underwater Handling Of Building Materials (AREA)
US00226487A 1971-02-15 1972-02-15 Method for placing hydraulic concrete Expired - Lifetime US3791153A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP619671A JPS4931930B1 (de) 1971-02-15 1971-02-15
JP5145171A JPS5133323B2 (de) 1971-07-13 1971-07-13

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4129008A (en) * 1975-05-28 1978-12-12 Kajima Kensetsu Kabushiki Kaisha Tremie tube
US4199279A (en) * 1977-03-25 1980-04-22 The Shimizu Construction Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for placing concrete under water
US4266889A (en) * 1979-11-23 1981-05-12 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy System for placing freshly mixed concrete on the seafloor
US20030127612A1 (en) * 2002-01-08 2003-07-10 Lehnhardt Gary D. Concrete hose shut-off valve
US20080198685A1 (en) * 2007-02-15 2008-08-21 Umbehr Kevin B Method of Preparing Sea Bed for Jack Up Rig Deployment
CN116180746A (zh) * 2022-09-07 2023-05-30 中国化学工程第六建设有限公司 有效防制混凝土温缩裂缝的大体积混凝土施工工艺

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4759632A (en) * 1985-03-01 1988-07-26 Shimizu Construction Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for producing a slurry for underwater placement

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3303974A (en) * 1964-05-19 1967-02-14 Bleuler Willy Charging and/or discharging device
US3314239A (en) * 1963-02-21 1967-04-18 Inst Francais Du Petrole Method and apparatus for forming underwater structures

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3314239A (en) * 1963-02-21 1967-04-18 Inst Francais Du Petrole Method and apparatus for forming underwater structures
US3303974A (en) * 1964-05-19 1967-02-14 Bleuler Willy Charging and/or discharging device

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4129008A (en) * 1975-05-28 1978-12-12 Kajima Kensetsu Kabushiki Kaisha Tremie tube
US4199279A (en) * 1977-03-25 1980-04-22 The Shimizu Construction Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for placing concrete under water
US4266889A (en) * 1979-11-23 1981-05-12 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy System for placing freshly mixed concrete on the seafloor
US20030127612A1 (en) * 2002-01-08 2003-07-10 Lehnhardt Gary D. Concrete hose shut-off valve
US6817591B2 (en) * 2002-01-08 2004-11-16 Construction Forms, Inc. Concrete hose shut-off valve
US20080198685A1 (en) * 2007-02-15 2008-08-21 Umbehr Kevin B Method of Preparing Sea Bed for Jack Up Rig Deployment
CN116180746A (zh) * 2022-09-07 2023-05-30 中国化学工程第六建设有限公司 有效防制混凝土温缩裂缝的大体积混凝土施工工艺

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