US3780575A - Formation-testing tool for obtaining multiple measurements and fluid samples - Google Patents

Formation-testing tool for obtaining multiple measurements and fluid samples Download PDF

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Publication number
US3780575A
US3780575A US00313235A US3780575DA US3780575A US 3780575 A US3780575 A US 3780575A US 00313235 A US00313235 A US 00313235A US 3780575D A US3780575D A US 3780575DA US 3780575 A US3780575 A US 3780575A
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fluid
pressure
piston
formation
well bore
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US00313235A
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H Urbanosky
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Schlumberger Technology Corp
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Schlumberger Technology Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
    • F15B11/16—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor with two or more servomotors
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
    • E21B49/08—Obtaining fluid samples or testing fluids, in boreholes or wells
    • E21B49/10—Obtaining fluid samples or testing fluids, in boreholes or wells using side-wall fluid samplers or testers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/20—Fluid pressure source, e.g. accumulator or variable axial piston pump
    • F15B2211/205—Systems with pumps
    • F15B2211/20507—Type of prime mover
    • F15B2211/20515—Electric motor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/30—Directional control
    • F15B2211/305—Directional control characterised by the type of valves
    • F15B2211/30505—Non-return valves, i.e. check valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40—Flow control
    • F15B2211/405—Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve
    • F15B2211/40515—Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve with variable throttles or orifices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40—Flow control
    • F15B2211/415—Flow control characterised by the connections of the flow control means in the circuit
    • F15B2211/41572—Flow control characterised by the connections of the flow control means in the circuit being connected to a pressure source and an output member
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40—Flow control
    • F15B2211/42—Flow control characterised by the type of actuation
    • F15B2211/426—Flow control characterised by the type of actuation electrically or electronically
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/50—Pressure control
    • F15B2211/505—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means
    • F15B2211/50509—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means
    • F15B2211/50518—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means using pressure relief valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/50—Pressure control
    • F15B2211/505—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means
    • F15B2211/50563—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a differential pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/50—Pressure control
    • F15B2211/555—Pressure control for assuring a minimum pressure, e.g. by using a back pressure valve
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/50—Pressure control
    • F15B2211/575—Pilot pressure control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
    • F15B2211/605—Load sensing circuits
    • F15B2211/6051—Load sensing circuits having valve means between output member and the load sensing circuit
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
    • F15B2211/63—Electronic controllers
    • F15B2211/6303—Electronic controllers using input signals
    • F15B2211/6306—Electronic controllers using input signals representing a pressure
    • F15B2211/6309—Electronic controllers using input signals representing a pressure the pressure being a pressure source supply pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
    • F15B2211/63—Electronic controllers
    • F15B2211/6303—Electronic controllers using input signals
    • F15B2211/6306—Electronic controllers using input signals representing a pressure
    • F15B2211/6313—Electronic controllers using input signals representing a pressure the pressure being a load pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
    • F15B2211/665—Methods of control using electronic components
    • F15B2211/6651—Control of the prime mover, e.g. control of the output torque or rotational speed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
    • F15B2211/665—Methods of control using electronic components
    • F15B2211/6653—Pressure control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
    • F15B2211/705—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor characterised by the type of output members or actuators
    • F15B2211/7051—Linear output members
    • F15B2211/7055—Linear output members having more than two chambers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
    • F15B2211/71—Multiple output members, e.g. multiple hydraulic motors or cylinders
    • F15B2211/7107—Multiple output members, e.g. multiple hydraulic motors or cylinders the output members being mechanically linked
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
    • F15B2211/71—Multiple output members, e.g. multiple hydraulic motors or cylinders
    • F15B2211/7114—Multiple output members, e.g. multiple hydraulic motors or cylinders with direct connection between the chambers of different actuators
    • F15B2211/7128—Multiple output members, e.g. multiple hydraulic motors or cylinders with direct connection between the chambers of different actuators the chambers being connected in parallel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
    • F15B2211/71—Multiple output members, e.g. multiple hydraulic motors or cylinders
    • F15B2211/7142—Multiple output members, e.g. multiple hydraulic motors or cylinders the output members being arranged in multiple groups
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
    • F15B2211/77—Control of direction of movement of the output member
    • F15B2211/7716—Control of direction of movement of the output member with automatic return

Definitions

  • pressure-responsive fluid-admitting means and tool-anchoring means are cooperatively arranged on a tool body for selectively anchoring the tool in position in a well bore for obtaining at least one measurement or fluid sample from a sub-surface earth formation.
  • the new and improved tool further includes a selectively-operable hydraulic pump which is coupled by a plurality of selectively-operable hydraulic valves to the pressure-responsive means as well as to one or more pressure-responsive flow-control valves.
  • a formation tester with selective ly-operable means arranged for releasably anchoring the tool in a well bore as well as for establishing isolated communication with an earth formation while limiting or preventing the admission of loose formation materials and also including selectively-operable means for obtaining at least measurements indicative of one or more characteristics of the earth formation or connate fluids contained therein.
  • each of the several selectively-operable means as well as various flow control valves arranged in the tool are cooperatively coupled to a selectively-operable hydraulic pump by way of a control system including a plurality of hydraulic control valves respectively adapted to operate at different predetermined hydraulic pressures. In this manner, by simply starting the hydraulic pump, as the output pressure of the pump rises, each of the several hydraulic control valves will be successively operated in a predetermined sequence as required for carrying the tool through a selected operating cycle.
  • FIG. 1 depicts the surface and downhold portions of a preferred embodiment of new and improved formation-testing apparatus incorporating the principles of the present invention
  • FIGS. 2A and 23 together show a somewhatschematic representation of the formation-testing tool illustrated in FIG. 1 as the tool will appear in its initial operating position;
  • FIG. 3 is a representative performance curve graphically depicting the operation of the new and improved formation-testing tool of the present invention as it selectively conducts a typical testing and sampling operation;
  • FIGS. 4-7 respectively depict the successive positions of various components of the new and improved tool shown in FIGS. 2A and2B during the course of a typical testing and sampling operation;
  • FIG. 8 is similar to FIG. 3 but graphically illustrates the operation of the formation-testing tool as it selectively returns to its initial operating position following a complete testing and sampling operation;
  • FIGS. 9-11 respectively show the successive positions of the several components of the new and improved formation-testing tool as the tool is returned to its initial operating position.
  • FIG. 1 a preferred embodiment of a new and improved formation-testing tool 20 incorporating the principles of the present invention is shown as it will appear during the course of a typical measuring and sampling operation in a well bore such as a borehole 21 penetrating one or more earth formations as at 22 and 23.
  • the tool is suspended in the borehole 21 from the lower end of a typical multiconductor cable 24 that is spooled in the usual fashion on a suitable winch (not shown) at the surface and coupled to the surface portion of a new and improved toolcontrol system 25 as well as typical recording and indicating apparatus 26 and a power supply 27.
  • the tool 20 includes an elongated body 28 which encloses the downhole portion of the new and improved control system 25 and carries selectively-extendible tool-anchoring means 29 and new and improved fluid-admitting means 30 arranged on opposite sides of the body as well as one or more tandemly-coupled fluid-collecting chambers 31 and 32.
  • the new and improved formation-testing tool 20 and the control system 25 are cooperatively arranged so that, upon command from the surface, the tool can be selectively placed in any one or more of five selected operating positions.
  • the control system 25 will function to either successively place the tool 20 in one or more of these positions or else cycle the tool between selected ones of these operating positions.
  • the lateral extension and retraction of the wall-engaging member 50 in relation to the rear of the tool body 28 is controlled by the control system 25 which is operatively arranged to selectively admit and discharge a pressured hydraulic fluid to and from the piston actuators 51 and 52.
  • the fluid-admitting means 30 employed with the preferred embodiment of the new and improved tool 20 are cooperatively arranged for sealing-off or isolating selected portions of the wall of the borehole 21; and, once a selected portion of the borehole wall is packedoff or isolated from the well bore fluids, establishing pressure of fluid communication with the adjacent earth formations.
  • the fluidadmitting means 30 preferably include an annular elastomeric sealing pad 53 mounted on the forward face of an upright support member or plate 54 that is coupled to a longitudinally-spaced pair of forwardly-movable piston actuators 55 and 56 respectively arranged transversely on the tool body 28 for moving the sealing pad laterally in relation to the forward side of the tool body.
  • the new and improved control system 25 selectively supplies a pressured hydraulic fluid to the piston actuators 55 and 56, the sealing pad 53 will be moved laterally between a retracted position adjacent to the forward side of the tool body 28 and an advanced or forwardly-extended position.
  • the lateral extension of these two members will, of course, be effective for urging the sealing pad into sealing engagement with the adjacent wall of the borehole 21 and anchoring the tool 20 each time the piston actuators 51, 52, 55 and 56 are extended. It will, however, be appreciated that the wallengagirlg member as well as its piston actuators 51 and 52 would not be needed if the effective stroke of the piston actuators and 56 would be sufficient for assuring that the sealing member 53 can be extended into firm sealing engagement with one wall of the borehole 21 with the rear of the tool body 28 securely anchored against the opposite wall of the borehole.
  • both the tool-anchoring means 29 and the fluidadmitting means 30 are made selectively extendible to enable the tool to be operated in boreholes of substantial diameter.
  • This preferred design of the tool 20 of course, resulsts in the overall stroke of the piston actuators 51 and 52 and the piston actuators 55 and 56 being kept to a minimum so as to reduce the overall diameter of the tool body 28.
  • the fluid-admitting means 30 further include an enlarged tubular member 57 having an open forward portion coaxially disposed within the sealing pad 53 and a closed rear portion which is slidably mounted within a larger tubular member 58 secured to the rear face of the plate 54 and extended rearwardly therefrom.
  • extension of the fluid-admitting means 30 will engage the forward end of the fluid-admitting member with the adjacent surface of the wall of the borehole 21 as the annular sealing pad is also forced thereagainst for isolating that portion of the borehole wall as well as the nose of the fluid-admitting member from the well bore fluids.
  • the smaller tubular member is slidably disposed within the outer tubular member and fluidly sealed in relation thereto as by sealing members 59 and 60 on inwardly-enlarged end portions 61 and 62 of the outer member and a sealing member 63 on an enlargeddiameter intermediate portion 64 of the inner member.
  • Pressure or fluid communication with the fluidadmitting means 30 is controlled by means such as a generally-cylindrical valve member 67 which is coaxially disposed within the fluid-admitting member 57 and cooperatively arranged for axial movement therein between a retracted or open position and the illustrated advanced or closed position where the enlarged forward end 68 of the valve member is substantially, if not altogether, sealingly engaged with the forwardmost interior portion of the fluid-admitting member.
  • the rearward portion of the valve member is axially hollowed, as at 69, and coaxially disposed over a tubular member 70 projecting forwardly from the transverse wall closing the rear end of the fluid-admitting member 57.
  • the axial bore 69 is reduced and extended forwardly along the valve member 67 to a termination with one or more transverse fluid passages 71 in the forward portion of the valve member just behind its enlarged head 68.
  • valve member 67 To provide piston means for selectively moving the valve member 67 in relation to the fluid-admitting member 57, the rearward portion of the valve member is enlarged, as at 72, and outer and inner sealing members 73 and 74 are coaxially disposed thereon and respectively sealingly engaged with the interior of the fluid-admitting member and the exterior of the forwardly-extending tubular member 70.
  • a sealing member 75 mounted around the intermediate portion of the valve member 67 and sealingly engaged with the interior wall of the adjacent portion of the fluid-admitting member 57 fluidly seals the valve member in relation to the fluid-admitting member.
  • valve member 67 will be moved forwardly in relation to the fluid-admitting member 57.
  • valve member 67 will be moved rearwardly along the forwardlyprojecting tubular member 70 so as to retract the valve member in relation to the fluid-admitting member 57.
  • the fluid-admitting member 57 is arranged to define an internal annular space 78 and a flow passage 79 in the forward portion of the fluid-admitting member and a tubular screen 80 of suitable fineness is coaxially mounted around the annular space. In this manner, when the valve member 67 is retracted, formation fluids will be compelled to pass through the exposed forward portion of the screen ahead of the enlarged head 68, into the annular space 78, and then through the fluid passage 79 into the fluid passages 71 and 69.
  • valve member 67 As the valve member 67 is retracted, should loose or unconsolidated formation materials be eroded from a formation as connate fluids are withdrawn therefrom, the materials will be stopped by the exposed portion of the screen 80 ahead of the enlarged head 68 of the valve member thereby quickly forming a permeable barrier to prevent the continued erosion of loose formation materials once the valve member halts.
  • a sample or flow line 81 is cooperatively arranged in the formation-testing tool 20 and has one end coupled, as by a flexible conduit 82, to the fluid-admitting means and its other end terminated in a pair of branch conduits 83 and 84 respectively coupled to the fluidcollecting chambers 31 and 32.
  • branch conduits 83 and 84 respectively coupled to the fluidcollecting chambers 31 and 32.
  • a normally-open control valve 88 which is similar to the normally-closed control valves 85-87 is cooperatively arranged in a branch conduit 89 for selectively controlling communication between the well bore fluids exterior of the tool 20 and the upper portion of the flow line 81 extending between the flow-line control valve 85 and the fluid-admitting means 30.
  • the flow-line control valve 85 (as well as each of the chamber control valves 86 and 87) is comprised of an elongated body 90 having an enlarged piston cylinder 91 cooperatively arranged for carrying an actuating piston 92 which is normally biased to a lower position by a spring 93 of a predetermined strength.
  • a valve member 94 coupled to the piston member 92 is cooperatively arranged for blocking fluid communication between inlet and outlet ports 95 and 96 so long as the piston is in its lower position.
  • ports 97 and 98 are provided for the admission and discharge of hydraulic fluid into the cylinder 91 above and below the actuating piston 92.
  • the valve 88 is similar to the valves 85-87 except that a spring 99 of selected strength normally biases the valve member 100 to an open position.
  • a branch conduit 101 is coupled to the flow line 81 at a convenient location between the sample chamber control valves 86 and 87 and the flow-line control valve 85, with this branch conduit being terminated by selectively-operable pressure-reduction means 102.
  • the pressure-reduction means 102 include a body 103 having an enlarged piston cylinder. 104 in which an actuating piston 105 is operatively mounted for carrying a reduced-diameter displacement piston 106 between selected upper and lower positions within a reduced chamber 107 of a predetermined volume.
  • hydraulic ports 108 and 109 are provided for admitting and exhausting hydraulic fluid into and from the isolated portions of the larger actuating cylinder 104 on opposite sides of the actuating piston 105. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that upon movement of the displacement piston 106 from its lower position as illustrated in FIG. 2A to an elevated or upper position, the
  • the preferred embodiment of the control system 25 further includes a pump 110 that is coupled to a driving motor 111 and cooperatively arranged for pumping a suitable hydraulic fluid such as oil or the like from a reservoir 112 into a discharge or outlet line 113.
  • a suitable hydraulic fluid such as oil or the like
  • the reservoir 112 is preferably arranged to totally immerse the pump 110 and the motor 111 in the clean hydraulic fluid.
  • the reservoir 112 is provided with an inlet 114 for well bore fluids and an isolating piston 115 is movably arranged in the reservoir for maintaining the hydraulic fluid contained therein at a pressure about equal to the hydrostatic pressure at whatever depth the tool is then situated.
  • Biasing means such as a spring 116 acting on the piston 115, are provided for maintaining the pressure of the hydraulic fluid in the reservoir 112 at an increased level slightly above the well bore hydrostatic pressure so as to at least minimize the influx of well bore fluids into the reservoir.
  • the piston 115 in addition to isolating the hydraulic fluid in the reservoir 112, the piston 115 will also be free to move as required to accommodate volumetric changes in the hydraulic fluid which may occur under different well bore conditions.
  • One or more inlets, as at 117 and 118, are provided for returning hydraulic fluid from the control systems 25 to the reservoir 112 during the operation of the tool 20.
  • the fluid outlet line 113 is divided into two major branch lines which are respectively designated as the "set" line 119 and the retract line 120.
  • the control system 25 is arranged to selectively direct hydraulic fluid at selected pressures and times through the set" and retract" lines 119 and 120 to one or more of the several components of the formation-testing tool 20 as required to operate the tool during the course of a testing or sampling operation. The preferred operating sequences will be discussed later.
  • the new and improved control system 25 further includes selectivelyoperable valve means such as a pair of normally-closed solenoid-actuated valves 121 and 122 which are cooperatively arranged to selectively admit hydraulic fluid to the two lines as the control switch 33 at the surface is selectively positioned.
  • a typical check valve 123 is arranged in the set line 119 downstream of the control valve 121 for preventing the reverse flow of the hydraulic fluid whenever the pressure in the set" line is greater than that then existing in the fluid outlet line 113.
  • Control devices such as typical pressure switches 124-126, are cooperatively arranged in the set" and retract" lines 119 and 120 for selectively discontinuing operation of the pump whenever the pressure of the hydraulic fluid in either of these lines reaches a desired maximum operating pressure and then restarting the pump whenever the pressure drops below this value so as to maintain the line pressure within a selected operating range.
  • the control system 25 should also provide for temporarily opening the outlet line 1 13 until the motor 111 has reached its rated operating speed. Accordingly, the control system 25 is cooperatively arranged so that each time the pump 110 is to be started, the control valve 122 (if it is not already open) as well as a third normally-closed solenoidactuated valve 127 will be temporarily opened to bypass hydraulic fluid directly from the output line 113 to the reservoir 112 by way of the return line 117.
  • the bypass valve 127 will, of course, be reclosed and either the set line control valve 121 or the retract line control valve 122 will be selectively opened as required for that particular operational phase of the tool 20. It should be noted that during those times that the retract line control valve 122 and the fluid-bypass valve 127 are opened to allow the motor 111 to reach its operating speed, the check valve 123 will function to pre vent the reverse flow of hydraulic fluid from the set" line 119 when the set line control valve 121 is open.
  • control system 25 cooperates for selectively supplying pressured hydraulic fluid to the set and retract lines 119 and 120. Since the pressure switches 124 and 125 respectively. function only to limit the pressures in the set and retract lines to a selected maximum pressure range commensurate with the rating of the pump 110, the new and improved control system 25 is further arranged to cooperatively regulate the pressure of the hydraulic fluid which is being supplied at various times to selected portions of the system. Although this regulation can be accomplished in different manners, it is preferred to employ a number of pressure-actuated control valves such as shown schematically at 128-131 in FIGS. 2A and 2B. As shown in FIG.
  • the control valve 128, for example, includes a valve body 132 having a valve seat 133 coaxially arranged therein between inlet and outlet fluid ports 134 and 135.
  • the upper portion of the valve body 132 is enlarged to provide a piston cylinder 136 carrying an actuating piston 137 in coincidental alignment with the valve seat 133.
  • Biasing means such as a spring 138 of a predetermined strength, are arranged for normally urging the actuating piston 137 toward the valve seat 133 and a control port 139 is provided for admitting hydraulic fluid into the cylinder 136 at a sufficient pressure to overcome the force of this spring whenever the piston is to be selectively moved away from the valve seat.
  • a relief port 140 is provided in the valve body 132 for communicating the space in the cylinder 136 above the actuating piston 137 with the reservoir 112.
  • a valve member 141 complementally shaped for seating engagement with the valve seat 133 is cooperatively coupled to the actuating piston 137 as by an upright stem 142 which is slidably disposed in an axial bore 143 in the piston.
  • a spring 144 of selected strength is disposed in the axial bore 143 for normally urging the valve member 141 into seating engagement with the valve seat 133.
  • the control valve 128 (as well as the valve 129) will simply function as a normally-closed check valve. That is to say, in this operating position, hydraulic fluid can flow only in a reverse direction from the outlet 135 to the inlet 134 whenever the pressure at the outlet is sufficiently greater than the inlet pressure to elevate the valve member 141 from the valve seat 133 against the predetermined closing force imposed by the spring 144.
  • the control port 139 for elevating the actuating piston 137
  • opposed shoulders, as at 145, on the stem 142 and the piston will engage for elevating the valve member 141 from the valve seat 133.
  • control valve 130 (as well as the valve 131) is similar to the control valve 128 except that in the firstmentioned control valve, the valve member 146 is preferably rigidly coupled to its associated actuating piston 147.
  • the control valve-130 (as well as the valve 131) has no alternate checking action allowing reverse flow and is simply a normally-closed pressure-actuated valve for selectively controlling fluid communication between its inlet and outlet ports 148 and 149.
  • the hydraulic pressure at which the control valve 130 (as well as the valve 131) is to selectively open is governed by the predetermined strength of the spring 150 normally biasing the valve member 146 to its closed position.
  • the set line 119 downstream of the check valve 123 is comprised of a low-pressure section 151 having one branch 152 coupled to the fluid inlet of the control valve 130 and another branch 153 which is coupled to the fluid inlet of the control valve 128 to selectively supply hydraulic fluid to a high-pressure section 154 of the set line which is itself terminated at the fluid inlet of the control valve 131.
  • a pressure-communicating line 155 is coupled between the low-pressure section and the control port of the control valve 128.
  • the control valves 130 and 131 are respectively arranged to selectively communicate the low-pressure and high-pressure sections 151 and 154 of the set line 119 with the fluid reservoir 112.
  • the control ports of the two control valves 130 and 131 are each connected to the retract line 120 as by suitable pressure-communicating lines 156 and 157.
  • the control valves 130 and 131 will be respectively opened to selectively communicate the two sections 151 and 154 of the set line'119 with the reservoir 112 by way of the return line 117 coupled to the respective fluid outlets of the two control valves.
  • FIGS. 2A-2B the formation-testing tool 20 and the sub-surface portion of the control system 25 are depicted as their several components will appear when the tool is in its initial or retracted"operating position.
  • the wallengaging member 50 and the sealing pad 53 are respectively retracted against the tool body 28 to facilitate passage of the tool 20 into the borehole 21.
  • the switches 33 and 34 are moved to their second or initialization positions 36.
  • the hydraulic pump 110 is started to raise the pressure in the retract line 120 to maximum pressure to be certain that the pad 53 and the wall-engaging member 50 are fully retracted.
  • control valves 122 and 127 will be momentarily opened when the pump 110 is started until the pump motor 111 has reached its operating speed. At this time also, the control valve 88 is open and that portion of the flow line 81 between the closed flow-line control valve 85 and the fluid-admitting means 30 will be filled with well bore fluids at the hydrostatic pressure at the depths at which the tool 20 is then situated.
  • FIG. 4 selected portions of the control system 25 and various components of the formation-testing tool 20 are schematically represented to illustrate the operation of the tool at about the time that the pressure in the hydraulic output line 113 reaches its lowestmost operating pressure as designated at A in FIG. 3. To facilitate an understanding of the operation of the tool 20 and the control system 25, only those components which are then operating are shown in FIG. 4.
  • valve member 67 is temporarily prevented from moving rearwardly in relation to the inner and outer tubular members 57 and 58 inasmuch as the control valve 129 (not shown in (FIG. 4) is still closed thereby temporarily trapping the hydraulic fluid in the rearward piston chamber 76 to the rear of the valve member.
  • the hydraulic fluid in the low-pressure section 151 of the set line 119 will also be directed by way of a branch hydraulic line 164 to the actuating cylinder 104 of the pressure-reduction means 102.
  • This will, of course, result in the displacement piston 106 being elevated in relation to the body 103 as the hydraulic fluid above the actuating piston 105 is returned to the retract" line 120 by way of a branch hydraulic conduit 165.
  • elevation of the displacement piston 106 in the reduced chamber 107 will be effective for significantly decreasing the pressure initially existing in the isolated portions of the branch line 101 and the flow line 81 between the still-closed flow-line control valve 85 and the stillclosed chamber control valves 86 and 87 (not shown in FIG. 4). The purpose of this pressure reduction will be subsequently explained.
  • control valves 85-87 are initially closed to isolate the lower portion of the flow line 81 between these valves as well as the branch line 101 leading to the pressure-reduction means 102.
  • the flow-line pressure-equalizing control valve 88 will still be open at the time the control valve 129 opens to retract the valve member 67 as depicted in FIG. 5.
  • valve member 67 progressively uncovers the filtering screen 80
  • well bore fluids at a pressure greater than that of any connate fluids which may be present in the isolated earth formation 22 will be introduced (as shown by the arrow 168) into the upper portion of the flow line 81 and, by way of the flexible conduit member 82, into the rearward end of the tubular member 70.
  • these high-pressure well bore fluids pass into the annular space 78 around the filtering screen 80, they will be forcibly discharged (as shown by the arrows 169) from the forward end of the fluid-admitting member 57 for washing away any plugging materials such as mudcake or the like which may have become deposited on the internal surface of the filtering screen when the valve member 67 first uncovers the screen.
  • the control system 25 is operative for providing a momentary flow of well bore fluids for cleansing the filtering screen 80 of unwanted debris or the like before a sampling or testing operation is commenced.
  • hydraulic fluid at a pressure representative of the operating level C will be supplied by way of a typical check valve 174 to the upper portion of the piston cylinder 175 of the normally-open control valve 88 as fluid is exhausted from the lower portion thereof by way of a conduit 176 coupled to the retract line 120.
  • This will, of course, be effective for closing the valve member 100 so as to now block further communication between the flow line 81 and the well bore fluids exterior of the tool 20.
  • the hydraulic fluid will also be admitted into the lower portion of the piston cylinder 91 of the control valve 85.
  • the second valve will be momentarily retained in its closed position until the first valve has had time to close.
  • the valve 88 closes, as the hydraulic fluid enters the lower portion of the piston cylinder 91 of the control valve 85, the valve member 94 will be opened as hydraulic fluid is exhausted from the upper portion of the cylinder through a typical check valve 177 and a branch return line 178 coupled to the retract line 120.
  • the flow line 81 is now isolated from the well bore fluids and is in communication with the isolated portion of the earth formation 22 by way of the flexible conduit 82. It will also be recalled from the preceding discussion of FIG. 4 that the branch flow line 101 as well as the portion of the main flow line 81 between the flow-line control valve 85 and the sample chamber control valves 86 and 87 were previously expanded by the upward movement of the displacement piston 106 in the reduced-volume chamber 107. Thus, upon opening of the flow-line control valve 85, the isolated portion of the earth formation 22 will be rapidly communicated with the reducedpressure space temporarily represented by the previously-isolated portions of the flow line 81 and the branch conduit 101.
  • the formation pressure will be effective for displacing these connate fluids by way of the fluid-admitting means 30 into the flow line until such time that the previously-isolated lower portion of the flow line 81 and the branch conduit 101 are filled and pressure equilibrium is again established in the entire flow line.
  • a typical pressure-measuring transducer as at 179 (or, if desired, one or more other suitable measuring transducers) in the flow line 81, one or more measurements representative of the characteristics of the connate fluids and the formation 22 may be transmitted to the surface by a conductor 180 and, if desired, recorded on the recording apparatus 26 (FIG. 1).
  • the pressure measurements provided by the transducer 179 will, of course, permit the operator at the surface to readily determine the formation pressure as well as to obtain one or more indications representative of the potential producing ability of the formation 22.
  • the various techniques for analyzing formation pressures are well known in the art and are, therefore, of no significance to understanding the present invention.
  • the operator can also use the measurements provided by the pressure transducer 179 to reliably determine whether the sealing pad 53 has, in fact, established complete sealing engagement with the earth formation 22 so as to prevent well bore fluids from entering the forward end of the fluid-admitting member 57.
  • the failure of the sealing pad 53 to com pletely effect sealing engagement with the wall of the borehole 21 will, of course, be readily recognized inasmuch as the formation pressures expected to be present in the earth formation 22 will be recognizably lower than the hydrostatic pressure of the well bore fluids at the particular depth which the tool 20 is then situated.
  • This ability to determine the effectiveness of the sealing engagement will, as will subsequently be explained, allow the operator to immediately retract the wallengaging member 50 and the sealing pad 53 without having to unwittingly or needlessly continue the remainder of the complete operating sequence.
  • the operator may leave the formation-testing tool 20 in the position shown in FIGS. 6A and 68 as long as it is desired to observe as well as record the pressure measurements.
  • the operator can determine such things as the time required for the formation pressure to reach equilibrium as well as the rate of pressure increase and thereby obtain valuable information indicative of various characteristics of the earth formation 22 such as permeability and porosity.
  • the operator can readily determine if collection of a fluid sample is warranted.
  • the advancement of the fluid-admitting member 57 will be relatively slight with its nose making little or no penetration into the isolated earth formation. It will, of course, be appreciated that the nose of the fluidadmitting member 57 will be urged outwardly with sufficient force to at least penetrate the mudcake which typically lines'the borehole walls adjacent to permeable earth formations. In this situation, however, the forward movement of the fluid-admitting member 57 will be unrelated to the rearward movement of the valve member 67 as it uncovers the filtering screen 80. In either case, the sudden opening of the valve 85 will cause mudcake to be pulled to the rear of the screen to leave it clear for the subsequent passage of connate fluids.
  • the control switches 33 and 34 are advanced to the next or so-called sample" position 38 to open, for example, a solenoid valve 182 for admitting pressured hydraulic fluid from the high-pressure section 154 of the set" line 119 into the lower portion of the piston cylinder 183 of the sample chamber control valve 86. As depicted in FIG. 7, this will be effective for opening the control valve 86 to admit connate fluids as shown by the arrows 184 through the flow line 81 and the branch conduit 83 into the sample chamber 31.
  • a chamber selection switch 185 in the surface portion of the system 25 could also be moved from its first sample" position 186 to its so-called second sample" position 187 (H6.
  • the new and improved control system 25 functions in such a manner that the hydraulic pump 110 is not operating for any great length of time.
  • the pump 110 rapidly reaches its maximum operating pressure as determined by the settings of the pressure switch 124.
  • the pump 110 is then halted and will quite possibly remain halted until it is desired to close-off the sample chambers 31 and 32 and retract the wall-engaging member 50 and the sealing member 53.
  • the motor 111 will again be started upon moving of the control switches 33 and 34 to their so-called sample-trapping positions 39 so as to restart the pump 110.
  • the control valves 122 and 127 momentarily open to enable the pump 110 to reach operating speed and are then reclosed.
  • the check valve 123 will function to prevent reverse flow of the pressured hydraulic fluid which is then contained in the set line 119.
  • the pump 1 10 Once the pump 1 10 has reached operating speed, it will commence to operate much in the same manner as previously described with reference to FIG. 3.
  • the hydraulic pressure in the output line 113 will again begin rising as shown by the curve 189 with momentary halts at various operating levels respectively designated as W"-Z which respectively correspond to the various operating positions of the tool as successively depicted in FIGS. 9-11.
  • the chamber control valve 86 will close to trap the sample of connate fluids which is then present in the sample chamber 31.
  • the control valve 87 can also be readily closed by operating the switch 185 to reopen the solenoid valve 188. Closure of the control valve 86 (as well as the valve 87) will, of course, be effective for trapping fluid samples in one or the other or both of the sample chambers 31 and 32.
  • control switches 33 and 34 are moved to their next or so-called retract" switching positions 40 for initiating the simultaneous retraction of the well-engaging member 50 and the sealing pad 53.
  • the pressure switch is again rendered inoperative and the pressure switch 126 is enabled so as to now permit the hydraulic pump 110 to be operated at rated capacity for attaining hydraulic pressures greater than the operating level W.”
  • the pressure switch 126 will now function to operate the pump 110 so that the pressure will now quickly rise until it reaches the operating level kix'ii At this point, as shown in FIG.
  • hydraulic fluid at the pressure level X will be supplied as shown by the arrows 191 through the retract line 120 and the branch hydraulic line 176 for reopening the pressureequalizing control valve 88 to admit well bore fluids into the flow line 81 as shown by the arrows 192. Opening of the pressure-equalizing valve 88 will admit well bore fluids into the isolated space defined by the sealing pad 53 so as to equalize the pressure differential existing across the pad. Hydraulic fluid displaced from the upper portion of the piston chamber of the control valve 88 will be discharged through a typical relief valve 193 which is arranged to open only in response to pressures equal or greater than that of the operating level X.
  • FIG. 11 the situation illustrated there is representative of the operation of the formation-testing tool 20 when the hydraulic pressure in the output line 113 has either reached the operating level Y or, if desired, a higher level as at Z" (FIG. 8).
  • pressured hydraulic fluid in the retract line 120 will reopen the control valve 130 to communicate the low-pressure section 151 of the set line 119 with the reservoir 112.
  • hydraulic fluid in the retract line will be admitted to the retract side of the several piston actuators, 51, 52, 55 and 56 as shown by the arrows at 195.
  • the pressured hydraulic fluid will also be admitted into the annular space 66 in front of the enlarged-diameter piston portion 64 for retracting the fluid-admitting member 57 as well as into the annular space 76 for returning the valve member 67 to its forward position.
  • the hydraulic fluid exhausted from the several piston actuators 51, 52, 55 and 56 as well as the piston chambers 65 and 77 will be returned directly to the reservoir 112 by way of the high-pressure section 151 of the set line 119 and the control valve 130. This action will, of course, retract the wall-engaging member 50 as well as the sealing pad 53 against the tool body 28 to permit the tool 20 to be either repositioned in the well bore 21 or returned to the surface if no further testing is desired.
  • the pump 110 will, of course, continue to operate until such time that the hydraulic pressure in the output line 113 reaches the upper limit determined by the setting of the pressure switch 126. At some convenient time thereafter, the control switches 33 and 34 are again returned to their initial or Off positions 35 for halting further operation of the pump motor 111 as well as reopening the solenoid valve 127 to again communicate the retract line 120 with the fluid reservoir 112. This completes the preferred operating cycle of the new and improved formation-testing tool 20.
  • the new and improved testing tool 20 is capable of performing one or more testing or sampling operations as may be required without having to remove the tool from the borehole 21 between each operation.
  • the versatility of the new and improved control system will enable the operator to monitor the performance of the tool 20 during the course of a given testing or sampling operation so that either changes can be made as required to properly respond to various downhole conditions or else the operation can be terminated without further loss of time should this be deemed necessary.
  • Those skilled in the art will, of course, recognize the significance of this flexibility.
  • the equalizing valve 88 will close and the flow-line control valve will then open to rapidly communicate the remaining or reduced-pressure portion of the flow line 81 with the fluid-admitting means 30.
  • the sealing pad 53 is sealingly engaged with the wall of the borehole 21 and that the formation, as at 22, is permeable so as to warrant the continuance of the testing or sampling operation as previously described to determine the nature of the formation and whatever connate fluids may be present therein.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
  • Testing Of Devices, Machine Parts, Or Other Structures Thereof (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
  • Fluid-Pressure Circuits (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
US00313235A 1972-12-08 1972-12-08 Formation-testing tool for obtaining multiple measurements and fluid samples Expired - Lifetime US3780575A (en)

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DE2360268A1 (de) 1974-06-12
FR2209890B1 (zh) 1978-10-27
NL178805B (nl) 1985-12-16
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IE38549B1 (en) 1978-04-12
CA988030A (en) 1976-04-27
IE38549L (en) 1975-06-08
NO141697C (no) 1980-05-07
JPS501794A (zh) 1975-01-09
BR7309631D0 (pt) 1974-10-22
NL7316840A (zh) 1974-06-11
AR215408A1 (es) 1979-10-15
AU6303673A (en) 1975-05-29
DE2360268C2 (de) 1984-05-03
JPS5616279B2 (zh) 1981-04-15
NL178805C (nl) 1986-05-16
FR2209890A1 (zh) 1974-07-05
GB1449857A (en) 1976-09-15

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