US3777717A - Method of and apparatus for heating of liquids - Google Patents

Method of and apparatus for heating of liquids Download PDF

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Publication number
US3777717A
US3777717A US00239433A US3777717DA US3777717A US 3777717 A US3777717 A US 3777717A US 00239433 A US00239433 A US 00239433A US 3777717D A US3777717D A US 3777717DA US 3777717 A US3777717 A US 3777717A
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United States
Prior art keywords
layer
reaction space
substance
radiation
mixture
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US00239433A
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English (en)
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J Mach
V Rybar
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HUTNI DRUHOVYROBA
HUTNI DRUHOVYROBA GENERALNI REDITELSTVI CS
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HUTNI DRUHOVYROBA
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Priority claimed from CS7100002377A external-priority patent/CS178965B1/cs
Priority claimed from CS783571A external-priority patent/CS177914B1/cs
Application filed by HUTNI DRUHOVYROBA filed Critical HUTNI DRUHOVYROBA
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C99/00—Subject-matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F23C99/006—Flameless combustion stabilised within a bed of porous heat-resistant material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
    • F24H1/22—Water heaters other than continuous-flow or water-storage heaters, e.g. water heaters for central heating
    • F24H1/24—Water heaters other than continuous-flow or water-storage heaters, e.g. water heaters for central heating with water mantle surrounding the combustion chamber or chambers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H9/00—Details
    • F24H9/18—Arrangement or mounting of grates or heating means
    • F24H9/1809—Arrangement or mounting of grates or heating means for water heaters
    • F24H9/1832—Arrangement or mounting of combustion heating means, e.g. grates or burners
    • F24H9/1836—Arrangement or mounting of combustion heating means, e.g. grates or burners using fluid fuel

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT [30] Foreign Application Priority Data A gaseaous combustible mixture, having a tempera- Apr. 12, 1971 Czechoslovakia 2377/71 .1 lower than its ignition temperature, is Passed with Nov.9, 1971 Czechoslovakia 7835/71 3 Speed exceeding its fate of flame Propagation through a gas permeable layer of an radiation sub- 52 us. c1. 122/156, 122/367 PF stance adapted to produce a thermal condition for 511 1m. (:1. .1221 13/02 dieting Substantially the entire thermal y.
  • the apparatus comprises a reaction space filled with 5 References Cited said substance and a supply system for the combusti- UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,048,446 7/1936 Hays 122/367 9 Claims, 5 Drawing Figures METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR HEATING OF LIQUIDS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • the present invention relates to a method of heating liquids, for example in heating systems, distillation plants, evaporation processes, thermal decomposition or synthesis of liquids and relates also to an apparatus for effecting this method.
  • Known appliances for heating liquids comprise, for instance, boilers for heating or evaporating water for heating purposes, further all types of heat exchangers, in which liquids, such as water, crude oil, various solutions and the like are heated by heat obtained from the combustion of gaseous or liquid fuels.
  • Such boilers or the like are usually equipped with a combustion space of large dimensions, in which the chemically bonded heat of the gaseous or liquid fuel is released during its combustion.
  • the total heat transmission in such boilers is effected mainly by convection of the combustion gases and, to a lesser degree only, by radiation of the flame and of the three-atomic gas components.
  • The'present invention aims at removing the above mentioned disadvantages.
  • the invention relates to a method of heating liquids by introducing into a reaction space a homogenous mixture of fuel and oxidising agent, in particular gas and air, having a lower temperature than its ignitiontemperature, and with a speed exceeding its rate of flame propagation, with the result that a flameless combustion is achieved.
  • the essence of the invention consists there in that the mixture of fuel and oxidising agent is passed in the reaction space through a gas permeable layer of an active substance, sometimes referred to herein as a radiation substance" adapted to produce a thermal condition for radiating substantially the entire thermal energy, released at its surface, in the wavelength range of 0.5 to
  • the pyrometric (operative) temperature in that part of the gas permeable layer of radiation substance,-in which the combustion is effected is kept at a value at which a practically complete heat transmission by radiation occurs already in the reaction space.
  • the invention relates further to an apparatusfor carrying out said method, which apparatus comprises a hollow peripheral jacket holding the medium to be heated, and equipped with a mixing device for the fuel and oxidising agent.
  • the apparatus according to the invention comprises a reaction space, filled with the above mentioned gas permeable layer of the radiation substance, as well as a supply system for the combustible mixture, arranged between said mixing device and the active substance in the reaction space.
  • the active substance contained in the reaction space, or its surface must be able to produce such thermal conditions for the combustion, that the entire thermal energy, released by combustion of the fuel, is directly changed into radiation energy and, substantially in its entirely, is transmitted to heat exchange surfaces in the most effective range of short wavelengths and in this way simultaneously prevents heat to be transmitted by convection.
  • the reaction space is filled with said gas permeable layer of active substance in the form of grains or shaped so as to provide therein a system of small chambers, channels, grids or cavities of various shape.
  • the substance must be highly heatresistant and show a high emissive power in the required wavelength range.
  • Such a substance is for example zirconium silicate but suitable are also some metals (such as tungsten or tantalum), or metal oxides (such as thorium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, chromite) or metal carbides (such as boron carbide or silicon carbide), which at the required temperatures, e.g., about 1,600 C, and above are stable, i.e., do not soften or do not oxidise in the given atmosphere.
  • some metals such as tungsten or tantalum
  • metal oxides such as thorium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, chromite
  • metal carbides such as boron carbide or silicon carbide
  • the layer of active substance can be constituted either by grains or by differently shaped bodies made of said active substance or of another substance coated with said active substance.
  • the homogenous mixture of fuel and xidiser having a temperature lower than its ignition temperature, is brought into contact with the surface of the layer, through which it passes with a'speed exceeding the rate of flame propagation.
  • the active substance placed in the'reaction space in the interior of the apparatus, fulfills in addition to the task of a burner simultaneously the function of a central radiation emitter and the heat transmission is to all practical purposes terminated already in the reaction space with a high degree of efficiency.
  • the apparatus embodying the invention can be provided with a reaction space consisting of a single chamber.
  • a plurality of basic operative members i.e., partial or independent reaction spaces, may be used instead of said single chamber reaction space; said basic operative members are adapted to work either independently or are grouped to a battery,-which-is submerged into the liquid to be heated.
  • the metal walls enclosing the basic operative member are substantially the only heat exchange surfaces in the apparatus.
  • the net cross-section of the individual operative members is chosen such as to ensure a stabilised, equally high pyrometric (operative) temperature at the surface of the grains or bodies forming the active layer, as in a single-chamber reaction space and, furthermore to ensure that any one of the isothermic surfaces inthe active layer coincides at a given point with the plane of the cross-section through the reaction space or operative member.
  • the fulfilment of the first condition ensures that radiation will be effected in the most effective wavelength range.
  • the fulfilment of the second condition prevents the formation of an inefficient or dead core of highest temperatures in the active layer in a given cross-section and, at the same time, prevents any unnecessary increase in the height of the operative member.
  • the height of the basic operative member depends on the chosen temperature of the outflowing combustion products and is constant for a given case, there cannot exist but a single size of the cross-section area of the basic operative member, which meets both requirements and represents, at the same time, the smallest possible cross-sectional area under optimum conditions.
  • the maximum periphery of said smallest cross-sectional area which is also the periphery of the operative member, subjected to radiation, is however limited by the dimension of the shortest side of the cross-section.
  • the arrangement of the basic operative members or their assembly according to this embodiment of the invention makes it possible to produce the gas flow through the apparatus by underpressure instead of overpressure.
  • the system of distribution nozzles or slots, feeding the fuel-air mixture to the reaction space may be dispensed with so as to further reduce the pressure losses.
  • the necessary auxiliary instruments, serving for the control and upkeep of the combustion process, are thereby considerably simplified.
  • FIG. 1 shows a vertical section through the boiler
  • FIG. 2 is a horizontal section through the boiler in a plane passing above the water inlet
  • FIG. 3 is a vertical section through the boiler along a plane parallel to the short side of the boiler
  • FIG. 4 is a sectional view in elevation, showing a heating battery in a modified embodiment of the apparatus.
  • FIG. 5 is a horizontal section showing the same battery in a plan view.
  • the boiler according to the first embodiment of the invention, comprises an inner jacket 1 whose plan view has the shape of an elongated rectangle; alternatively, this plan view can have a rounded shape or the shape of an elongated ellipse.
  • the operative surface of the inner jacket 1 is enlarged by ribs 2.
  • the inner jacket 1 is connected to an outer jacket 6 of the boiler by means of flues 5 and at the bottom equipped with a supply conduit 3 for the admission of the prepared fuel mixture.
  • the supply conduit 3 connects a not-illustrated fuel-air mixer to the inner space of the boiler, hereinafter called reaction space 1.3, over a system of nozzles or slots 4.
  • the nozzles or slots 4 may be of various shapes, it being important that they should distribute the mixture uniformly over the entire profile of the reaction space 13 and, as far as possible, prevent the mixture flowing around the heat exchange surfaces, i.e., the walls of the reaction space 13.
  • the space between the inner jacket I and the outer jacket 6 of the boiler is filled with water 8, which is to be heated and which is fed to the boiler through a supply tube 7 and removed from the boiler through a discharge tube 9.
  • the reaction space 13 of the boiler in the example shown, is filled with a gas permeable layer 10 of grains, constituted by an active substance, such as zirconium silicate.
  • the boiler is closed at its outside by a shell ll forming flues for the outgoing smoke and at its rear is equipped with a chimney 12 for the outfiowing gases.
  • the heating of water according to the new method proceeds in such a way that during stabilized thermal conditions a homogeneous fuel-air mixture is supplied from a not illustrated mixer through the supply tube 3 and system of nozzles or slots 4 into the reaction space 13 of the boiler, filled with the grain layer 10.
  • the dimensions and shapes of the grains forming the layer 10, as well as the combustion process itself are chosen in relation to the volume of the boiler and the required height of the combustion zone, as will be explained hereinafter. This results in a stabilization of the dynamic equilibrium between the flow of the fuel mixture and the speed of the combustion progress, and the thermal zones are divided substantially according to the planes A A, B B, C C, D D as shown in FIG. 3.
  • the total height of the layer 10 extends, according to this Figure, from the plane A A do the plane D D.
  • the part of the layer 10 between the planes A A and B B remains cool.
  • a complete combustion of the fuel mixture takes place, the temperature of the layer 10 being higher by several hundreds of centigrades than the temperature of gases between the grains of the layer 10.
  • the metal surfaces of the inner jacket 1 and ribs 2 do not interfere with the combustion process in this layer.
  • the radiation energy impinges in this section on the inner jacket 1 and ribs 2 of the boiler and is, without any'losses, converted into heat, which is transmitted to the water 8 to be heated.
  • the temperature of gases begins to exceed the temperature of grains in the layer 10 and from said plane C C to the plane D D, heat transmission by radiation and convection of combustion gases onto the relatively large surface of grains in the layer 110 takes place.
  • This part of the layer 10 is thereby heated and, by radiation within the range of large wavelengths,'i.e., about 6 micrometers, it transmits heat to the inner jacket 1 of the boiler.
  • the shell ill can be omitted, without affecting the practical performance and economy of operation of the boiler.
  • the heat transmission effected under the described conditions, enables a reduction in the size of the heating surfaces to less than 10 percent as compared with known boiler designs an thereby a reduction of weight of the boiler according to the invention to less than 10 percent in comparison with known boilers
  • the combustion proceeds perfectly with an excess of air of about 3 percent.
  • FIGS. d and 5 show a modified embodiment of the new apparatus, in which the reaction space is built up of a plurality of basic operative members in the shape of a battery.
  • the heating battery shown in these Figs. comprises four basic operative members 21 of square crosssection, each of their four walls being surrounded by water 22 which has to be heated and flows in a space enclosed between the members 21 and anouter jacket 23.
  • Each operative member 2l is filled with a layer 24 of the above described type, which rests on a grate 25 in the lowerpart of the member 21.
  • Heating gas is supplied in the direction of arrows 25 and mixed with air, admitted in the direction of arrows 28, in a mixer ring 29, whence it is fed into a feeding chamber 26.
  • combustion products are withdrawn through a common conduit 30 into an exhaustor not shown in the drawing.
  • An ignition opening 31 leadsinto the feeding chamber 26. Cool water 22 is admitted through a tube 32 and heated water is withdrawn through a discharge tube 33. i
  • the water when in thermally stabilized state, the water is heated in the following way:
  • the not illustated exhaustor withdraws the combustion gases through the conduit 30, producing thereby an underpressure or vacuum in the entire apparatus. Consequently, not preheated combustion air 28 enters the feeding chamber 26 and mixes with the cool gaseous fuel 27.
  • the combustile mixture is homogenized in the mixer ring 29 and flows through the feeding chamber 26 and openings in the grate 25, into all basic operative members 21. In this way the gas flows between the grains of the layer 24 with a speed exceeding the rate of flame propagation in the combustible mixture.
  • the height of the layer 24 in order to prevent the formation of an ineffective or dead core of high temperatures in the layer 24, which would be unable to transmit the released heat directly to the heat exchanging walls and would have to transfer it to the higher parts of the layer, which would in an undesirable way increase the height of the layer 24 and, at the same time, the height of the operative members, it is necessary to maintain for a given case the net square cross-section of the basic operative members 21, each side having a lengthof about 50 mm, which corresponds to a size of grains in the layer 24 amounting toabout l0 15 mm. Under these conditions the height of the layer 24., depending on the type of the gaseous fuel employed, will amount to about 200 to 280 mm.
  • each basic operative member 21, under these conditions will have a value of about 12,000 kcal/h.
  • the combustion gases will reach a temperature of about to 300 C in the common discharge conduit 30, provided the height of the layer 24 is chosen in accordance with the above conditions.
  • the pyrometric temperature in the part of the reaction space where combustion occurs is maintained at a value at which substantially the complete heat transmission by radiation takes place already in the reaction space. If this value were exceeded, it would result in an increased temperature of the outflowing gases and introduction of convection surfaces, which, to all practical purposes, would represent a step backwards to the existing devices. lf this value is not reached, the output will be reduced but radiation will remain.
  • any isothermic surface of the layer 24 represents a planar and not a spatial surface and if it coincides with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the reaction space 13.
  • the various operative members 21 represent the smallest operative unti, which if larger outputs are required are preferably grouped to batteries.
  • the gas flow through the operative member 21 is produced by underpre ssure (vacuum) instead of by overpressure, as in the example shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and the mixer ring 29 as well as the feeding chamber 26 are common to all operative members 21.
  • the shortest distance of the peripheral or inner jacket of the reaction space from a plane passing through the longer axis of symmetry of the crosssectional profile should equal the length, at which the temperature in the axis of symmetry of the reaction space does not yet exceed the temperature at any point of the cross-section through the reaction space or operative member.
  • the boiler is set in operation by setting the supply of the combustible fuel mixture to about one fifteenth to one twentieth part of the nominal boiler output.
  • the mixture then flows between the grains of the layer at a speed of approximately 0.5m/sec. At this speed the mixture is ignited by suitable electrical means closely above the nozzles 4.
  • the mixture burns with a visible flame and heats the lowest portion of the layer 10. After about seconds the amount of supplied mixture is increased. The flames gradually disappear and the surface of the active substance layer is heated to white heat.
  • the stabilised state of the boiler is reached within about 60 to 90 seconds from the moment of igniting the mixture.
  • the boiler operates with the following parameters:
  • the invention is suited also for the miniaturization of large and medium heating installations, for housing estates or urban units, where the apparatus due to its small weight can even be placed on the roof of houses.
  • a high efficiency of the apparatus is achieved and problems arising from aggressive condensates exhalated by chimneys are eliminated to a considerable degree.
  • the invention can further be employed for heating of trains, of temporary workplaces on building sites and the like, by means of easily displaceable heating appliances, further for boilers in industry and power engineering after a suitable adaptation of the heat exchange surfaces to withstand pressure, for package boiler, thermochemical installations in oil industry, thermochemical installations for heating and evaporation of liquids in industrial plants, in organic and inorganic chemistry, in the motor-car industry for introducing steam traction based on water or other liquids, in combination with a miniature turbine with regard to the high requirements for perfect combustion and protection of environment.
  • High-quality fuels in water-heating apparatus serving for heating purposes according to the invention, are burnt with an efficiency exceeding by 10 and more percent the efficiency of known high-class boilers of classic conception.
  • said active substance is constituted of a material, selected from the group Consisting of metals, metal oxides, and metal carbides, which are stable in the given atmosphere at temperatures about 1,600 C and above, without softening or oxidising.
  • said active substance is constituted of a material capable of selective radiation, preponderantly in the selected part of the spectrum.
  • An apparatus for heating liquids, their evaporation, distillation, thermal decomposition, synthesis, and the like comprising in combination an inner jacket, and an outer jacket, spaced therefrom, the space between both jackets being adapted to hold the liquid to be heated, means for supplying the liquid into, and discharging it from said space between the two jackets, a reaction space in the interior of the inner jacket, wherein the cross-sectional area of said reaction space in any plane perpendicular to the main axis of the reaction space is dimensioned such that each crosssectional area is an isothermic surface, while the parallel isothermic surfaces at various points in the direction of the main axis to the reaction space have different temperatures, a gas permeable layer of a radiating substance, adapted to produce a thermal condition for radiating substantially the entire thermal energy, released at its surface, in the wave length range of 0.5 to 6 micrometers, provided in said reaction space, means for supplying a homogenous mixture of fuel and oxidizing agent, having a lower temperature than its ignition temperature
  • An apparatus as in claim 6, comprising further a mixing device for preparing a homogeneous mixture of fuel and oxidising agent and a system of distribution nozzles interposed between the mixing device and said layer of active substance.
  • reaction space is divided into a plurality of operative members, submerged in the liquid to be heated, the metal walls of said operative members being substantially the only heat exchange surfaces, the individual operative members representing the smallest operative unit, which for larger outputs are grouped in batteries.
  • reaction space is divided into a plurality of operative members, and submerged in the liquid to be heated, the metal walls of said operative members being substantially the only heat exchange surfaces, and comprising a rate to support the layer of radiating substance and to admit the homogeneous mixture into the reaction space.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Gas Burners (AREA)
US00239433A 1971-04-02 1972-03-30 Method of and apparatus for heating of liquids Expired - Lifetime US3777717A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CS7100002377A CS178965B1 (en) 1971-04-02 1971-04-02 Method of heating medium, and arrangement for utilization of this method
CS783571A CS177914B1 (de) 1971-11-09 1971-11-09

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US3777717A true US3777717A (en) 1973-12-11

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US00239433A Expired - Lifetime US3777717A (en) 1971-04-02 1972-03-30 Method of and apparatus for heating of liquids

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US (1) US3777717A (de)
JP (1) JPS5036892B1 (de)
AT (1) AT326802B (de)
CA (1) CA944233A (de)
CH (1) CH557991A (de)
DD (1) DD98747A5 (de)
FR (1) FR2136125A5 (de)
GB (1) GB1382084A (de)
NO (1) NO134596C (de)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4090476A (en) * 1975-11-18 1978-05-23 Stav, Praha, Vyrobni Stavebni Druzstvo Stredisko Monta Method and apparatus for the combustion of gaseous or liquid fuels
EP0028046A1 (de) * 1979-10-25 1981-05-06 Bretec Benelux B.V. Heisswasserkessel
US20060035182A1 (en) * 2004-08-13 2006-02-16 Hesse David J Detonation safety in microchannels
US20060222578A1 (en) * 2005-03-10 2006-10-05 Peter Veenstra Method of starting up a direct heating system for the flameless combustion of fuel and direct heating of a process fluid
US20110129205A1 (en) * 2009-11-30 2011-06-02 Emerson Electric Co. Flow-through heater

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1349757A (en) * 1971-05-04 1974-04-10 Technical Dev Capital Ltd Fuel burning heaters

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1216096A (en) * 1916-07-11 1917-02-13 Radiant Heating Ltd Apparatus for burning liquid fuel.
US2048446A (en) * 1933-04-13 1936-07-21 Joseph W Hays Steam boiler and fluid heater
US2087031A (en) * 1933-03-18 1937-07-13 Joseph W Hays Ingition apparatus for closed-system fluid-combustible burners
US3067127A (en) * 1960-01-06 1962-12-04 Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc Catalytic hydrocracking with the use of a silica-zirconia composite
US3155627A (en) * 1960-12-29 1964-11-03 Texaco Inc Supported catalysts
US3168587A (en) * 1962-04-27 1965-02-02 Sinclair Research Inc Method of dehydrogenation
US3421859A (en) * 1964-12-30 1969-01-14 Whirlpool Co Inert atmosphere generator

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1216096A (en) * 1916-07-11 1917-02-13 Radiant Heating Ltd Apparatus for burning liquid fuel.
US2087031A (en) * 1933-03-18 1937-07-13 Joseph W Hays Ingition apparatus for closed-system fluid-combustible burners
US2048446A (en) * 1933-04-13 1936-07-21 Joseph W Hays Steam boiler and fluid heater
US3067127A (en) * 1960-01-06 1962-12-04 Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc Catalytic hydrocracking with the use of a silica-zirconia composite
US3155627A (en) * 1960-12-29 1964-11-03 Texaco Inc Supported catalysts
US3168587A (en) * 1962-04-27 1965-02-02 Sinclair Research Inc Method of dehydrogenation
US3421859A (en) * 1964-12-30 1969-01-14 Whirlpool Co Inert atmosphere generator

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4090476A (en) * 1975-11-18 1978-05-23 Stav, Praha, Vyrobni Stavebni Druzstvo Stredisko Monta Method and apparatus for the combustion of gaseous or liquid fuels
EP0028046A1 (de) * 1979-10-25 1981-05-06 Bretec Benelux B.V. Heisswasserkessel
US20060035182A1 (en) * 2004-08-13 2006-02-16 Hesse David J Detonation safety in microchannels
US8517717B2 (en) * 2004-08-13 2013-08-27 Velocys, Inc. Detonation safety in microchannels
US20060222578A1 (en) * 2005-03-10 2006-10-05 Peter Veenstra Method of starting up a direct heating system for the flameless combustion of fuel and direct heating of a process fluid
US8016589B2 (en) * 2005-03-10 2011-09-13 Shell Oil Company Method of starting up a direct heating system for the flameless combustion of fuel and direct heating of a process fluid
US20110129205A1 (en) * 2009-11-30 2011-06-02 Emerson Electric Co. Flow-through heater

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2215101A1 (de) 1972-11-02
CA944233A (en) 1974-03-26
JPS5036892B1 (de) 1975-11-28
ATA268072A (de) 1975-03-15
DE2215101B2 (de) 1977-05-05
CH557991A (de) 1975-01-15
DD98747A5 (de) 1973-07-05
FR2136125A5 (de) 1972-12-22
AT326802B (de) 1975-12-29
NO134596B (de) 1976-08-02
GB1382084A (en) 1975-01-29
NO134596C (de) 1976-11-10

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