US3776757A - Electrographic formation of dye images - Google Patents

Electrographic formation of dye images Download PDF

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Publication number
US3776757A
US3776757A US00291486A US3776757DA US3776757A US 3776757 A US3776757 A US 3776757A US 00291486 A US00291486 A US 00291486A US 3776757D A US3776757D A US 3776757DA US 3776757 A US3776757 A US 3776757A
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Prior art keywords
dye
image
toner particle
images
receiving element
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D Eastman
J Chechak
S Merrill
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Eastman Kodak Co
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Eastman Kodak Co
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/12—Developers with toner particles in liquid developer mixtures
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/06—Developing
    • G03G13/10—Developing using a liquid developer, e.g. liquid suspension

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT The present invention relates to an electrographic method for the formation of water-soluble dye images.
  • An electrostatic charge pattern is developed using a liquid developer having toner particles containing a polymeric material which is normally hydrophobic, but which is readily convertible to a hydrophilic form when contacted by an activating solution of appropriate pH.
  • the toner particle image is formed on a hydrophobic surface and is contacted with the activating solution to convert the toner particle image to hydrophilic form.
  • the hydrophilic toner particle image is then contacted with a water-soluble dye solution to preferentially deposit dye on the hydrophilic toner image. If desired, the dye image thus formed may be transferred to a suitable receiver element.
  • Electrographic imaging processes and techniques are well known in the art. These processes generally have in common the steps of forming an electrostatic latent charge image onan insulating surface and the development of this charge pattern .to form the visible image by the selective deposition thereon of finely-divided electrostatically attractable toner or marking particles.
  • these toner or marking particles contain a resinous binder and, in addition, there may be associated with the resin a colorant material such as a pigment or dye.
  • the visible image thus formed may be transferred to another support, such as a sheet of paper, or the visible images formed by the marking particles may be fixed to the insulating layer on which it is deposited to form a permanent image.
  • the electrostatic charge pattern is made visible by the use of water soluble dyes.
  • the use of various water-soluble dyes to form visible electrographic images has been found particularly useful in the formation of multiple color elecformation of water-soluble dye images, it would be desirable to have available a means for controlling dye image density independent of and in addition to the electrostatic charge differential associated with conventional electrographic imaging processes such as the electrophotographic process. For example, if such independent means of color control were available, various color correction problems could be handled more easily.
  • a liquid development system is used for the formation of an image corresponding to the latent electrostatic charge pattern carried on an insulating substrate such as a photoconductive composition.
  • various problems have been associated with the useof such liquid developers.
  • these developers contain a synthetic resin having associated therewith the water-soluble dye as a colorant material.
  • One problem relating to this type of liquid developer has been the fact that it is difficult to find a colorant-binder combination having the proper hue and possessing the proper electrical charge characteristics for use in a liquid development system. Problems of this type are discussed, for example, in British Patent 1,016,581.
  • the colorant material may have the proper electrical charge characteristics and/or hue it may be difficult to find a binder material suitable for use with such a colorant.
  • a binder material suitable for use with such a colorant For example, it has been found that various hydrophilic binder materials useful with water-soluble dyes such as poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), etc. such as is described in Chechak, U.S. application Ser. No. 58,191,.
  • an electrostatic charge pattern carried on an electrically insulating surface is developed utilizing a liquid developer composed of a liquid carrier having admixed therein toner particles containing a polymeric material which is normally hydrophobic, but which is readily convertible to a hydrophilic form when contacted by an activating solution of appropriate acidity or'bascisity as described hereinafter.
  • the developed toner particle image is formed directly on a hydrophobic surface or transferred to a receiving element having a hydrophobic surface. Subsequently the developed image carried on the hydrophobic surface is contacted with the aforementioned activating solution to form the hydrophilic form of the polymeric toner particle image.
  • the dye contained in said solution is preferentially deposited on said hydrophilic form of the polymer. Subsequently, if desired, the dye image corresponding to said toner particle image may be transferred to a suitable receiver element.
  • the aqueous water-soluble dye solution and activation solution may comprise separate solutions or a single treatment vehicle having a suitable pH and containing dissolved therein a water-soluble dye.
  • the hydrophobic polymeric toner particle image is converted to its hydrophilic fonn, and, substantially simultaneously therewith, the image, now in its hydrophilic form, is colored with the water-soluble dye contained in the activating solution.
  • the dye image may then be transferred to a suitable receiver element.
  • Such a mode of operation may be particularly advantageous where the electrostatic charge pattern to be developed is formed on a reusable electrographic element, e.g. a reusable electrophotographic element containing a radiation sensitive photoconductive layer.
  • the process of the present invention offers several significant advantages over many of the known techniques used to form watersoluble dye images corresponding to an electrostatic charge pattern.
  • the color-forming operation becomes primarily a matter of chemical and physical processing independent of electrographic development, thereby providing an additional colorimetric control.
  • the process uses only a single electrographic developer composition for reproducing multiple color images whereas many conventional processes require a separate electrographic developer for each separate color to be reproduced.
  • apparatus and machine requirements are less complex than those of many conventional multi-color electrographic systems which require separate electrographic developer application mechanisms, etc. for each separate developer.
  • the liquid developer used in the process of the present invention contains toner particles composed of hydrophobic resins, rather than hydrophilic resins.
  • the toner particles are compatible with conventional hydrocarbon carrier liquids, exhibiting greater stability and less tendency to agglomerate than hydrophilic resin marking particles employed in some liquid developers used with water soluble dye colorants.
  • polymers useful in the present invention are polymers containing as a repeating unit thereof a group derived from an ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomer, said repeating unit having attached thereto a moiety capable of forming a salt when contacted with an activating solution of appropriate pH.
  • moieties are acidic moieties, such as carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, etc., and basic moieties such as nitrogen-containing moieties, eg., amino styrene, vinyl pyridine, etc.
  • Polymers such as those described above may be formed by a number or well-known methods.
  • a polymer formed from one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as the soluble"and insoluble" monomers described hereinafter may be prepared.
  • substituents containing an acidic moiety or a basic moiety may be attached to the repeating units forming the backbone chain of the polymer.
  • Useful acidic and basic moieties are described in greater detail hereinafter in connection with a preferred embodiment of the invention wherein the polymeric materials are formed from polymerizable monomers which initially contain an acidic or basic moiety.
  • the amount of acidic or basic moieties which should be incorporated in the resultant polymer to form a polymeric material capable of being converted to hydrophilic form when contacted by an activating solution of appropriate pH may vary.
  • the resultant polymer contains repeating units having basic moieties attached thereto, from about 10 to about 50 percent by weight of the polymer should be composed of repeating units having a basic moiety attached thereto.
  • the resultant polymer contains repeating units having acidic moieties attached thereto, from about I to about 30 percent by weight of the polymer should be composed of repeating units having an acidic moiety attached thereto.
  • the polymeric material comprising the toner particles is a polymerized blend of ethylenically unsaturated monomers, at least a portion of said monomers containing a moiety capable of forming a salt when contacted with an activating solution of appropriate pH.
  • Typical of such monomers are polymerizable monomers containing acidic moieties, such as carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, etc., or basic moieties, such as amino styrene, vinyl pyridine, etc.
  • useful polymerizable acidic organic monomers generally are materials containing (a) 3 to 15 carbon atoms, (b) polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated moiety (ie.
  • an acidic moiety including preferably carboxylic acid moieties (ie. --COOH) and the anhydrides and partial alkyl esters thereof; however, sulfonic acid moieties (ie. -SO H) may also be useful.
  • Representative carboxylic acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, vinyl benzoic acid, maleic acid, etc.
  • the anhydrides include, for example, maleic anhydride.
  • partial ester has reference to the half acid, half ester of an ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, for example ethyl hydrogen maleate.
  • Such polymerizable acidic organic materials containing sulfonic acid groups include materials such as sulfoalkyl acrylates and methacrylates having the formula:
  • R is hydrogen or alkyl typically containing 1 to about 2 carbon atoms and Ris an alkylene or alkylidene group typically containing 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.
  • the carboxylic acids, and the anhydrides and partial alkyl esters thereof are generally preferred for use as the above-described acidic organic materials,- rather than the sulfonic acid materials, because of the relatively higher degree of hydrophilicity exhibited by copolymers having a substantial number of repeating units containing a sulfonic acid moiety.
  • sulfonic acid-containing materials are used as the monomeric acidic constituent of the copolymeric toners used in the present invention, smaller amounts of the acidic component should be employed than would otherwise be the case if a carboxylic acid, or anhydride or partial alkyl ester thereof, etc. were used as the acidic constituent.
  • the amount of the polymerizable acidic organic monomeric material useful in making the copolymeric toner materials employed in the present invention generally constitutes from about 1 to about 30 percent by weight of the monomeric blend (based on the dry weight of the blend absent any solvent or dispersion media) which is copolymerized to form the resultant copolymeric toner materials.
  • Typical polymerizable basic monomers useful in forming the copolymer toner particles employed in the present invention are basic monomers preferably comprising 2 to about 19 carbon atoms and having the following formula:
  • R represents hydrogen; a halogen such as fluorine, bromine, chlorine, or iodine; or an aliphatic alicyclic radical comprising 1-8 carbon atoms; and where R is a basic moiety typically comprising 0 to about carbon atoms. Particularly good results are obtained where R represents a nitrogen-containing moiety, including aliphatic, carbocyclic, and heterocyclic moieties, comprising 0 to about 12 carbon atoms.
  • Various useful such monomers include amino styrene, vinyl amine, vinyl pyridine, amino substituted alkyl methacrylates and acrylates, vinyl imidazole, etc.
  • vinyl pyridine provides an especially suitable such monomer because copolymers formed from such a monomer have been found to provide toner particles for a liquid developer which are extremely stable and resistant to agglomeration and settling.
  • the amount of basic monomer useful in forming the copolymers employed in the toner particles of the present invention typically constitutes from about 10 to about 50 percent by weight of the monomeric blend (based on the dry weight of the blend absent any solvent or dispersion media) which is copolymerized to form the resultant copolymeric toner material.
  • the remaining monomers used to form the polymers employed in the toner particles of the present invention may be selected from a wide variety of well-known polymerizable monomers useful in forming hydrophobic polymeric toner particles for liquid developers.
  • Representative of said monomers are polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated materials such as styrene eg. halogenated, alkyl, and alkoxy styrenes, alkyl acrylates and methacrylates, vinyl alkyl ethers, vinyl esters of aliphatic acids, etc.
  • the remaining monomers used to form the copolymers employed in the toner particles used in the invention may, as noted above, be selected from a variety of monomers, it has been found particularly useful, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, to utilize in the toner particles at least one copolymer prepared from a blend of monomers as described in detail hereinafter. These preferred copolymers have been found to provide toner particles which are extremely stable and exhibit good replenishment properties.
  • Such preferred polymers are prepared from a monomeric blend and are generally characterized by a dispersibility ratio in the liquid carrier greater than about 0.825.
  • the dispersibility ratio of a particular copolymer in a particular developer carrier liquid is defined by the following test. A 4.0 gram quantity of copolymer to be tested is admixed into one liter of a particular developer carrier liquid using a Waring or Polytron Blender operating within the range of 10,000 to 18,000 rpm. The mixture is then centrifuged at 34,000 G forces for about minutes. At the end of this time, the mixture is analyzed to determine the amount of polymer which has precipitated.
  • useful polymers should be dispersible to the extent that at least about 3.3 grams of the original 4.0 gram quantity of polymer remain suspended or dissolved in the carrier liquid after centrifuging.
  • the dispersibility ratio is then calculated as the amount of polymer which remains suspended in the carrier liquid divided by the 4.0 grams of polymer originally mixed into the carrier liquid.
  • a dispersibility ratio of 0.825 is equivalent to 3.3 divided by 4.0.
  • Exemplary of various additional monomers which may be utilized together with the acidic or basic monomers described hereinabove to form the above-noted preferred copolymeric toner particles for use in the present invention are soluble monomers, and insoluble monomers as set forth in Stahly and Merrill, U.S. application Ser. No. 149,851, filed June 3, 1971, incorporated herein by reference thereto.
  • soluble"monomeric moieties which can be copolymerized to form the polymer used in the liquid developer of the invention are generally those moieties which, when polymerized,-are capable of forming a homopolymer having an inherent viscosity as hereinafter defined of from about 0.4 about 0.5 in chloroform at room temperature (about 25C.) and a solubility (at 25C) in the carrier liquid to the extent that at least 5 parts by weight of polymer are soluble in parts by weight of carrier liquid.
  • insoluble has reference to a monomeric moiety, a homopolymer of which, under the aforementioned viscosity conditions, is soluble in the carrier liquid to the extent of less than about 1 part by weight of polymer per 99 parts by weight of carrier liquid.
  • Representative soluble moieties which generally can be copolymerized to form the polymer used in the liquid developers of the invention may be selected from the following group:
  • alkyl styrenes such as compounds having the formula GE -CH2 where R is an alkyl having from about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety;
  • alkoxy styrenes such as compounds having the formula where R is an alkyl having from about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety, for example, p-
  • alkyl methacrylates such as compounds having the formula where R is an alkyl having from about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety; and mixtures thereof. Other soluble moieties may also be used.
  • Preferred soluble moieties which may be used in preparing the polymers contained in the liquid developers used in the invention generally include the following:
  • alkyl styrene having from about to about 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety
  • alkyl acrylates and methacrylates having from about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety
  • Typical moieties or groups which can be so used include the following:
  • inherent viscosity is defined by the following formula: 1 ln [1 solution/17 solvent]/ C wherein 17 solution is the viscosity of the solution, 17 solvent is the viscosity of the solvent and C is the concentration in grams per ml. of the polymer solvent. The determination is made at a concentration of 0.25 grams of polymer in 100 ml. of chloroform at a temperature of 25C.
  • polymers used in the preparation of the liquid developers of the invention may also contain, if desired, at least one insoluble monomer copolymerized with the aforementioned soluble monomers.
  • insoluble monomers which may be suitable for being so copolymerized include the following:
  • styrene selected from the group of styrene, methylstyrene, methoxystyrene and a halogenated styrene;
  • alkyl acrylates having from about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety
  • alkyl methacrylates having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety
  • Preferred insoluble monomers which may be used in preparing the polymers contained in the developers used in the present invention generally include the following:
  • alkyl acrylates having from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety
  • alkyl methacrylates having from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety
  • styrene a-methyl styrene ethyl acrylate methyl acrylate butyl acrylate ethyl methacrylate propyl methacrylate butyl methacrylate vinyl acetate vinyl propionate vinyl butyrate and mixtures thereof.
  • the choice of particular soluble or insoluble monomeric moieties is determined by a number of factors.
  • the degree of solubility in the carrier liquid may be controlled by proper adjustment of the ratio of soluble moiety to insoluble moiety.
  • the nature of the particular soluble monomeric moiety such as the degree of solubility of a homopolymer comprising it, will influence the particular insoluble monomeric moiety chosen to copolymerize with it to give the final copolymer. For example, if the soluble monomer is one having a relatively long alkyl group attached to it, rendering a polymer containing it relatively soluble, the insoluble monomer is desirably one having a relatively short alkyl group attached to it, to balance the properties.
  • useful polymers of the present invention are dispersible in the carrier liquid to the extent that if a 4.0 gram quantity of polymer is added to one liter of carrier, at least about 3.3 grams will remain dispersed therein after centrifuging the mixture at 34,000 G forces for about 60 minutes.
  • the polymers comprising the liquid developers of the invention may be prepared by an addition polymerization reaction wherein all of the component monomers are combined in a reaction vessel in a reaction medium, such as dioxane, and a suitable free radical initiator.
  • a reaction medium such as dioxane
  • a suitable free radical initiator such as a sulfonate
  • the vessel containing the solution is then flushed with an inert gas, such as nitrogen, and heated to a temperature sufficient for the polymerization reaction to proceed at a reasonable rate.
  • the temperature in general, is above room temperature and preferably about 40 to 100 C.
  • Polymers produced according to this procedure typically have an inherent viscosity, as hereinbefore defined and measured, in the range of from about 0.1 to about 0.8.
  • the resultant polymers typically contain (a) one or more different recurring units derived from soluble monomers, said units containing no .acidic or basic side chain moiety and (b) one or more different recurring units containing as a side chain an acidic or basic moiety. If desired, the polymers may also contain as a recurring unit thereof one or more different units derived from insoluble monomers.
  • a typical polymer used in the liquid developers of the invention may contain from about 10 to about 70 weight percent of recurring units derived from soluble monomers, said units containing no acidic or basic side chain moiety and from about to about 65 weight percent of recurring units derived from insoluble monomers.
  • the dispersibility of the polymer can be adjusted as desired by proper balancing of the relative abundance of the soluble and insoluble monomers.
  • Mechanical properties such as abrasion resistance, and fixability of the resultant toner image can also be adjusted by properly balancing t s atteatt t mp nen qtbse msa
  • the relative abundance of the various starting monomers in the polymerization medium is not always indicative of the percentage composition to be expected in the resultant polymer.
  • acrylic monomers are used as starting materials, for example, it is found that the composition of the polymer bears a very close correlation to the relative abundance in the starting solution, whereas when styrenes are used as starting materials, the correlation is not so close.
  • Such deviations are well known to the polymerchemist, and one skilled in the art should readily be able to produce such variations in composition as may be desired to meet particular requirements.
  • Liquid developers containing the polymers described herein typically comprise a dispersion of the polymer in a suitable carrier liquid.
  • a common method of preparing such a dispersion is solvent milling. A quantity of the polymer is dissolved in a suitable solvent and the solution placed in a ball mill. Other additives such as charge control agents which may be desirable are added to the mix and the whole milled for a suitable time, typically up to a week.
  • a viscous solution of the polymer is placed on compounding rolls having chilled (5 to 10C.) water passing through the cooling system. Other additives are then placed on the rolls and thoroughly mixed and blended with the polymer. After passing the complete mix through the mill several times to completely blend the ingredients, the mix is removed.
  • Liquid developers are made from the toner concentrate formed as above by dispersing the concentrate in a suitable electrically insulating carrier liquid.
  • Carrier liquids which may be used to form such developers can be selected from a wide variety of materials.
  • the liquid has a low dielectric constant and a very high electrical resistance such that it will not disturb or destroy the electrostatic charge pattern being developed.
  • useful carrier liquids should have a dielectric constant of less than about 3, should have a volume resistivity greater than about 10 ohm-cm, preferably greater than about 10 ohm-cm, and should be stable under a variety of conditions.
  • Suitable carrier liquids include halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, for example, fluorinated lower alkanes, such as trichloromonofluoromethane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, etc., having a boiling range typically from about 2C. to about 55C.
  • fluorinated lower alkanes such as trichloromonofluoromethane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, etc.
  • Other hydrocarbon solvents are useful, such as isoparaffinic hydrocarbons having a boiling range of from about C. to about C, such as Isopar G (Humble Oil and Refining Co.) or cyclohydro-carbons such as cyclohexane.
  • Additional carrier liquids which may be useful in certain situations include polysiloxanes, odorless mineral spirits, octane, etc.
  • the activating solutions utilized in the process of the present invention are selected to have a pH appropriate to convert the acidic or basic organic moieties contained in the copolymeric toner particles described hereinabove to a hydrophilic salt form. That is, if the toner powder particles selected contain an acidic organic moiety capable of being converted to its hydrophilic salt form, the activating solutions selected should have a basic pH, i.e. a pH greater than 7.0, in order to convert the acidic organic moiety to its hydrophilic form. On the other hand, if the toner powder particles utilized in the present invention contain a basic organic moiety capable of being converted to its hydrophilic form, then the activating solution selected should have an acidic pH, i.e.
  • the activating solution comprises a mixture of an acid or base in a suitable polar solvent such as an aqueous media, e.g. water, water-alcohol mixtures, etc.
  • a suitable polar solvent such as an aqueous media, e.g. water, water-alcohol mixtures, etc.
  • the activating solution comprises a mixture of an acid or base in a suitable polar solvent such as an aqueous media, e.g. water, water-alcohol mixtures, etc.
  • the relative proportion of acid and solvent may vary within a relatively wide range.
  • the acid activating solutions have a pH less than about 6.5, preferably below about 5.0.
  • the particular acid utilized to acidify the activating solution is not critical.
  • the particular acid selected typically is chosen on the basis of its compatibility with other addenda which may be present in the activating solution, for example, water soluble dyes which advantageously are incorporated in an aqueous activating solution according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • the acid selected should not have a deleterious effect on the toner particle image contacted by the activating solution.
  • Typical acids which may be employed include the following: acetic acid, chloroacetic acid, formic acid, acrylic acid, glycolic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, potassium bisulfate, propionic acid, and mixtures thereof.
  • An activating solution which has been found to work well and is compatible with the components utilized in a typical electrostatic toner particle image bearing element and conventional water soluble dyes is an aqueous acetic acid solution.
  • the basic activating solutions may also have a quite varied composition. So long as the basic activating solution has a suitable basic character to convert the acidic organic moiety of the polymeric toner image to its hydrophilic salt form, the particular composition thereof is not critical.
  • Typical basic activating solutions utilized in the present invention have 1 pH greater than about 7.5, preferably from about 8.0 to about 13.0.
  • a particular base selected for use in the activating solution is chosen primarily on the basis of its compatibility with other system components.
  • Typical solvents useful in the basic activating solution are polar solvents such as an aqueous media, eg. water, water-alcohol mixtures, etc.
  • a particular basic material for a particular basic activating solution will depend upon the other materials utilized in the process such as the composition of the toner image-bearing substrate, any water soluble dyes which may be incoroporated together with the basic component in an aqueous basic activating solution utilized according to a preferred embodiment of the incorporated etc.
  • bases which may be employed are the following: ammonia, hydroxylamine, methylamine, quanidine, hydrazine, trimethylamine, acetamidine, imidazole, N-methylpyrrolidine, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, trisodium phosphate, tetramethylammonium hydroxide.
  • the water-soluble dyes utilized in the present invention may be applied to the toner particle image which has been converted to its hydrophilic form as a separate aqueous dye solution or, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the water-soluble dye may be incorporated in an aqueous activating solution and applied to the polymeric toner particle image simultaneously with the activating solution. In the latter case, the toner particle image is substantially simultaneously converted to a hydrophilic form and colored by the water-soluble dye contained in the aqueous treatment solution.
  • the toner particle image is formed on a substrate which is hydrophobic relative to the polymeric toner particle image which has been converted to its hydrophilic form by the activating solution, the water soluble dye contacting the image-bearing surface is preferentially attracted to the hydrophilic toner particle image.
  • the mechanism may be an absorption, imbibition, adsorption, a type of mordanting phenomena, or a combination of the above.
  • An acidic water-soluble dye is a water-soluble dye having as substituents at least one acid radical selected from sulfonic acid or carboxy acid radicals which are capable of forming salts with alkaline metals commonly used in the dye trade, such as so dium, potassium, lithium, etc.
  • This term also includes the salts of such dyes, for example, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, triphenylguanidine, diphenylguanidine, di-o-tolylguanidine, aminoguanidine, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, copper, calcium, and barium salts.
  • Other salts in addition to those noted above could also be used.
  • a basic water-soluble dye is a water-soluble dye having as substituents at least one amino or substituted amino radical and which is typically used as the hydrohalide (for example, hydrochloride, etc.), sulfate, nitrate, etc.
  • Substituents for the amino group can be an alkyl group having from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, and may be a straight or branched chain alkyl group, e.g., methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, hexyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethy1pentyl, etc.; and aryl groups, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, etc., including substituted aryl groups bearing such substituents as alkyl as defined above, amino, including substituted amino, nitro, halogen and the like.
  • dyes to be employed in the process of the present invention are generally determined by their solubility and spectral absorption characteristics.
  • the dyes utilized may be chosen from a wide variety of known dye classes.
  • dyes selected from the following classes are useful: nitro, azo, including disazo, etc., arylmethane incuding 'di-and tri-arylmethane, methine, anthrapyridones, in-
  • R is an alkyl radical of from 1 to 12 carbon atoms with 1 to 7 carbon atoms being preferred or a phenyl radical, including substituted phenyl such as tolyl, xylyl, etc.
  • R is an alkyl group of from 1 to 7 carbon atoms with l to 4 carbonatomsbeing preferred m t y hsn i%z?- av t rshfis ylf e s.
  • many basic dyes can be used, including the following illustrative materials:
  • Rhodamine B, C 45170 Astraphloxine FF, CI. 48070 Methylene Blue BX, CI. 52015 Toluidine Blue, CI.
  • the mordantable acid dyes especially have been found highly useful because of their mordantability which permits dye images formed from these dyes to be easily superimposed one on top of the other to form sharp, multiple dye images on a single dye receiving sheet.
  • the mordantability of these dyes is especially useful in such a multiple image superimposition process as it prevents the tendency of a previously formed dye image from deteriorating due to diffusion or wandering of the dyes which tends to occur during a subsequent dye transfer operation.
  • Suitable mordantable dyes include those dyes often referred to in the dye trade as dye-transfer dyes.
  • the electrostatic charge image utilized in the process of the present inventon may be formed by a variety of well-known techniques.
  • a typical electrographic electrostatic image may be formed employing any of a number of well-known photoconductive materials including inorganic photoconductors, organic photoconductors and organo-metallic photoconductors.
  • a typical electrophotographic process involves uniform charging of the photoconductive element followed by subsequent image-wise exposure, thereby forming an electrostatic charge pattern corresponding to the image-wise exposure. Such a process can be developed to form either positive or negative images of the original exposed image. This may be done simply by the appropriate use of development electrodes in the development process, all of which is well-known in the electrographic art.
  • electrostatic latent image may be also used, such as persistent conductivity image formation wherein a phtotoconductive surface is exposed to an optical image to form a latent conductivity image which is then subjected to an electrical charge using, for example, a corona charge device.
  • a corona charge device In such a process the latent conductivity areas, being conductive,
  • electrostatic imaging techniques which may be used include electrostatic printing or recording by the use of imagewise charging electrodes. Further detail concerning persistent conductivity imaging process and electrographic printing processes may be found, for example, in the book entitled Electrophotography" by R.M. Schaffert, chapters IV and IX, respectively, published by The Focal Press in 1965.
  • the next step utilized in the present invention involves the development of that charge pattern using the liquid developer containing the polymeric toner materials developed by contacting the charge pattern with the liquid developers described hereinabove. This may be accomplished by a variety of techniques such as rolling the liquid developer over the charge pattern-bearing element, dipping the charge pattern-bearing element into a tank or trough containing the liquid developer, spraying the liquid developer onto the electrostatic charge pattern bearing element, etc.
  • the toner particle image pattern may be subjected to the above-described activating solution and dye solutions.
  • the polymeric toner particle image pattern ay first be transferred to a receiver element and then subjected to the activating solution and dye solutions.
  • This latter embodiment is especially advantageous where, for example, one is utilizing a reusable charge bearing element for the formation of the electrostatic image pattern. in such case, it may be desirable to transfer the toner particle image as soon as possible so that the charge bearing element may be recycled for use in a subsequent electrostatic imaging operation.
  • the toner particle image be carried on a substantially hydrophobic surface when contacted with the activating solution and dye solutions. This is to insure that good dye image differential is ultimately obtained.
  • the particular hydrophobic surface chosen should further be characterized as a hydrophobic material which is chemically inert with respect to the activating solution. That is, the hydrophobic surface should be composed of a material or materials which are not converted to a hydrophilic substance when contacted with the activating solutions.
  • hydrophilic and hydrophobic as used throughout the present specification and claims are used in accordance with their conventional meaning.
  • a hydrophobic material is a material lacking an affinity for water
  • a hydrophilic material is a material having a strong affinity for water, i.e., water is readily absorbed or adsorbed thereto.
  • the hydrophobic surface on which the polymeric toner particles of the present invention are carried- may be composed of a variety of various substances including a large number of organic materials including synthetic and natural organic materials such as various polymers, rosins, waxes, etc., to impart hydrophobicity to the surface.
  • a partial listing of suitable hudrophobic materials includes polyacrylamides, polyamides, cellulose acetate butyrate, poly(vinylacetate), poly(vinyl chloride), Polyethylene, poly( ethylene terephthalate), polystyrene, poly(vinylbutural), bisphenol A polycarbonate, unhydrolyzed cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, cumar resin, shellac, poly( methyl methacrylate), alkydo, silicone resins.
  • the resultant image may then be dried and fixed to form a useable dye toner particle image.
  • the dye image may be transferred to another receiving sheet, for example, a mordantcontaining receiving sheet, to form a more permanent dye image.
  • This latter embodiment is especially useful where one wishes to obtain a more stable permanent dye image.
  • the mordant reacts with the dye of the toner particle image to form a stable, fixed dyemordant image on the receiving surface.
  • a variety of well-known mordanting compounds may be used in this embodiment of the invention. Such mordants are thoroughly familiar to those acquainted with the use of water-soluble acid and basic dyes.
  • the particular mordants selected are not critical and generally are selected on the basis of their utility with the particular acid or basic water soluble dyes used in the process of the present invention.
  • the image-receiving surface used in this embodiment of the invention can contain basic mordants such as polymeric aminoquanidine derivatives of vinyl methyl ketone such as described in the Minsk, U. S. Pat. No. 2,882,l56 granted Apr. 14, 1959, and basic polymeric mordants such as described in copending US. Application Ser. No. 100,491 of Cohen et al. filed Dec. 21, 1970, now US. Pat. No. 3,709,690.
  • mordants useful in the invention include poly(4-vinylpyridine), poly(2-vinyl-N- methylpyridinium p-toluene sulfonate), and similar compounds described in Sprague et al. U. S. Pat. No. 2,484,430 granted Oct. 1 l, 1949, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, etc. Effective mordanting compositions are also described in Whitmore U. 8. Pat. No. 3,271,148 and Bush US. Pat. No. 3,271,147.
  • the mordanting compositions described in the Whitmore patent comprise at least one hydrophilic organic colloid containing a finely-divided, uniform dispersion of droplets or globules of a high-boiling, water-immiscible organic solvent in which is dissolved a high concentration of a cationic, nonpolymeric, organic dyemordanting compound for acid dyes.
  • the mordanting compositions described in the Bush patent comprise at least one hydrophilic organic colloid containing a finely divided, uniform dispersion of particles of a salt of an organic acidic composition containing free acid moieties and a cationic, nonpolymeric, organic dyemordanting compound for acid dyes.
  • Useful cationic or basic organic dye-mordanting compounds for dyes include quaternary ammonium and phosphonium, and ternary sulfonium compounds in which there is linked to the N, P or S onium atom at least one hydrophobic ballast group such as long-chain alkyl or substituted alkyl groups.
  • the dye-image receiving surface contains a hydrophilic, organic colloid layer such as N- methoxymethyl poly(hexamethylene adipamide); partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate); poly(vinyl alchohol) with or without plasticizers; cellulose acetate; gelatin; and other materials of a similar nature.
  • a hydrophilic, organic colloid layer such as N- methoxymethyl poly(hexamethylene adipamide); partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate); poly(vinyl alchohol) with or without plasticizers; cellulose acetate; gelatin; and other materials of a similar nature.
  • the dyeimage receiving surface may be sufficient by itself to mordant the dye as in the case with the aforementioned colloids which are alkaline solution-permeable layers.
  • the imagereceiving layer is about 0.25 to about 0.04 mil in thickness. This thickness, of course, can be modified depending upon the result desired.
  • the image-receiving layer can also contain ultraviolet
  • the present invention is especially useful in providing multiple color copies of an original image pattern. It will be understood, of course, that the invention has application in any embodiment wherein it is desired to form a water-soluble dye image of an original image pattern using an electrographic imaging system. However, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention has particular applicability to multiple color electrographic systems wherein it is desired to form color copies of an original image pattern composed of multiple colors.
  • a multiple-colored composite dye image copy of an original image pattern may be prepared in accord with the present invention as follows: a series of color separation positive images corresponding to the original image pattern are prepared. Preparation of such color separation images are well-known in the photographic and electrographic arts and extended discussion thereof is deemed unnecessary.
  • color separation images are formed by preparing a separate color copy of the original image pattern corresponding to each of the primary colors, ie. red, blue, and green. If desired, a separate color separation image may also be made corresponding to the black color of the original image pattern.
  • the resultant color separation images may then be used to form individual electrostatic charge images, one charge image corresponding to each color separation image, on electrographic elements, e.g. organic photoconductor-containing elements.
  • electrographic elements e.g. organic photoconductor-containing elements.
  • each electrostatic charge separation image is developed with a liquid developer containing hydrophobic toner particles which are convertible to hydrophilic form, as described hereinabove to form a series of toner particle images corresponding to the color separation images.
  • Each toner particle image is then contacted with an activating solution of appropriate pH and a suitably colored dye solution.
  • each toner particle separation image is treated with a dye solution having a color complementary to the original color separation image.
  • the toner particle image corresponding to the red color separation image is contacted with a dye solution containing a cyan dye as colorant;
  • the electrographic element containing a toner particle image corresponding to the blue separation image is contacted with a dye solution containing a yellow dye as colorant;
  • the electrographic element containing the toner particle image corresponding to the green color separation image is contacted with a dye solution containing a magenta dye as colorant.
  • each of the resultant dye-toner-particle images may be contacted one at a time in register to a receiving element having a suitable receiving surface such as a hydrophilic organic colloid as described hereinabove.
  • the dye images from each of the individual toner particle images are transferred in register and superimposed one on top of the other on the surface of the receiving element to form the final multiple color copy of the original image pattern.
  • the surface of the receiving element contains a mordant for the dye images to reduce any tendency for the individual dye images to migrate as they are transferred and superimposed one on top the other.
  • the process may be simplified by combining the activating solution with the dye solution so that the conversion of the hydrophobic toner particles to hydrophilic form may occur substantially simultaneously with the formation of the dye image on the toner particle image.
  • An electrographic liquid developer is prepared for use in Exs. l-3 as follows: A developer concentrate is admixed having the following compositon:
  • poly( 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine-co-methylmethacrylate-co-lauryl methacrylate) [this polymer has a monomer weight ratio of 30/45/24, respectively] 0.5 g.
  • Solvesso 100 (trademark of Humble Oil and Refining Co. used to identify an aromatic petroleum hydrocarbon having a flash point of lF., boiling range of 3l5-350F., and a composition, expressed in weight percent as follows: 96% aromatics including 9% xylenes, l6% monoalkyl benzenes, 36% dialkyl benzenes, 39% trialkyl benzenes; 4% aliphatics) 10 ml.
  • Uversol Cobalt Liquid purchased from Harshaw Chemical Co. (Uversol Colbalt Liquid is a trademark used to identify a colbalt naphthenate-containing liquid containing 6 percent by weight colbalt.) 2 ml.
  • a working developer is prepared from the abovedescribed concentrate by slowly pouring the concentrate into a Polytron-Waring Blendor containing S00 ml. of lsopar G (lsopar G is a trademark of Humble Oil and Refining Co., used to identify a liquid mixture of isoparaffinic hydrocarbons having a boiling point in the range of C to C).
  • lsopar G is a trademark of Humble Oil and Refining Co., used to identify a liquid mixture of isoparaffinic hydrocarbons having a boiling point in the range of C to C.
  • Example 1 Formation of the dye-colored images on three separate recording layers containing the transferred polymer images A sheet of organic photoconductive element is uniformly charged to a negative surface potential of 600 volts with a corona charging device. An electrostatic, halftone image is produced by contact exposing the charged photoconductive element with a separation positive transparency (a record of the red information of the original scene) illuminated with tungsten radiation.
  • the electrostatic image is then developed in the liquid developer described above comprising finely divided particles of poly(2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine-comethyl methacrylate-co-lauryl methacrylate), having a monomer weight ratio 30/45/25, suspended in lsopar G.
  • These polymer toner particles when suspended in the lsopar G, assume a positive polarity with respect to the carrier liquid and are therefore attracted to the negative electrostatic charge on the photoconductive surface.
  • the polymer toner particle image is then electrostatically transferred to a separate receiving element comprising a poly(ethylene terephthalate) support bearing a thin electrically conductive hydrophobic surface layer of cellulose nitrate containing cuprous iodide. After rinsing the surface of the receiving element containing the transferred toner particles briefly with lsopar G, the surface is dried with warm air.
  • the toner particle image is then dyed by immersing the layer for 30 seconds in a combined activating and dye solution.
  • the combined solution is an acidic, aqueous solution of 2 grams of 13660 Erio Fast Cyanine 5 (cyan dye marketed by Sandoz Color and Chemical Corporation, CI. 63010) in 400 ml distilled water, plus 10 ml glacial acetic acid. After rinsing the surface briefly with distilled water, the surface is blotted dry with a photographic blotter and the image permanently fused to the poly(ethylene terephthalate) element by heating in a oven at l05C for several seconds.
  • Polymer images corresponding to the blue and green information in the original scene are made in the same manner using yellow and magneta dye baths, respectively, on separate receiving elements.
  • the dye used to form the magneta dye solution is Brilliant Alizarine Light Red B (C.l. Acid Red 58 marketed by Sandoz Color and Chemical Corp.).
  • the dye used to form the yeelow dye solution is l-(p-sulfophenyl-3-methyl-4- (4,8-disulfonaphthyl-2-aso)-5-pyrazolone trisodium salt.
  • Example 2 Formation of the colored images on a single, separate recording layer This color transparency is made in essentially the same way as described in Example 1, except that all three colored images are formed on a single sheet of the electrically conducting surfaces receiving element.
  • Polymer images corresponding to the red, green, and blue records are formed and dyed in the cyan, magenta, and yellow acidic dye baths described in Example 1.
  • each of the dyed polymer images is fused on a hot plate at 300F for several seconds before subsequent transfers thereto. A full color transparency results.
  • Example 3 Formation of multiple colored image on a mordant-containing receiving element.
  • the charged layers are then developed for 30 seconds in an aluminum tray containing the abovedescribed liquid developer.
  • the charged surface of the photoconductive element is faced toward the aluminum bottom of the tray and during development a direct current bias potential of 50 volts is applied between he aluminum tray and the conducting layer of the photoconductive element to reduce spurious deposits of the polymer particles in the non-image areas.
  • a direct current bias potential of 50 volts is applied between he aluminum tray and the conducting layer of the photoconductive element to reduce spurious deposits of the polymer particles in the non-image areas.
  • the surface of the photoconductive layer is rinsed briefly with lsopar G and the image is fixed by warm air from a hair dryer.
  • Each of the matrices is then dyed in its respective cyan, magenta, and yellow aqueous activating-dye baths.
  • the activating-dye baths are prepared as follows: a dye solution containing dilutions of dye-transfer dye concentrates in a 1:16 weight ratio of dye concentrate aqueous media is prepared. The glacial acetic acid is added to each of the dye baths in the proportion of 20 ml of acid per 7 l ml of dye solution (working concentration).
  • the dyes in the polymer image material are transferred sequentially and in register to a receiving element comprising a paper base having a gelatin overcoat containing a basic mordant (this element in commercially available under the trademark of Kodak Dye Transfer paper), previously conditioned for onehalf hour in an aqueous solution containing acetic acid. This results in a full-color print.
  • Duplicate prints are made by re-dyeing the matrices and transferring the dyes to another sheet of dye transfer paper.
  • EXAMPLE 4 An electrographic liquid developer is prepared for I Example 4 utilizing a developer concentrate having the tant mixture which is used as the liquid developer of Example 4.
  • a sheet of organic photoconductive element is uniformly charged with a corona charger to a negative polarity potential of 500 volts and then contact exposed to a high contrast positive image transparency using tungsten illumination.
  • the charge-image bearing organic photoconductive element is developed by immersing the photoconductive element in the above-described liquid developer, rinsed with a substantially pure lsopar G rinse, and dried with warm air. As a result, a hydrophobic polymeric toner particle image corresponding to the original positive transparency is deposited on the surface of the photoconductive element.
  • the hydrophobic toner particle image-bearing pnotoconductive element is then immersed in a basic aqueous dye-containing activating solution composed of 0.5 gram of a basic dye Colour Index Basic Violet 15 having the tradename Sevron Brilliant Red 3B purchased from E.I. duPont Nemours and Co., 2 cc, of ammonium hydroxide, and 200 cc. of distilled water.
  • a basic dye-containing activating solution composed of 0.5 gram of a basic dye Colour Index Basic Violet 15 having the tradename Sevron Brilliant Red 3B purchased from E.I. duPont Nemours and Co., 2 cc, of ammonium hydroxide, and 200 cc. of distilled water.
  • the basic dye is absorbed to the polymeric toner particle image to form a hydrophilic dyed toner particle image.
  • the resultant dyed image may be briefly rinsed using distilled water.
  • an activating solution selected from the group consisting of a. acidic aqueous solutions having a pH less than about 7.0 when said hydrophobic polymer contains units having substituents selected from group 2) above, or
  • a multiple-color image is obtained by successively repeating (A) to (C) to form a series of individual dye-containing toner particle images, each of said images representing an individual color separation image of an original image, and superimposing said dye-containing toner particle images in register on a single receiving element to form a resultant multiple-color image.
  • a multiple-color water-soluble dye image is obtained by successively repeating (A) to (C) to form a series of individual dyecontaining toner particle images, each of said images representing an individual color separation image of an original image, and successively contacting each of said dye-containing toner particle images with a single receiving element to transfer and superimpose, in register, the dye images of said dye-containing toner particle images to the receiving element, said receiving element having a hydrophilic colloid layer comprising a mordant for each of said dye images.
  • a method of liquid developing an electrostatic charge pattern carried on an electrically insulating substrate to obtain a water-soluble dye image corresponding to the charge pattern the improvement which comprises A. forming on a hydrophobic surface an image of substantially colorless electrostatically attractable toner particles corresponding to such charge pattern by using a liquid developer comprising said toner particles admixed in a liquid carrier vehicle having a dielectric constant less than about 3.0 and a resistivity greater than about ohm-cm, said toner particles comprising a hydrophobic copolymer which contains as a repeating unit thereof a group derived from an ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomer comprising 2 to about l9 carbon atoms and a basic nitrogen-containing moi- B.
  • a method of liquid developing an electrostatic charge pattern carried on a hydrophobic surface of a photoconductive element to obtain a water-soluble dye image corresponding to the charge pattern comprising:
  • a multiple-color image is obtained by successively repeating (A) to (C) to form a series of individual dye-containing toner particle images, each of said images representing an individual color separation image of an original image, and superimposing said dye-containing toner particle images in register on a single receiving element to form a resultant multiple-color image.
  • a multiple-color water-soluble dye image is obtained by successively repeating (A) to (C) to form a series of individual dyecontaining toner particle images, each of said image representing an individual color separation image of an original image, and successively contacting each of said dye-containing toner particle images with a single receiving element to transfer and superimpose, in register, the dye images of said dye-containing toner particle images to the receiving element, said receiving element having a hydrophilic colloid layer comprising a mordant for each of said dye images.
  • a method of developing an electrostatic charge pattern carried on a hydrophobic surface of a photoconductive element to obtain a water-soluble dye image corresponding to the charge pattern comprising:
  • said basic nitrogen-containing moiety is selected from the group consisting of aminostyrene, vinyl amine, vinylpyridine, amino-substituted alkyl methacrylates, amino-substituted alkyl acrylates, and vinyl-imidazole.
  • a multiplecolor image is obtained by successively repeating (A) to (C) to form a series of individual dye-containing toner particle images, each of said images representing an individual color separation image of an original image, and superimposing said dye-containing toner particle images in register on a single receiving element to form a resultant multiple-color image.
  • a multiplecolor water-soluble dye image is obtained by successively repeating (A) to (C) to form a series of individual dye-containing toner particle images, each of said images representing an individual color separation image of an original image, and successively contacting each of said dye-containing toner particle images with a single receiving element to transfer and superimpose, in register, the dye images of said dye-containing toner particle images to the receiving element, said receiving element having a hydrophilic colloid layer comprising a mordant for each of said dye images.
  • a method of liquid developing an electrostatic charge pattern carried on the surface of a photoconductive element to subsequently obtain an imaged element having a water-soluble dye image corresponding to the charge pattern comprising:

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3974769A (en) * 1975-05-27 1976-08-17 International Business Machines Corporation Method and apparatus for recording information on a recording surface through the use of mists
US4040828A (en) * 1975-01-06 1977-08-09 Xerox Corporation Multicolor imaging method and imaged member employing combinations of transparent toner and colorant
US4156034A (en) * 1974-03-20 1979-05-22 Hitachi, Ltd. Liquid developer for electro photography
EP0077220A3 (en) * 1981-10-14 1983-09-07 Toray Industries, Inc. Graphic arts film and method of preparing same
US4760007A (en) * 1978-02-28 1988-07-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Process of developing latent electrostatic image using dry magnetic developer
WO1998013733A1 (en) * 1996-09-25 1998-04-02 Peter Custer Liquid nitrogen printing process and apparatus and toner composition
US5882833A (en) * 1994-11-03 1999-03-16 Zeneca Limited Toner resin composition employing a guanidine salt derivative
US6004707A (en) * 1997-03-19 1999-12-21 Fujitsu Limited Method and apparatus for forming image using an improved liquid developing technique
US20040087691A1 (en) * 2001-05-09 2004-05-06 Sivapackia Ganapathiappan Amphipathic polymer particles and methods of manufacturing the same

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4485091A (en) * 1980-07-15 1984-11-27 Quinoderm Limited Dermatological compositions

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4156034A (en) * 1974-03-20 1979-05-22 Hitachi, Ltd. Liquid developer for electro photography
US4040828A (en) * 1975-01-06 1977-08-09 Xerox Corporation Multicolor imaging method and imaged member employing combinations of transparent toner and colorant
US3974769A (en) * 1975-05-27 1976-08-17 International Business Machines Corporation Method and apparatus for recording information on a recording surface through the use of mists
US4760007A (en) * 1978-02-28 1988-07-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Process of developing latent electrostatic image using dry magnetic developer
EP0077220A3 (en) * 1981-10-14 1983-09-07 Toray Industries, Inc. Graphic arts film and method of preparing same
US5882833A (en) * 1994-11-03 1999-03-16 Zeneca Limited Toner resin composition employing a guanidine salt derivative
WO1998013733A1 (en) * 1996-09-25 1998-04-02 Peter Custer Liquid nitrogen printing process and apparatus and toner composition
US5761583A (en) * 1996-09-25 1998-06-02 Custer; Peter Liquid nitrogen printing process and apparatus and toner composition
US6004707A (en) * 1997-03-19 1999-12-21 Fujitsu Limited Method and apparatus for forming image using an improved liquid developing technique
US20040087691A1 (en) * 2001-05-09 2004-05-06 Sivapackia Ganapathiappan Amphipathic polymer particles and methods of manufacturing the same
US20050113497A9 (en) * 2001-05-09 2005-05-26 Sivapackia Ganapathiappan Amphipathic polymer particles and methods of manufacturing the same
US7220528B2 (en) * 2001-05-09 2007-05-22 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Amphipathic polymer particles and methods of manufacturing the same

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GB1398258A (en) 1975-06-18
FR2200554A1 (en:Method) 1974-04-19

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