US3772184A - Reforming petroleum hydrocarbons with catalysts promoted with gallium and rhenium - Google Patents

Reforming petroleum hydrocarbons with catalysts promoted with gallium and rhenium Download PDF

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US3772184A
US3772184A US00209304A US3772184DA US3772184A US 3772184 A US3772184 A US 3772184A US 00209304 A US00209304 A US 00209304A US 3772184D A US3772184D A US 3772184DA US 3772184 A US3772184 A US 3772184A
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reforming
hydrocarbon stream
naphtha
catalytic composition
catalyst
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R Bertolacini
D Kim
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Standard Oil Co
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Standard Oil Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G35/00—Reforming naphtha
    • C10G35/04—Catalytic reforming
    • C10G35/06—Catalytic reforming characterised by the catalyst used
    • C10G35/085—Catalytic reforming characterised by the catalyst used containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof
    • C10G35/09—Bimetallic catalysts in which at least one of the metals is a platinum group metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
    • B01J23/64—Platinum group metals with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/656—Manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/6567—Rhenium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
    • C09K8/64—Oil-based compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G35/00—Reforming naphtha
    • C10G35/04—Catalytic reforming
    • C10G35/06—Catalytic reforming characterised by the catalyst used
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G59/00—Treatment of naphtha by two or more reforming processes only or by at least one reforming process and at least one process which does not substantially change the boiling range of the naphtha
    • C10G59/02—Treatment of naphtha by two or more reforming processes only or by at least one reforming process and at least one process which does not substantially change the boiling range of the naphtha plural serial stages only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L7/00—Fuels produced by solidifying fluid fuels
    • C10L7/02—Fuels produced by solidifying fluid fuels liquid fuels

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT The catalyst comprises a hydrogenation component, a
  • the rhenium and the gallium may be present either in the elemental form or as compounds.
  • the preferred hydrogenation component is a Group VIII noble metal and the preferred porous refractory inorganic oxide is a catalytically active alu mina.
  • the reforming process comprises contacting a petroleum hydrocarbon stream in a reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with the above-described catalyst.
  • the process comprises contacting a partially-reformed hydrocarbon stream in a reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with the above catalyst.
  • the process comprises contacting a naphtha in a reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with the above catalyst.
  • the process comprises contacting the petroleum hydrocarbon stream in a first reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a first reforming catalyst to produce a first reformate and subsequently contacting the first reformate in a second reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a second reforming catalyst, said second reforming catalyst being the catalyst described in the preceding paragraph.
  • the reactions comprise dehydrogenation reactions, isomerization reactions, and hydrocracking reactions.
  • the dehydrogenation reactions include the dehydrogenation of cyclohexanes to aromatics, the dehydroisomerization of alkylcyclopentanes to aromatics, the dehydrogenation of paraffins to olefins, and the dehydrocyclization of paraffins and olefins to aromatics.
  • the isomerization reactions include isomerization of n-paraffins to isoparaffins, the hydroisomerization of olefins to isoparaffins, the isomerization of alkylcyclopentanes to cyclohexanes, and the isomerization of substituted aromatics.
  • hydrocracking reactions include hydrocracking of paraffins and hydrodesulfurization. Adequate discussion of the reactions occurring in a reforming reaction zone are presented in CATALYSIS, Vol. VI, P. H. Emmett, editor, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1958, pages 497-498, and PETROLEUM PROCESSING, R. J. Hengstebeck, McGraw-Hill Book Cmpany, Inc., 1959, pages 179484.
  • catalysts are capable of reforming petroleum naphthas and hydrocarbons that boil in the gasoline boiling rnage.
  • reforming may be carried out through the use of molybdena-on-alumina catalysts, chromiumoxides-on-alumina catalysts, platinum-halogen-onalumina catalysts, and platinum-aluminosilicatemateriaLalurnina catalysts
  • the catalysts employing platinum as a hydrogenation component are generally employed today in the reforming processes of the petroleum industry.
  • a catalyst comprising a hydrogenation component, a small amount of rhenium, and a small amount of gallium on a solid catalytic support comprising a porous refractory inorganic oxide may be suitably employed to reform petroleum hydrocarbon streams.
  • Embodiments of a reforming process employing this catalytic composition i.e., the process of the present invention, provide high-octancemumber blending material for unleaded and/or low-lead motor fuels.
  • a catalytic composition for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream which catalytic composition comprises a hydrogenation component, a small amount of rhenium, and a small amount of gallium on a solid catalytic support comprising a porous refractory inorganic oxide.
  • the catalytic composition may contain a halide, preferably, chloride.
  • the preferred hydrogenation component is a Group VIII noble metal.
  • the preferred porous refractory inorganic oxide is a catalytically active alumina.
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream comprises contacting the petroleum hydrocarbon stream in a reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of the present invention.
  • the petroleum hydrocarbon stream may be naphtha, or it may be a partiallyreformed hydrocarbon stream.
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream which process comprises contacting said hydrocarbon stream in a first reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a first reforming catalyst to produce a first reformate and subsequently contacting said first reformate in a second reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of the present invention.
  • the process may employ the catalytic composition of the present invention either as the sole catalyst in the reforming process or as the final catalyst in a multiple-catalyst reforming system.
  • the process employs the catalyst of the invention in the last reactor, or tail reactor, of a multiple-reactor reforming system.
  • the selection of the particular embodiment of the process of the present invention will be dictated by the feedstock to be reformed. If the hydrocarbon stream has already been partially reformed, the embodiment of the process employing the catalytic composition of the present invention as the sole catalyst is suitable.
  • the highly mechanized society of today requires an increasing demand for very-high-octane-number motor fuels.
  • the process of this invention is especially advantageous for the production of high-octane-number blending components for motor fuels by means of the reforming of petroleum naphthas and petroleum hydrocarbon streams boiling in the gasoline boiling range. It may be employed suitably to produce high-octanenumber blending components for unleaded and/or lowlead motor fuels.
  • the embodiments of the process of the present invention may be used to reform a feedstock which is a member selected from the group consisting of a virgin naphtha, a cracked naphtha, a hydrocarbon fraction boiling in the gasoline boiling range, and mixtures thereof. It may also be used to reform partiallyreformed naphthas and other hydrocarbon streams.
  • a feedstock which is a member selected from the group consisting of a virgin naphtha, a cracked naphtha, a hydrocarbon fraction boiling in the gasoline boiling range, and mixtures thereof. It may also be used to reform partiallyreformed naphthas and other hydrocarbon streams.
  • naphtha will exhibit a boiling range of about F. to about 500lF., preferably, about 180F. to about 400F.
  • the gasoline boiling range comprises temperatures of about 120F. to about 420F., preferably, about 140F. to about 380F.
  • the partially-reformed hydrocarbon streams will exhibit an unleaded research octane number within the range of about 75 to about 95.
  • mildly-reformed and partiallyreformed refer to such streams as have been reformed to an unleaded research octane number of about 75 to about 95.
  • feedstocks may contain appreciable amounts of nitrogen and sulfur compounds, which are deleterious to the first catalyst of that embodiment of the present invention which employs a multiple-catalyst reforming system, it is preferred that the feedstock in this case be subjected to a suitable hydrodesulfurization and/or hydrodenitrogenation treatment, such as hydrofining, prior to use in the embodiment of the process of the present invention in order to reduce both the nitrogen and sulfur levels to tolerable limits.
  • a suitable hydrodesulfurization and/or hydrodenitrogenation treatment such as hydrofining
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream comprises contacting said hydrocarbon stream in a first reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a first reforming catalyst to produce a first reformate and subsequently contacting said first reformate in a second reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a second reforming catalyst comprising a hydrogenation component, a small amount of rhenium, and a small amount of gallium on a solid catalytic support comprising a porous refractory inorganic oxide.
  • the process comprises contacting a partially-reformed hydrocarbon stream in a reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a catalytic composition comprising a hydrogenation component, a small amount of rhenium, and a small amount of gallium on a solid catalytic support comprising a refractory inorganic oxide.
  • the first reforming catalyst i.e., the catalyst that is employed in the first reforming zone of the multiplereforming-zone-embodiment of the process of the present invention, may be typically a reforming catalyst comprising a platinum group metal and a halide supported on a catalytically active alumina. It is contemplated that such catalyst may be promoted with a small amount of rhenium. It is to be understood that any suitable reforming catalyst in the art may be employed as the first catalyst in the first reforming zone, for example, a molybdena-on-alumina catalyst.
  • a particular first catalyst is a catalyst consisting essentially of a platinum group metal, rhenium, and a halide on a catalytically active alumina.
  • a preferred first catalyst is a catalyst which comprises about 0.1 wt.% to about 2 wt.% platinum, about 0.05 wt.% to about 2 wt.% chloride, and about 0.05 wt.% to about 2 wt.% rhenium on a catalytically active alumina and which does not contain gallium.
  • the catalytically active alumina that is employed as the support material for the first catalyst may be any catalytically active alumina, such as gamma-alumina or eta-alumina. Such alumina should have an average pore diameter of about 70 A to about 200 A, or larger.
  • the alumina should have a surface area of at least 150 square meters per gram. Suitably, the surface area should be within the range of about 200 to about 800 square meters per gram, or larger.
  • the second reforming catalyst i.e., the catalyst that is employed in the second reforming zone of this multizoned embodiment of the process of the present invention, is the catalytic composition of the present invention. It comprises a hydrogenation component, a small amount of rhenium, and a small amount of gallium on a solid catalytic support comprising a porous refractory inorganic oxide.
  • Suitable hydrogenation components that are employed in a typical reforming catalyst, and that may be employed in the catalyst of the present invention, include Group VI metals of the Periodic Table of Elements, particularly, molybdenum and chromium, the oxides of Group VI metals, and Group VIII metals, particularly, the Group VIII noble metals.
  • the Group VIII noble metals include ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum.
  • the preferred Group VIII noble metal is platinum.
  • the hydrogenation component for the catalyst of the present invention is a Group VIII noble metal
  • the hydrogenation component may be present in an amount of about 0.05 wt.%, calculated as the element and based upon the total weight of the catalyst.
  • the Group VIII noble metal is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt.% to about 1 wt.%, calculated as the element and based upon the total weight of the catalyst.
  • gallium a member of Group III of the Periodic Table of Elements.
  • Gallium may be present in an amount of about 0.05 wt.% to about 3 wt.%, calculated as the element and based upon the total weight of the catalytic composition.
  • gallium is present in an amount of about 0.l wt.% to about 1 wt.%.
  • Rhenium is also an essential component of the catalyst of the present invention. It may be present in an amount of about 0.05 wt.% to about 3 wt.%, calculated as the element and based upon the total weight of said catalytic composition.
  • the solid catalytic support of the catalyst of the present invention comprises a porous refractory inorganic oxide.
  • the preferred refractory inorganic oxide is a catalytically active alumina, such as gamma-alumina, etaalumina, or mixtures thereof. The properties of such alumina are presented hereinabove.
  • the solid catalytic support may also contain a crystalline aluminosilicate material.
  • aluminosilicate material is a large-pore aluminosilicate material and preferably possesses pores within the range of about 5 A to about 20 A.
  • a preferred aluminosilicate material is mordenite or faujasite.
  • the aluminosilicate material is suspended in and distributed throughout a matrix of the porous refractory inorganic oxide.
  • the aluminosilicate material may be present in an amount of about 0.5 wt.% to about 25 wt.%, based upon the weight of the catalytic support.
  • the large-pore crystalline aluminosilicate material has been cation-exchanged with a member selected from the group consisting of an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, hydrogen, and a hydrogen precursor, such as ammonium, to reduce the alkali-metal content of the aluminosilicate material to a level that is less than 1 wt.%, calculated as the metal.
  • the catalyst of the present invention may also contain a halide.
  • Suitable halides are chlorides and fluorides.
  • the preferred halide is a chloride.
  • the halide may be present in an amount of about 0.1 wt.% to
  • the halide is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt.% to about 1 wt.%, based upon the weight of the catalyst.
  • the catalyst of the present invention may be prepared in various ways. For example, a soluble compound of the hydrogenation metal and soluble compounds of rhenium and gallium may be added to a sol or gel of the refractory inorganic oxide. This composition may be thoroughly blended and the sol or gel mixture may be subsequently co-gelled by the addition of dilute ammonia. The resulting co-gelled material may then be dried and calcined.
  • an aluminosilicate material is to be a component of the catalytic composition, it may be added in a finely divided form to the sol or gel of the refractory inorganic oxide and suitable compounds of the hydrogenation component, rhenium, and gallium may be added thereto, and the resulting composition may then be thoroughly blended prior to cogelling, drying, and calcining.
  • the refractory inorganic oxide is gelled, dried, pelleted, calcined, and cooled, and the resulting composition is then impregnated with one or more solutions of the hydrogenation component, rhenium, and gallium.
  • Suitable calcination conditions comprise a temperature in the range of about 900F. to about l,lF. and a calcination time of about 1 to about 20 hours.
  • Suitable drying conditions comprise a temperature in the range of about 200F. to about 400F. and a drying time of about 3 to about 30 hours.
  • drying conditions comprise a temperature of about.
  • halide may be incorporated into the catalytic composition as a halide of the hydrogenation metal, or as a halogen acid or a halide salt.
  • the catalyst of the present invention is suitable for the conversion of petroleum hydrocarbon streams.
  • it is employed for the reforming of petroleum hydrocarbon naphthas and those petroleum hydrocarbon streams boiling in the gasoline boiling range.
  • This catalyst is effective for converting the heavy paraffins remaining in a reformate. Therefore, a preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention is a process which employs a first reforming catalyst in a first reforming zone and the catalyst of the present invention as a second reforming catalyst in a second reforming zone.
  • the first reforming catalyst is employed in all of the reactors except tha tail reactor and the second reforming catalyst is employed in the tail reactor.
  • the first reforming zone could constitute two or more reactors and the second reforming zone could constitute at least one reactor.
  • the reforming system could comprise one or more reactors containing the catalyst of the present invention as a catalyst and making up a sole reaction zone. To this latter embodiment, a partially-reformed naphtha would be the preferred feedstock.
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream which process comprises contacting a partiallyreformed hydrocarbon stream in a reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a catalyst comprising a hydrogenation component, a small amount of rhenium, and a small amount of gallium on a solid catalytic support comprising a porous refractory inorganic oxide.
  • the process comprises contacting a petroleum hydrocarbon stream in a first reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a first reforming catalyst to produce a first reformate and subsequently contacting said first reformate in a second reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a second reforming catalyst comprising a hydrogenation component, a small amount of rhenium, and a small amount of gallium on a solid catalytic support comprising a porous refractory inorganic oxide.
  • This latter embodiment is a process wherein the first reforming zone comprises two or more reactors and the second reforming zone comprises at least one reactor.
  • Typical operating conditions of the reforming process of the present invention comprise an average catalyst temperature of about 700F. to about 1,050F., a pressure of about 50 psig to about 1,000 psig, a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of about 0.5 to about 10 weight units of hydrocarbon per hour per weight unit of catalyst, and a hydrogen addition rate of about 1,500 standard cubic feet per barrel (SCFB) to about l5,000 SCFB.
  • Preferred reforming conditions comprise an av erage catalyst temperature of about 850F. to about 950F., a pressure, of about 50 psig to about 300 psig, a WHSV of about 1 to about 8 weight units of hydrocarbon per hour per weight unit of catalyst, and a hydrogen addition rate of about 3,000 SCFB to about 10,000 SCFB.
  • the process of the present invention can be carried out in any of the conventional types of equipment known to the art.
  • One may, for example, employ catalysts in the form of pills, pellets, granules, broken fragments, or various special shapes,'disposed as one or more fixed beds within one or more reaction zones, and the charging stock may be passed therethrough in the liquid, vapor, or mixed phase, and in either upward or downward flow.
  • the catalysts may be in a suitable form for use in moving beds, in which the charging stock and catalyst are preferably passed in countercurrent flow; or in fluidized-solid processes, in which the charging stock is passed upward through a turbulent bed of finely divided catalyst; or in the suspensoid process, in which the catalyst is slurried in the charging stock and the resulting mixture is conveyed into'the reaction zone.
  • a fixed-bed reforming process is exemplified by Ultra-forming (Petroleum Engineer, Vol. XXVI, No.4, April 1954, at page C-).
  • Unwanted products in the reforming of petroleum hydrocarbon streams are light hydrocarbon gases and coke. Such products and other compounds, such as polynuclear aromatics and heavy hydrocarbons, may result in coke. As the operation progresses, a substantial amount of coke accumulates on the surface of each of the catalysts resulting in an increasingly rapid rate of catalyst deactivation. Consequently, the coke must be removed periodically from the surface. Such coke removal may be accomplished through a coke-burn treatment wherein the coked catalyst is contacted with an oxygen-containing gas at selected temperatures. Typically, the gas will contain oxygen within the range of about l.0 volume percent to about 2l volume percent. The concentration of oxygen in the gas should be maintained at a level which will not result in the production of temperatures that will be in excess of l,lOF., preferably, in excess of 1,050F.
  • the process of the present invention may be employed typically as a semi-regenerative reforming process or as a regenerative or cyclic process.
  • a semi-regnerative reforming system In a semi-regnerative reforming system, the flow of hydrocarbons is stopped to all of the reactors and the catalyst in each of the reactors is regenerated. In a regenerative or cyclic reforming system, one of the reactors is removed from the system and is replaced by an auxiliary reactor. Reforming of petroleum hydrocarbons continues in such a system while catalyst in the reactor that has been removed from the system is regenerated.
  • the auxiliary reactor is known as a swing reactor. It is contemplated in the process of the present invention that the multiple-reactor system may include either one swing reactor or two swing reactors. When two swing reactors are being employed, one will contain the catalyst that is employed in the first reforming zone of the process and will be used to replace a reactor in the first reforming zone. The other will contain the catalyst that is employed in the second reforming zone and will be used to replace a reactor in the second reforming zone.
  • Either the first reforming catalyst or the second reforming catalyst that is employed in the multiple-zone embodiment of the process of the present invention is capable of being regenerated and is capable of withstanding the conditions employed in the regeneration treatment.
  • FIG. 1 A preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention is depicted in the accompanying FIG. 1.
  • This figure is a simplified schematic flow diagram ofthe preferred embodiment. It does not include certain auxiliary equipment, such as heat exchangers, valves pumps, compressors, and associated equipment, which would be needed in various places along the flow path of the process in addition to the pump and compressor that are depicted in the drawing. Such additional auxiliary equipment and its location requirements would be quickly recognized by one having ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, such equipment is not shown in the figure.
  • a naphtha heart cut having a boiling range of about 160F. to about 400F., preferably, about 180F. to about 380F.
  • the effluent from reactor 17 passes through line 18, furnace 19, and line 20 into the top of reactor 21. Sufficient heat is introduced into this hydrogenhydrocarbon stream by furnace 19 so that the temperature at the inlet of reactor 21 is about 960F. to about 1,000F.
  • the outlet temperature of reactor 21 is approximately 855F. and the pressure in reactor 21 is within the range of about 140 psig to about 300 psig.
  • the effluent from reactor 21 passes through line 22, furnace 23, and line 24 into the top of reactor 25. This effluent is heated in furnace 23 so that the inlet temperature of reactor 25 is about 960F. to about l,000F.
  • the outlet temperature of reactor 25 is approximately 940F. and the pressure in reactor 25 is within the range of about 120 psig to about 280 psig.
  • the effluent from reactor 25 passes through line 26, furnace 27, and line 28 into the top of reactor 29.
  • This hydrocarbon effluent is heated in furnace 27 so that the inlet temperature of reactor 29 is about 980F. to about 1,020F.
  • the outlet temperature of reactor 29 is about 950F. and the pressure in reactor 29 is within the range of about 100 psig to about 260 psig.
  • Reactors 17, 21, and 25 all contain a catalyst comprising platinum and chloride on a support of catalytically active alumina.
  • the catalyst may be promoted by a small amount of rhenium.
  • the catalyst contains 0.1 to about 2 wt.% platinum and 0.1 to 5 wt.% chloride, preferably, 0.4 to 1 wt.% chloride.
  • the fourth reactor, or tail reactor, in the system contains a second reforming catalyst comprising about 0.1 wt.% to about 1 wt.% platinum, about 0.1 wt.% to about 1 wt.% rhenium, about O.l wt.% to about l wt.% gallium, and about O.l wt.% to about 1 wt.% chloride on a gammaalumina, each amount being based upon the weight of the second reforming catalyst.
  • a fifth reactor which reactor contains a mixture or layers of the two catalysts.
  • This additional reactor is employed as a swing reactor for each of the four reactors in this system when the catalyst in a particular reactor has become deactivated and must be regenerated.
  • the reactor containing this deactivated catalyst is removed from the system and is replaced by the swing reactor in order that the reforming system may be operated continuously, even though the deactivated catalyst has been removed from the system and is being regenerated.
  • the effluent from reactor 29 passes through line 30, water cooler 31, and line 32 into gas-liquid separator 33.
  • Gas-liquid separator 33 is operated at a pressure of about psig to about 240 psig and at temperatures of about F.
  • Liquid product is removed from separator 33 through line 34 to be sent to a suitable product recovery system from which a high-octane-number product is obtained.
  • Gaseous material is removed from separator 33 through line 35. A portion of this gas is removed from the system through line 36 to be used at other refinery units.
  • the remainder of the hydrogenhydrocarbon gas in'line 35 is compressed by compressor 37 to be sent through lines 38 and 14 as hydrogenhydrocarbon recycle gas.
  • make-up hydrogen gas may be introduced into the system from source 39 via line 40.
  • a second embodiment of the process of the present invention may be represented also by the simplified schematic flow diagram depicted in FIG. ll.
  • each of the four reactors, including reactor 29, contains the catalytic composition of the present invention.
  • the swing reactor (not shown) employs this catalyst, which comprises about 0.1 wt.% to about 1 wt.% platinum, about 0.1 wt.% to about 1 wt.% rhenium, about 0.1 wt.% to about 1 wt.% gallium, and about 0.1 wt.% to about 1 wt.% chloride on a gamma-alumina, each amount being based upon the weight of the catalyst.
  • the operating conditions employed in this embodiment fall within the ranges of values set froth hereinabove. In this latter embodiment, either a virgin naphtha or a mildly-reformed or partiallyreformed hydrocarbon stream may be employed as the hydrocarbon feedstock.
  • EXAMPLE I Representative samples of two commericallyprepared reforming catalysts were obtained from the American Cyanamid Company. The first of these, hereinafter identified as Catalyst A, contained 0.74 wt.% platinum and 0.77 wt.% chloride on a gamma-alumina. The second, hereinafter identified as Catalyst B, contained 0.56 wt.% platinum, 0.51 wt.% rhenium, and 0.79 wt.% chloride on a gamma-alumina support.
  • Catalyst C was prepared in the laboratory to contain 1 wt.% gallium, based upon the total weight of the catalytic composition.
  • a SO-gram smaple of Catalyst A was impregnatedwith 50 cc of a solution that had been prepared by dissolving 3 grams of gallium nitrate, Ga(- NO -9H O, in distilled water. The impregnated material was then dried in air for 3 hours at a temperature of 250F. and subsequently calcined in air for 3 hours at a temperature of l,000F.
  • the material to trate This solution had been prepared by dissolving 3 grams of gallium nitrate in sufficient distilled water to make 50 cc of solution. The impregnated material was dried and calcined.
  • Catalyst D contained 0.30 wt.% chloride.
  • Catalyst E was prepared to contain 1 wt.% gallium. A SO-gram portion of the commercially-prepared catalyst that was employed in the preparation of Catalyst D was impregnated with a solution that had been prepared by dissolving 3 grams of gallium nitrate and 1.345 grams of 37.5% hydrochloric acid in 50 ml. of distilled water. The impregnated material was dried and calcined. Catalyst E was found to contain 0.61 wt.% chloride.
  • Catalyst F was prepared to contain 1 wt.% gallium and about 0.58 wt.% rhenium.
  • a SO-gram portion of Catalyst B was impregnated with 50 cc of a solution prepared by dissolving 3 grams of gallium nitrate in sufficient distilled water to make 50 cc of solution.
  • the impregnated material was dried overnight at a temperature pf 250F. and was subsequently calcined.
  • the catalyst contained 0.41 wt.% chloride.
  • Example II Each of the catalysts that was prepared or obtained in Example I was tested for its ability to reform a par- I tially-reformed naphtha.
  • the various properties of this be impregnated had been pulverized previously to a 20- to-40-mesh material, that is, the material was of a particle size that would pass through a 20-mesh screen but would be retained upon a 40-mesh screen (U.S. Sieve Series).
  • the .drying and calcining were carried out under the above-described conditions and at an air rate of 1.5 cubic feet per hour.
  • Catalyst C was found to contain 0.34 wt.% chloride.
  • Catalyst D was prepared in the laboratory to contain 1 wt.% gallium.
  • the testing was carried out in a bench-scale test unit employing an isothermal fixed bed of catalyst.
  • the hydrocarbon feedstock and bottled hydrogen (oncethrough) were mixed and the resulting hydrogenhydrocarbon mixture was charged to a reactor having an inside diameter of 0.622 inch.
  • the reactor which was 20 inches long, was immersed in a heating bath containing DuPont HITEC.
  • the hydrocarbon feed was pumped by a positive-displacement Ruska pump.
  • the effluent from the reactor was sent to conventional product handling and recovery equipment.
  • Liquid sam'- pels for octane analysis were collected overnight (for 17 hours) at ambient temperature. Material balances were obtained from smaples collected for one hour with a dry ice knock-back and such samples were analyzed by gas chromatographic techniques.
  • Each catalyst sample that was charged to the reactor was in the form of 20-40-mesh material (U.S. Sieve Series). After the reactor was placedv in the test unit the catalyst was pretreated by being subjected to an air soak for one-half hour at an air rate of about 2 cubic feet per hour, a temperature of about 900F., and a pressure of 200 psig. Subsequently, the catalyst was purged with nitrogen and then reduced with hydrogen for one hour at the test temperature and pressure. For the catalysts containing rhenium, Catalyst B, and Catalyst F, a pre-sulfiding technique was also employed. These catalysts were pre-sulfided with a gas mixture of 8 volume percent hydrogen sulfide in hydrogen at test temperature and pressure before they were tested.
  • the test results are presented in FIG. 2.
  • the unleaded C research octane numbers which were obtained in the tests were corrected to a temperature of 900F. and to an initial chloride level on the catalyst of 0.74 wt.% chloride. These corrections were made by use of emperical correlations. Please note that the average performance of the catalysts that were promoted with gallium is represented by a solid line, while the performances of each of those catalysts are represented by broken lines. The difference in platinum level between two catalysts would not appreciably affect the performances of the two catalysts.
  • the results in FIG. 2 show that the test which em ployed Catalyst F, i.e., an embodiment of the process of the present invention, provided C" research octane numbers that were superior to those tests which employed the other catalysts, namely, Catalysts A, B, C, D, and E. These latter tests represented other reforming processes.
  • the C liquid yield data obtained from these tests in this bench-scale unit did not provide sufficient differences between the tests to distinguish the yields obtained with one catalyst from those obtained with another.
  • a catalytic composition comprising about 0.05 wt.% to about 2 wt.% Group VIII noble metal as a hydrogenation component, a small amount of rhenium, and a small amount of gallium on a solid catalytic support comprising a porous refractory inorganic oxide, said small amount rhenium being within the range of about 0.05 wt.% to about 3 wt.% and said small amount of gallium being within the range of about 0.05 wt.% to about 3 wt.%, each amount being calculated as the element and based upon the total weight of said catalytic composition.
  • catalytic composition of claim 1 wherein said catalytic composition is further characterized by a halide, said halide being present in an amount of about 0.1 wt.% to about 2 wt.%, based upon the total weight of said catalytic composition.
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream which process comprises contacting said hydrocarbon stream in a reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 1.
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream which process comprises contacting said hydrocarbon stream in a first reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a catalyst consisting essentially of a platinum group metal, 0 wt.% to about 2 wt.% rhenium, and a halide on a catalytically active alumina to produce a first reformate and subsequently contacting said first reformate in a second reforming zone under reforming conditions in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 1.
  • a catalyst consisting essentially of a platinum group metal, 0 wt.% to about 2 wt.% rhenium, and a halide on a catalytically active alumina to produce a first reformate and subsequently contacting said first reformate in a second reforming zone under reforming conditions in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 1.
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream that has been partially reformed which process comprises contacting said hydrocarbon stream in a reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 1.
  • catalytic composition of claim 2 wherein said catalytic composition is further characterized by a halide, said halide being present in an amount of about 0.1 wt.% to about 2 wt.%, based upon the total weight of said catalytic composition.
  • said petroleum hydrocarbon stream is a member selected from the group consisting of a virgin naphtha, a cracked naphtha, a hydrocarbon fraction boiling in the gasoline boiling range, a partially-reformed naphtha, and mixtures thereof.
  • said petroleum hydrocarbon stream is a member selected from the group consisting of a virgin naphtha, a cracked naphtha, a hydrocarbon fraction boiling in the gasoline boiling range, a partially-reformed naphtha, and mixtures thereof.
  • catalytic composition of claim 11 wherein said catalytic composition is further characterized by a halide, said halide being present in an amount of about 0.1 wt.% to about 2 wt.%, based upon the total weight of said catalytic composition.
  • catalytic composition of claim 12 wherein said catalytic composition is further characterized by a halide, said halide being present in an amount of about 0.1 wt.% to about 2 wt.%, based upon the total weight of said catalytic composition.
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream which process comprises contacting said hydrocarbon stream in a reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 15.
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream which process comprises contacting said hydrocarbon stream in a first reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a catalyst consisting essentially of a platinum group metal, 0 wt.% to about 2 wt.% rhenium, and a halide on a catalytically active alumina to produce a first reformate and subsequently contacting said first reformate in a second reforming zone under reforming conditions in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 15.
  • a catalyst consisting essentially of a platinum group metal, 0 wt.% to about 2 wt.% rhenium, and a halide on a catalytically active alumina to produce a first reformate and subsequently contacting said first reformate in a second reforming zone under reforming conditions in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 15.
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream that has been partially reformed which process comprises contacting said hydrocarbon stream in a reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence ofhydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 15.
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream which process comprises contacting said hydrocarbon stream in a reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 16.
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream which process comprises contacting said hydrocarbon stream in a first reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a catalyst consisting essentially of a platinum group metal, wt.% to about 2 wt.% rhenium, and a halide on a catalytically active alumina to produce a first reformate and subsequently contacting saidfirst reformate in a second reforming zone under reforming conditions in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 16.
  • a catalyst consisting essentially of a platinum group metal, wt.% to about 2 wt.% rhenium, and a halide on a catalytically active alumina to produce a first reformate and subsequently contacting saidfirst reformate in a second reforming zone under reforming conditions in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 16.
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream that has been partially reformed which process comprises contacting said hydrocarbon stream in a reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the'presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 16.
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream which process comprises contacting said hydrocarbon stream in a reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 17.
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream which process comprises contacting said hydrocarbon stream in a first reforming zone under re forming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a catalyst consisting essentially of a platinum group metal, 0 wt.% to about 2 wt.% rhenium, and a halide on a catalytically active alumina to produce a first reformate and subsequently contacting said first reformate in a second reforming zone under reforming conditions in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 17.
  • a catalyst consisting essentially of a platinum group metal, 0 wt.% to about 2 wt.% rhenium, and a halide on a catalytically active alumina to produce a first reformate and subsequently contacting said first reformate in a second reforming zone under reforming conditions in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 17.
  • a process for reforming a petroleum hydrocarbon stream that has been partially reformed which process comprises contacting said hydrocarbon stream in a reforming zone under reforming conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with the catalytic composition of claim 17.
  • said petroleum hydrocarbon stream is a member selected from the group consisting of a virgin naphtha, a cracked naphtha, a hydrocarbon fraction boiling in the gasoline boiling range, a partially-reformed naphtha, and mixtures thereof.
  • said petroleum hydrocarbon stream is a member selected from the group consisting of a virgin naphtha, a cracked naphtha, a hydrocarbon fraction boiling in the gasoline boiling range, a partially-reformed naphtha, and mixtures thereof.
  • said petroleum hydrocarbon stream is a member selected from the group consisting of a virgin naphtha, a cracked naphtha, a hydrocarbon fraction boiling in the gasoline boiling range, a partially-reformed naphtha, and mixtures thereof.
  • said petroleum hydrocarbon stream is a member selected from the group consisting of a virgin naphtha, a cracked naphtha, a hydrocarbon fraction boiling in the gasoline boiling range, a partially-reformed naphtha, and mixtures thereof.
  • said petroleum hydrocarbon stream is a member selected from the group consisting of a virgin naphtha, a cracked naphtha, a hydrocarbon fraction boiling in the gasoline boiling range, a partially-reformed naphtha, and mixtures thereof.
  • said petroleum hydrocarbon stream is a member selected from the group consisting of a virgin naphtha, a cracked naphtha, a hydrocarbon fraction boiling in the gasoline boiling range, a partially-reformed naphtha, and mixtures thereof.
  • said petroleum hydrocarbon stream is a member selected from the group consisting of a virgin naphtha, a cracked naphtha, a hydrocarbon fraction boiling in the gasoline boiling range, a partially-reformed naphtha, and mixtures thereof.
  • said petroleum hydrocarbon stream is a member selected from the group consisting of a virgin naphtha, a cracked naphtha, a hydrocarbon fraction boiling in the gasoline boiling range, a partially-reformed naphtha, and mixtures thereof.
  • said petroleum hydrocarbon stream is a member selected from the group consisting of a virgin naphtha, a cracked naphtha, a hydrocarbon fraction boiling in the gasoline boilthereof.

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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3926781A (en) * 1973-10-09 1975-12-16 Shell Oil Co Catalytic cracking of paraffinic naphtha
US4134823A (en) * 1975-12-12 1979-01-16 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Catalyst and hydrocarbon conversion process
US4136060A (en) * 1977-07-20 1979-01-23 Standard Oil Company Of Indiana Catalyst and hydrocarbon conversion process
US4325808A (en) * 1980-07-21 1982-04-20 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Hydrocarbon conversion catalyst system and method
FR2518896A1 (fr) * 1981-12-29 1983-07-01 Schlumberger Cie Dowell Procede d'obtention de compositions d'hydrocarbures gelifies, compositions obtenues et leur utilisation dans la fracturation hydraulique des formations souterraines
US4469812A (en) * 1983-09-16 1984-09-04 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Reforming catalyst containing a group VIII noble metal, a group VIII non-noble metal, and gallium on separate support particles
US4482449A (en) * 1983-09-16 1984-11-13 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Reforming with a catalyst containing a Group VIII noble metal, a Group VIII non-noble metal, and gallium on separate support particles
US4914074A (en) * 1987-11-18 1990-04-03 The British Petroleum Company P.L.C. Catalyst composition
US4929333A (en) * 1989-02-06 1990-05-29 Uop Multizone catalytic reforming process
US4929332A (en) * 1989-02-06 1990-05-29 Uop Multizone catalytic reforming process
US4985132A (en) * 1989-02-06 1991-01-15 Uop Multizone catalytic reforming process
US5968345A (en) * 1995-06-16 1999-10-19 Institut Francais Du Petrole Process for the catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons into aromatic compounds using a catalyst containing alkali of alkaline-earth metals
US9487457B2 (en) 2011-05-24 2016-11-08 Jx Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation Method for producing monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
WO2023034210A1 (en) * 2021-08-31 2023-03-09 Dow Global Technologies Llc Catalysts for dehydrogenation process

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5674187A (en) * 1979-10-09 1981-06-19 Exxon Research Engineering Co Catalytic reformation
FR2611740B2 (fr) * 1986-04-16 1989-10-27 Inst Francais Du Petrole Procede de reformage catalytique
JPH01290914A (ja) * 1988-05-14 1989-11-22 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 水冷式内燃機関の排気管継手
JP5577058B2 (ja) * 2009-07-06 2014-08-20 花王株式会社 洗浄剤

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US2814599A (en) * 1953-04-17 1957-11-26 Kellogg M W Co Group iii metal compound promoted platinum or palladium catalyst
US2914464A (en) * 1953-05-01 1959-11-24 Kellogg M W Co Hydrocarbon conversion process with platinum or palladium containing composite catalyst
US2999074A (en) * 1956-09-11 1961-09-05 Universal Oil Prod Co Catalyst compositions

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US3449237A (en) * 1967-09-28 1969-06-10 Chevron Res Startup procedure for a platinum-rhenium catalyst reforming process
FR2012331A1 (xx) * 1968-07-05 1970-03-20 Malbec Marie
JPS5722616A (en) * 1980-07-16 1982-02-05 Shikoku Seisakusho Kk Waste straw treating apparatus of threshing apparatus

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US2814599A (en) * 1953-04-17 1957-11-26 Kellogg M W Co Group iii metal compound promoted platinum or palladium catalyst
US2914464A (en) * 1953-05-01 1959-11-24 Kellogg M W Co Hydrocarbon conversion process with platinum or palladium containing composite catalyst
US2999074A (en) * 1956-09-11 1961-09-05 Universal Oil Prod Co Catalyst compositions

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3926781A (en) * 1973-10-09 1975-12-16 Shell Oil Co Catalytic cracking of paraffinic naphtha
US4134823A (en) * 1975-12-12 1979-01-16 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Catalyst and hydrocarbon conversion process
US4136060A (en) * 1977-07-20 1979-01-23 Standard Oil Company Of Indiana Catalyst and hydrocarbon conversion process
US4325808A (en) * 1980-07-21 1982-04-20 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Hydrocarbon conversion catalyst system and method
FR2518896A1 (fr) * 1981-12-29 1983-07-01 Schlumberger Cie Dowell Procede d'obtention de compositions d'hydrocarbures gelifies, compositions obtenues et leur utilisation dans la fracturation hydraulique des formations souterraines
US4469812A (en) * 1983-09-16 1984-09-04 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Reforming catalyst containing a group VIII noble metal, a group VIII non-noble metal, and gallium on separate support particles
US4482449A (en) * 1983-09-16 1984-11-13 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Reforming with a catalyst containing a Group VIII noble metal, a Group VIII non-noble metal, and gallium on separate support particles
US4914074A (en) * 1987-11-18 1990-04-03 The British Petroleum Company P.L.C. Catalyst composition
US4929333A (en) * 1989-02-06 1990-05-29 Uop Multizone catalytic reforming process
US4929332A (en) * 1989-02-06 1990-05-29 Uop Multizone catalytic reforming process
US4985132A (en) * 1989-02-06 1991-01-15 Uop Multizone catalytic reforming process
US5968345A (en) * 1995-06-16 1999-10-19 Institut Francais Du Petrole Process for the catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons into aromatic compounds using a catalyst containing alkali of alkaline-earth metals
US9487457B2 (en) 2011-05-24 2016-11-08 Jx Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation Method for producing monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
WO2023034210A1 (en) * 2021-08-31 2023-03-09 Dow Global Technologies Llc Catalysts for dehydrogenation process

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AU4946772A (en) 1974-05-30
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FR2163684B1 (xx) 1975-11-07
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JPS5722616B2 (xx) 1982-05-14
NL173826C (nl) 1984-03-16
AU473853B2 (en) 1976-07-08
FR2163684A1 (xx) 1973-07-27
BE792876A (fr) 1973-06-15
JPS5695987A (en) 1981-08-03
NL7217133A (xx) 1973-06-19
DE2259518A1 (de) 1973-06-28
IE37230L (en) 1973-06-17
DD111927A5 (xx) 1975-03-12
GB1408049A (en) 1975-10-01
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PL89062B1 (xx) 1976-10-30
DD108319A5 (xx) 1974-09-12

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