US3768378A - Machines - Google Patents

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Publication number
US3768378A
US3768378A US00197278A US3768378DA US3768378A US 3768378 A US3768378 A US 3768378A US 00197278 A US00197278 A US 00197278A US 3768378D A US3768378D A US 3768378DA US 3768378 A US3768378 A US 3768378A
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United States
Prior art keywords
alloy
cam
molybdenum
chromium
tungsten
Prior art date
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00197278A
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English (en)
Inventor
C Adams
J Connelly
J Krehlik
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Hagglunds Denison Corp
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Abex Corp
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Assigned to HAGGLUNDS DENISON CORPORATION reassignment HAGGLUNDS DENISON CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: ABEX CORPORATION
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B1/00—Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders
    • F04B1/12—Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
    • F04B1/122—Details or component parts, e.g. valves, sealings or lubrication means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P13/00—Making metal objects by operations essentially involving machining but not covered by a single other subclass
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/24—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with vanadium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01C—ROTARY-PISTON OR OSCILLATING-PISTON MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01C21/00—Component parts, details or accessories not provided for in groups F01C1/00 - F01C20/00
    • F01C21/10—Outer members for co-operation with rotary pistons; Casings
    • F01C21/104—Stators; Members defining the outer boundaries of the working chamber
    • F01C21/106—Stators; Members defining the outer boundaries of the working chamber with a radial surface, e.g. cam rings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S384/00—Bearings
    • Y10S384/90—Cooling or heating
    • Y10S384/912—Metallic

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT An unusual kind of wear between machine parts in sliding contact, traceable to environment, is greatly reduced by constituting at least one of the parts of a preferred steel alloy casting consisting essentially of Carbon ..().9-l.1 Chromium 4.0-6.5 Molybdenum 5-7.5
  • the part is the cam ring of a yane pump obtained by casting the alloy as a centrifugal tube and cutting ring blanks from the end of the tube.
  • a well-known form of heavy duty pump for industrial and mobile equipment purposes is a vane pump.
  • a rotor In this kind of pump a rotor is surrounded by a so-called cam ring having a generally eccentric internal diameter (or the rotor could be located eccentrically).
  • the rotor has radial slots at its circumference. The slots support a plurality of blades or vanes with their outer edges in contact with the eccentric part of the cam ring, so that upon rotation of the rotor the vanes are moved in and out relative to the slots in which they are mounted. Oil or other fluid being pumped enters the space between the rotor and ring where the volumetric capacity between adjacent vanes is increasing and is forced out where the volumetric capacity between'the vanes is decreasing.
  • the Solution The environment for failure had been identified, but the cure was something else. There is considerable support for a belief of an electro-chemical corrosion component to the wear, influenced by the make-up and contamination of the hydraulic oils employed, with the electrical energy supplied by streaming current, associated with fluid flow. In recent years, certain aircraft laboratories have made progress on reducing wear damage of hydraulic components, resulting from corrosion driven by streaming currents, by controlling the fluid make up to render it less active electro-chemically. ASME Paper 70-FE-l5 is one publication that discusses this phenomena. However, a pump manufacturer is not in position to dictate, let alone supervise oil use in the field, so he must devise a product to withstand the wear tendency.
  • the objects of the present invention are to develop an-alloy to be used as the constituent for the wear resistant face of one of two machine parts in sliding motion, resisting the unusual kind of wear caused by the presence between those parts of a contaminated or destructive fluid, further aggravated by very fine abrasive particles suspended in water and/or oil, and to enable that alloy to be utilized economically for such purposes in spite of its potentially high cost.
  • FIG. 3 is an elevation, partly in section, of apparatus employed in producing a centrifugal casting
  • FIG. 4 is a fragmentary sectional view, partly in perspective, illustrating the development of a centrifugal casting
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing the preferred mode of practice.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross section of a vane pump.
  • an outer cam ring presenting an internal cam surface 11, more or less elliptical and in any event having an eccentricity in compliance with performance requirements.
  • a rotor 12 Located within the cam ring is a rotor 12 provided at its outer circumference'with radially directed slots 13 in which are positioned a like number of hollow blades or vanes 15.
  • the vanes '15 have end edges 16 which, whenthe rotor is rotating, are in sliding contact with the camsurface 11.
  • FIG. 1 The pump illustrated in FIG. 1 is identical to that disclosed in U.S. Letters Pat. No. 3,578,888. We are not here concerned with most of the details of operation, and hence it is sufficient to merely mention that fluid from passages 17 is drawn into suction or inlet zones 18, as the vanes move outwardly, and is pressurized at pressure zones 19 for delivery to exhaust ports 20 as the vanes move inwardly.
  • the pump illustrated is of a modern type that employs a basically radially pressure balanced vane with small hydraulic actuators.
  • the actuators urge the vanes against the cam ring with enough force to assure contact, but not with excessive force to produce high stresses or bearing loads at the cam surface.
  • the second, and more modern vane actuating principle employs a vane that is essentially in radial hydraulic balance, with springs or small hydraulic actuating surfaces to deliver enough, but not excessive radial force to the vane to assure contact with the cam.
  • the preferred cast alloy of the present invention has exceptionally fine wear resistance entirely adequate for the second more modern type of vane pump in spite of poor mechanical properties such as tensile and elongation compared to wrought alloys; and it possesses similar utility for the first, older type of vane pump except possibly where the thrust force on the vane demands appreciable levels of tensile strength and elongation. As will be shown, there is a family of cast alloys possible, allowing selection.
  • the present invention could be applied to the pistons 25 or, as will be more likely, the shoes 29 which slide on the cam plate 31.
  • Another part in the piston pump whose life should be extended by use of the material of this invention would be the port plate 32, that is in bearing contact with the rotating cylinder barrel 27.
  • SAE 52,100 The standard alloy for vane pump cam rings prevailing for over 20 years has been the one identified as SAE 52,100 in the Metals Handbook (8th Ed.) page 637. This alloy has been supplied in drawn form, that is, it is a worked" alloy, not cast. In fact, steels of this character are most commonly produced as wrought (worked alloys) and seldom, if ever, cast to the best of our knowledge. In any event, the 52,100 alloy was the constituent of the failed cam rings mentioned above.
  • the analysis of SAE 52100 alloy is Mn Si Cr W O.25/0.45 010/035 l.30/l.60 I
  • oils tested containedvarious amounts of water soluble, ionizable, inorganic chemicals. Also, the oils would serve as weak electrolytes, where a galvanic voltage up to 0.5 volt could be read with a sensitive volt meter connected between any two metal pump components of unlike alloy chemistry when submerged in the oil.
  • the streaming current results, in part, by fluid flow relative to the metal walls, and causes an electrical current to flow from the metal wall into the fluid.
  • Fluids were then selected that were known toproduce high wear rates on the 52,100 steel with soil and water contamination, which also were suspect to encourage considerable electro-chemical activity, and these were used to evaluate design improvements.
  • the 52,100 alloy was naturally selected as the standard for comparison.
  • An inferior alloy would have a wear rate equal to or worse than 52,100 at an equal cost.
  • a better alloy would show a considerably less wear rate.
  • EXAMPLE 1 The preferred alloy under the present invention, susceptible to being cast, is as follows:
  • the alloy is cast, and cam rings obtained, as hereinafter described.
  • the finished part,after rough machining, is hardened and tempered as follows: In an atmospherecontrolled furnace (0.9 to 9.0 percent carbon-potential) the cam rings are to be brought up to 760 C, held there for 20 minutes; then raised. to.l,0l0l,038 C and held for a minimum of 30 minutes. The parts are then to be removed from the furnace and quenched in oil (4966 C). The cam rings are then cooled to 49 C and given a double temper at 552580 C for 2 hours, each temper. The part is then finished to size by grinding. i
  • cam ring so produced and carefully tested against one-made of the-52,100 alloy exhibits only about 7 percent of the wear rate of the latter.
  • the present alloy novel by itself, would nonetheless be classified as a high speed steel on the basis of the chemistry.
  • one unusual aspect is that we produce the alloy as a casting, whereas to the best of our knowledge a cast high speed steel has seldom been utilized for anything, at least from the standpoint of commerical production or practice.
  • Such a casting is brittle and cannot be heat treated in a conventional fashion without burning the alloy. This is because segregations in the casting result in a wide range of chemistry within the alloy body and therefore a wide range of melting points. Consequently the high speed steels of commerce employed as cutting tools are hardened by quenching from a temperature in the narrow range of 50 to 100 F displaced below the melting point.
  • a wrought or worked body of the present alloy is entirely unacceptable as too expensive, without providing a wear resistance advantage over the cast material.
  • the solid part may be produced as a static sand casting.
  • Examples 1 and 2 show a relatively coarse martensitic grain structure with a discontinuous boundary of carbide formations, which include vanadium or tungsten carbides as the case may be.
  • chromium and molybdenum carbides may also be present to some extent, they are not mandatory to provide adequately improved wear resistance.
  • the chromium and molybdenum tend to impart some useful properties which include some hot strength, and deep hardenability, and allow the part to be heat treated more easily.
  • chromium and molybdenum are not considered critical.
  • Cr up to 8 balance iron except for residual amounts of manganese, phosphorous and silicon.
  • nickel may be added or the suggested upper limits on chromium and molybdenum may be exceeded.
  • alloy of the present invention is potentially expensive, and in fact of prohibitive cost if attempted to be drawn, we disclose an inexpensive way to produce rings thereform, by centrifugal casting, and at the same time have an alloy which can be easily produced as a sand casting, that is, simply poured into a static or stationary model of the ordinary kind.
  • both opposing parts of'a machine or energy translating device (pump or motor) to which this invention may be applied will be cast from the alloy of the present invention, if cost is justified.
  • both the cam ring and the vanes of a pump could be beneficially constituted of the present alloy.
  • the hardening temperature above specified is suited to the alloy in that hardness is induced at a temperature purposely determined as one which will notburn the. steel, which is to say that we avoidsuperimposing burning or any possible weakening due to segregation;
  • a machine accordingto claim 1 which is a vane.
  • a machine according to claim 1 which is an axial piston pump having, a cam plate and a piston member equipped with a shoe sliding on the cam plate member, one of said parts being one of said members.
  • a component of a hydraulic system wherein the component receives and exhausts fluid flow and. includes a part presenting a wear metal surface which is subject to damage by loss of surface material at the fluid-metal interface as fluid flow occurs relative to said metal surface, characterized by said part and its metal surface beingcast from an alloy consisting. essentially Carbon 0.9-1.2 Chromium 4-6 Molybdenum 2-9 Vanadium plus Tungsten 3-6.
  • Balance iron 7 A component accordingto claimfiwherein a sec-- end surface is in bearing contactwith saidfirstmetal surface as said fluid flow is occurring,.the two surfaces having relative movement one to another;
  • a component according to claim 7 embodied in a fluid energy translating device.
  • said first metal surface is composed of an alloy consisting essentially of Carbon Chromium Molybdenum Vanadium l Tungsten Balance Iron .urge the vanes against the cam surface.
  • the device of claim 14 wherein the alloy consists essentially of Carbon 0 9 Chromium 4.0- Molybdenum 2 5 Vanadium Tungsten 2.8 Balance lron l6. ln a machine where operation is characterizedby one metal part having a surface sliding on the opposed surface ofanother metal part, improvement comprising one of said surfaces being constituted'ofcast ferrous metal alloy containing about.
  • R hardness at least 70.
  • a machine according to claim 16 which is a fluid displacement device including acam surface presented by one of said parts, the other of said parts beinga vane.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Details And Applications Of Rotary Liquid Pumps (AREA)
  • Reciprocating Pumps (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Rotary Pumps (AREA)
  • Details Of Reciprocating Pumps (AREA)
US00197278A 1971-11-10 1971-11-10 Machines Expired - Lifetime US3768378A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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US19727871A 1971-11-10 1971-11-10

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US3768378A true US3768378A (en) 1973-10-30

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US (1) US3768378A (ja)
JP (2) JPS4875415A (ja)
CA (1) CA981942A (ja)
DE (1) DE2254933B2 (ja)
FR (1) FR2166930A5 (ja)
GB (1) GB1412982A (ja)
IT (1) IT973454B (ja)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3866518A (en) * 1971-12-27 1975-02-18 Aisin Seiki Fluid pressure device of the axial plunger type
US4309064A (en) * 1979-09-28 1982-01-05 Taiho Kogyo Co., Ltd. Bearing of an internal combustion engine and process for producing the same
US5085127A (en) * 1990-03-29 1992-02-04 Sundstrand Corporation Cavitation resistant hydraulic cylinder block porting faces
EP2796714A1 (en) * 2013-04-26 2014-10-29 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Hydraulic machine of radial piston type, hydraulic transmission and wind turbine generator
CN111411201A (zh) * 2020-04-07 2020-07-14 哈尔滨汽轮机厂有限责任公司 一种细化fb2转子钢晶粒的热处理工艺

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2601268B1 (fr) * 1986-07-11 1992-07-24 Chavanne Ketin Cylindre de travail composite en acier pour train a chaud.
US5816595A (en) * 1990-12-17 1998-10-06 Ab Volvo Wheel axle

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2212227A (en) * 1939-07-08 1940-08-20 Allegheny Ludlum Steel High speed tool
US2229178A (en) * 1938-07-25 1941-01-21 Akomfina A G Fur Kommerzielle Chromium tungsten molybdenum cobalt alloy steel
US2278315A (en) * 1938-02-24 1942-03-31 Pantena Ltd Manufacture of high speed steels
US3105723A (en) * 1961-02-17 1963-10-01 Vanadium Alloys Steel Co Anti-friction bearings and alloy steels used therein
US3194173A (en) * 1962-03-07 1965-07-13 Dowty Hydraulic Units Ltd Hydraulic apparatus

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3342058A (en) * 1962-03-26 1967-09-19 Hitachi Ltd Roll for cold-rolling metallic sheet materials

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2278315A (en) * 1938-02-24 1942-03-31 Pantena Ltd Manufacture of high speed steels
US2229178A (en) * 1938-07-25 1941-01-21 Akomfina A G Fur Kommerzielle Chromium tungsten molybdenum cobalt alloy steel
US2212227A (en) * 1939-07-08 1940-08-20 Allegheny Ludlum Steel High speed tool
US3105723A (en) * 1961-02-17 1963-10-01 Vanadium Alloys Steel Co Anti-friction bearings and alloy steels used therein
US3194173A (en) * 1962-03-07 1965-07-13 Dowty Hydraulic Units Ltd Hydraulic apparatus

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3866518A (en) * 1971-12-27 1975-02-18 Aisin Seiki Fluid pressure device of the axial plunger type
US4309064A (en) * 1979-09-28 1982-01-05 Taiho Kogyo Co., Ltd. Bearing of an internal combustion engine and process for producing the same
US4470184A (en) * 1979-09-28 1984-09-11 Taiho Kogyo, Ltd. Bearing of an internal combustion engine and process for producing the same
US5085127A (en) * 1990-03-29 1992-02-04 Sundstrand Corporation Cavitation resistant hydraulic cylinder block porting faces
EP2796714A1 (en) * 2013-04-26 2014-10-29 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Hydraulic machine of radial piston type, hydraulic transmission and wind turbine generator
CN111411201A (zh) * 2020-04-07 2020-07-14 哈尔滨汽轮机厂有限责任公司 一种细化fb2转子钢晶粒的热处理工艺

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IT973454B (it) 1974-06-10
CA981942A (en) 1976-01-20
DE2254933B2 (de) 1975-07-10
GB1412982A (en) 1975-11-05
DE2254933A1 (de) 1973-05-24
FR2166930A5 (ja) 1973-08-17
JPS4875415A (ja) 1973-10-11
JPS54173011U (ja) 1979-12-06

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Owner name: HAGGLUNDS DENISON CORPORATION, OHIO

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ABEX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004737/0427

Effective date: 19870630

Owner name: HAGGLUNDS DENISON CORPORATION, 1220 DUBLIN ROAD, C

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ABEX CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE;REEL/FRAME:004737/0427

Effective date: 19870630