US3767460A - Method of decreasing the wear of flexible bodies rubbing on a rigid surface - Google Patents

Method of decreasing the wear of flexible bodies rubbing on a rigid surface Download PDF

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Publication number
US3767460A
US3767460A US27535972A US3767460A US 3767460 A US3767460 A US 3767460A US 27535972 A US27535972 A US 27535972A US 3767460 A US3767460 A US 3767460A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
wear
rubbing
paraffin
track
polyethylene
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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English (en)
Inventor
M Kennel
Y Drapeau
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Compagnie Francaise de Raffinage SA
Original Assignee
Compagnie Francaise de Raffinage SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to FR6927460A priority Critical patent/FR2055945A5/fr
Priority to BE753146D priority patent/BE753146A/xx
Priority to NL7010910A priority patent/NL7010910A/xx
Priority to DE19702039541 priority patent/DE2039541A1/de
Priority to GB3848370A priority patent/GB1299970A/en
Application filed by Compagnie Francaise de Raffinage SA filed Critical Compagnie Francaise de Raffinage SA
Priority to US27535972 priority patent/US3767460A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3767460A publication Critical patent/US3767460A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60V—AIR-CUSHION VEHICLES
    • B60V1/00—Air-cushion
    • B60V1/16—Flexible skirts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
    • C04B41/46—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with organic materials
    • C04B41/47—Oils, fats or waxes natural resins
    • C04B41/478—Bitumen, asphalt, e.g. paraffin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/60—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only artificial stone
    • C04B41/61—Coating or impregnation
    • C04B41/62—Coating or impregnation with organic materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
    • C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
    • C07F7/12—Organo silicon halides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D191/00—Coating compositions based on oils, fats or waxes; Coating compositions based on derivatives thereof
    • C09D191/06—Waxes
    • C09D191/08—Mineral waxes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31801—Of wax or waxy material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
    • Y10T428/31938—Polymer of monoethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT 'The'coatings may be advantageously applied to concrete tracks upon which air cushion (hover) vehicles are guided.
  • highspeed- means speedsat'which-the-lubrication of the movement of asoft-bodyrubbing againsta rigid surface can-nolonger be effectedby priorart compositions.
  • This term refers thentospeeds ofSO km/hr or more and includes thev speed of vehicles supported onair cushions, i.e., speeds-of 100 kmlhr to 300 km/hr.
  • Lubricants are. known for low speed'operations'
  • Formica a plastic based on melamine and phenol.
  • Lubricants in the second of the said subgroups completely eliminate the wear of the flexible body. But, on the other hand, they wear down too fast to be used in dustrially. This is-the case, for example, with grafted polyethylene, deasphalting pitch, and of soft tars in general.
  • the primary object of the present invention is therefore to provide a method of avoiding the wear of flexible bodies rubbing at high speed on rigid bodies.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a coating for rigid bodies whereby it is possible to avoid the wear of flexible bodies which rub at'their place of contact.
  • Still another object of this invention is to provide an anti-wear coating which is stable with time and under the atmospheric and other conditions acting onit.
  • paraffin compositions are excellent antiwear coatings and provide very satisfactory results bothwith respect to wear of flexible bodies and with respectto the resistance of the composition itself.
  • the paraffin composition of this invention can be applied to the surface of any rigid material, for example, concrete, bituminous aggregate, metal, wood etc.
  • the rigid material must have certain qualities to ensure satisfactory adhesion of the lubricating coating when the coating and the rigid material have no particular affinity or marked adhesive properties for one another.
  • the same considerations apply to rough, cast metallic surfaces which, however, are not porous. Neither porosity nor roughness are essential, however, where the rigid material or the lubricating coatinghave adhesive attraction for one another.
  • The-paraffin compositions of this invention are paraffins and waxes which are normally produced from petroleum. Paraffms from the dewaxing of petroleum distillates, especially those intended for the production of lubricating oils, as well as waxes of higher molecular weight, can be used. Waxes produced, for instance, from de-asphalted vacuum-distillation residues are satisfactory.
  • paraffins and the waxes by themselves are excellent coatings for rigid surfaces, other properties are required of these coatings, in order to prevent deterioration with time.
  • certain additives are capable of imparting to the initial paraffin wax, properties of adherence and of resistance to ther mal shock, thus guaranteeing long life of the coating.
  • Such additives may be polyolefins, for instance polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polybutenes or polyisobutenes.
  • the olefin polymers which are used are polystyrene, copolymers of ethylene and vinyl cyclohexane, copolymers comprising two or more of the above-mentioned monoolefins and butyl rubber, which is a copolymer of isobutene and isoprene containing a small amount(less than 5 percent) of isoprene.
  • the polyolefins are those on which another monomer such as acrylic acid has been grafted in order to impart properties of adhesiveness.
  • additives which are used to dope the parafflns are copolymers of ethylene and a vinyl ester, such as vinyl acetate, ethyl acrylate and isobutyl ac-rylate. These copolymers, when incorporated into the paraffin These different additives can be incorporated in the paraffin either alone or in combination so as to impart to the coating of the rigid bodies an optimum antiwear effect with respect to flexible bodies and maximum resistance with respect to mechanical and climatic stresses.
  • the quantities of additives which can be added to the paraffin vary greatly and are not of a critical nature. It is however essential that the paraffin itself represents a substantial part of the coating composition.
  • the copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate has an ethylene/vinyl acetate molar ratio which may vary within wide limits, for example, between 4 and 16.
  • the paraffin composition in accordance with this invention may also contain products known as coefficient-of-friction depressors. These are, for example, graphite, molybdenum disulfide and certain phosphates.
  • paraffin composition retains its anti-wear properties.
  • the quantity of paraffin composition which is used to cover a unit of surface depends on the roughness and the porosity of the surface to be coated. Below about 0.5 kg/m on concrete, for example, the coating becomes insufficient and wear will take place. The amount of paraffin composition should, therefore, be at least 0.5 kg/m'.
  • compositions to the rigid surface can be effected by means known from paraffin application technology. Two techniques are best suited:
  • the spray method is best carried out by preheating the compressed air which feeds the spray gun and also preheating the surface of the concrete. In this way, excessively rapid solidification of the paraffin is avoided and the latter penetrates into the pores of the concrete. Good mechanical adherence is assured and a perfectly smooth protective film is obtained.
  • the heating of the surface of the concrete can be effected by means of a flame or air torch or by radiation heating.
  • One particularly interesting application of this invention is in the field of vehicles which travel on air cushions, in particular air cushion (hover) vehicles guided by one or more rails.
  • the aprons which confine the air cushion which supports and guides the vehicle, are subjected to rapid wear due to accidental and more or less haphazard contact with the rail.
  • the rail is generally made of concrete. Much wear on the rail occurs at the time of braking the vehicle.
  • the compositions of this invention make it possible to substantially reduce the wear of the rubber aprons used on air cushion (hover) vehicles.
  • FIG. 1 shows the variation of the coefficient of friction of various lubricating mixtures consisting of paraffin 58/60 and a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate;
  • FIG. 2 sows the variation of the coefficient of friction of mixtures based on wax 20/30 and polyethylene
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show the wear of a rubbing member in millimeters and grams, respectively, as a function of the number of its contacts with and its speed with respect to a tract coated with epoxy-polyamine resin;
  • FIG. 5 shows the wear of a rubbing member comprised of VOLKOLLAN, expressed in grams, after 6,000 contacts at 145 km/hr with a track coated with mixtures containing paraffin 5 8/60 and a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate, as a function of the percentage of copolymer in the lubricating mixture;
  • FIG. 6 shows the wear of a lubricating coating based on wax 20/30 and polyethylene, after 6,000 contacts at 145 km/hr as a function of the percentage of polyethylene in the lubricating mixture.
  • EXAMPLE I The purpose of this example is to demonstrate the physical properties of the compositions of the invention. Several mixtures were prepared based on paraffin wax, with the addition of variable amounts of copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate or of polyethylene.
  • Table 2 are given the mixture conditions and the principal characteristics of the products obtained, namely, penetration at 25 C, ball-ring (ASTM) temperature and dropping point.
  • Elvax is a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate.
  • EXAMPLE ll RIKEN BAYER AG comprising polyurethane.
  • the dimensions of the rubber for these tests are 10 mm X 5
  • the rubbing body rubs on the track along chine is formedcomprising a rubbing body of flexible 20 its smallest cross-section and the presence of the rubrubber material anda track formedof ordinary cement bing member on the track is about 2 kg/cm
  • the coatings is applied by a spray gun and the thickness After the setting of the concrete, the entire unit is of the layer is such that the average application of coatsanded,'balanced and coated with the coating and then ing is 0.5 kglm mounted on the mandrelof the machine.
  • a kinematic 25 The concrete coated with each of the coatings is then chain provides a linear rubbing speed of about 100 placed on the mandrel of the machine described above km/hr.
  • the rubber is mounted on amovable armv held and the latter is' placed in operation. After a number of by an electromagnet. This electromagnet releases the cycles, depending on the apparatus wear, measuremovable arm, which results in periodic rubbing of the ments are made as described above.
  • the wear of the 30 tained'with different coatings are set forth in Table 3 rubber and the hollowing of the coating are measured, below.
  • Table 4 the results obtained with paraffin wax as a function of the number of cycles, i.e., the number and petroleum wax compositions are set forth for comof rubbing contacts. parison.
  • the polyethylene which dopes the paraffin In all the following tests the rubbing body consists of wax is polyethylene of a molecular weight of about VULKOLLAN rubber, a product of the FARBENFAB 3 5 20,000.
  • Formica (Melamine and phenolic 1/ 10 second per 1 second No wear-deposit of material 2.3 mm in 10 sec. contact Track too abrasive. Heat deplastics). of the rubbing member. velopment too excessive. Industrial bitumen (Type l/l0 second per 1 second Good appearance of the track... 1.0 mm in 1,000 cycles Result good but the rubbing "90-40"). member still wears out i slightly too much.
  • Elvax is a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate.
  • the two wear measurements depend on the materials, the speed and the number of contacts.
  • the other parameters are not changed, i.e., the pressure of the rubbing member on the track and the ambient temperature of the test. The results therefore can be compared.
  • Paralfin wax 58/608 [0% 72 hours under 600 /ro second every 6 seconds Good appearance of track, 0.2 mm after Good result.
  • EXAMPLE IV This Example demonstrates the use of one of the lclairned paraffin compositions for the lubrication of a flexible body rubbing at different speeds on a rigid su r nice;
  • the rubbing speed varies from about lOltilometers per hour to about 300 km/hr.
  • the contact pressure of the rubbing member on the track is 2 kg/cm.
  • the rubbing body consists of VULKOLLAN rubber, a product of the FARBENFABRIKEN BAYER AG comprising polyurethane.
  • the dimensions of the rubber are l0 mm X 5 mm X 5 mm and it rubs on the track along its smallest cross-section.
  • the time of contact between the rubbing member and the track is a quarter of a second every ten seconds.
  • the track is successively coated with three lubricants:
  • wear of the rubbing member which corresponds to the wear of any flexible body rubbing on the coated low speeds, from 20 to 30km/hr the track is slightly hollowed after 1,000 contacts, and the rubbing member is worn very slightly. At higher speeds, the rubbing member is worn very quickly and its loss of weight increased with increasing speed or number of contacts. For example, at a speed of about km/hr and after only contacts, the weight loss is about 60 percent. WEEERTQEFe xperTmt-Etistlien continued, this loss of weight increases very quickly with the number of contacts. Thus, although the weight loss of the rubbing member at high speeds is rather small, this coating is not satisfactory because wear increases too quickly with rubbing speed and with the number of contacts.
  • composition consists of:
  • Elvax 260 is a polyethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, about 28 percent wgt vinyl acetate; Alcatene is a commercial polyethylene; and Escorez is a petroleum wax.
  • the rubbing member does not wear at speeds varying from about 10 km/hr to about 250 .9. km/hr.
  • the hollowing of the track is always slight.
  • the coating composition is slightly stripped off. But at all speeds between km/hr' and 250 km/hr the depth of the rut is always under 0.2 mm after 6,000 contacts. The number of contacts is much greater than the number of contacts in the other tests.
  • EXAMPLE V (Comparative Example) Tests are conducted as in Example IV with a lubricating coating of epoxy polyamine resin, and the wear of the rubbing member and of the track are measured as a function of the number of contacts and of the relative speed of the rubbing member with respect to the track.
  • FIG. 3 is shown the wear of the flexible rubbing member, the dimensions of which are here 75X5 5 mm. at different speeds (curves 9, 10, 11 and 12), in millimeters, and in FIG. 4 the same wear, measured in loss of weight of the flexible rubbing member (curves 13, 14, 15 and 16).
  • EXAMPLE VI In this Example, it is desired to test various mixtures according to the invention at a speed of about 145 km/hr. Six thousand contacts are made between a flexible rubbing member of VULKOLLAN and a track coated l. with mixtures based on wax, to which are added various percentages of polyethylene; and
  • a process for reducing the wear caused by friction of a flexible rubber body rubbing at high speed on a rigid surface of concrete comprising coating the rigid surface with at least 0.5 kg/m of rigid surface of a composition consisting essentially of 80 to 99 percent of a paraffin wax in a pure state and 20 percent to 1 percent of polyethylene.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Sealing Material Composition (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
US27535972 1969-08-08 1972-07-26 Method of decreasing the wear of flexible bodies rubbing on a rigid surface Expired - Lifetime US3767460A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR6927460A FR2055945A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-08-08 1969-08-08
BE753146D BE753146A (fr) 1969-08-08 1970-07-08 Procede pour abaisser l'usure des corps souples frottant sur une surface rigide
NL7010910A NL7010910A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-08-08 1970-07-23
DE19702039541 DE2039541A1 (de) 1969-08-08 1970-08-08 Verfahren zur Verminderung des Reibungsverschleisses
GB3848370A GB1299970A (en) 1969-08-08 1970-08-10 Rubbing joint
US27535972 US3767460A (en) 1969-08-08 1972-07-26 Method of decreasing the wear of flexible bodies rubbing on a rigid surface

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR6927460A FR2055945A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-08-08 1969-08-08
BE753146 1970-07-08
NL7010910A NL7010910A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-08-08 1970-07-23
US27535972 US3767460A (en) 1969-08-08 1972-07-26 Method of decreasing the wear of flexible bodies rubbing on a rigid surface

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US3767460A true US3767460A (en) 1973-10-23

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US27535972 Expired - Lifetime US3767460A (en) 1969-08-08 1972-07-26 Method of decreasing the wear of flexible bodies rubbing on a rigid surface

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US (1) US3767460A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE753146A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2039541A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2055945A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1299970A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7010910A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4781120A (en) * 1987-01-14 1988-11-01 Farrow David A Monorail train set
US9568146B1 (en) * 2013-09-28 2017-02-14 Kelso Technologies Inc. Pressure relief valve

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2397805A (en) * 1942-03-06 1946-04-02 Union Oil Co Base coat for launching grease
US2499723A (en) * 1947-07-28 1950-03-07 Du Pont Lubricants containing copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate
US3025560A (en) * 1955-03-28 1962-03-20 Frank W Lindner Drapery track and lubricator therefor
US3175972A (en) * 1965-03-30 Lubricant composition and method
US3258319A (en) * 1962-11-23 1966-06-28 Du Pont Lubricant coated formable metal article
US3438896A (en) * 1965-09-09 1969-04-15 Continental Oil Co Lubricant composition and method of using same
US3462249A (en) * 1967-03-31 1969-08-19 Exxon Research Engineering Co Fuel oil compositions containing grafted polymers
US3607746A (en) * 1968-11-29 1971-09-21 Shell Oil Co Surface coated wax-polymer lubricant compositions
US3647693A (en) * 1969-01-06 1972-03-07 Texaco Inc Base coatings for launching lubricants

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3175972A (en) * 1965-03-30 Lubricant composition and method
US2397805A (en) * 1942-03-06 1946-04-02 Union Oil Co Base coat for launching grease
US2499723A (en) * 1947-07-28 1950-03-07 Du Pont Lubricants containing copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate
US3025560A (en) * 1955-03-28 1962-03-20 Frank W Lindner Drapery track and lubricator therefor
US3258319A (en) * 1962-11-23 1966-06-28 Du Pont Lubricant coated formable metal article
US3438896A (en) * 1965-09-09 1969-04-15 Continental Oil Co Lubricant composition and method of using same
US3462249A (en) * 1967-03-31 1969-08-19 Exxon Research Engineering Co Fuel oil compositions containing grafted polymers
US3607746A (en) * 1968-11-29 1971-09-21 Shell Oil Co Surface coated wax-polymer lubricant compositions
US3647693A (en) * 1969-01-06 1972-03-07 Texaco Inc Base coatings for launching lubricants

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4781120A (en) * 1987-01-14 1988-11-01 Farrow David A Monorail train set
US9568146B1 (en) * 2013-09-28 2017-02-14 Kelso Technologies Inc. Pressure relief valve

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1299970A (en) 1972-12-13
BE753146A (fr) 1971-01-08
DE2039541A1 (de) 1971-02-18
NL7010910A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-02-10
FR2055945A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-05-14

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