US3765964A - Water-in-oil emulsion type explosive compositions having strontium-ion detonation catalysts - Google Patents

Water-in-oil emulsion type explosive compositions having strontium-ion detonation catalysts Download PDF

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Publication number
US3765964A
US3765964A US00295565A US3765964DA US3765964A US 3765964 A US3765964 A US 3765964A US 00295565 A US00295565 A US 00295565A US 3765964D A US3765964D A US 3765964DA US 3765964 A US3765964 A US 3765964A
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percent
composition
strontium
nitrate
water
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C Wade
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Zeneca Inc
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ICI Americas Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
    • C06B47/14—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase comprising a solid component and an aqueous phase
    • C06B47/145—Water in oil emulsion type explosives in which a carbonaceous fuel forms the continuous phase

Definitions

  • This invention relates to water-in-oil emulsion type explosive compositions containing a detonation catalyst sensitizer.
  • the invention relates to inorganic oxidizer salt explosives of the aqueous slurry type containing an improved sensitizer-catalyst system.
  • the invention relates to explosives having high energy, high sensitivity, high detonation rate properties, and unexpectedly high densities.
  • the invention relates to water-in-oil emulsion type blasting agents exemplified by Bluhm, U. S. Pat. No. 3,447,978, and Cattermole, U. S. Pat. No. 3,674,578, which have many advantages over conventional slurry blasting compositions but which are particularly disadvantaged in that they are not cap-sensitive. These materials, therefore, require a booster in order to effect their detonation.
  • the use of metal ion and inorganic metal compounds as a catalyst-sensitizer system for such explosive compositions was first described in my copending patent application, U. S. Ser. No. 69,433, now U. S. Pat. No. 3,715,247.
  • compositions of this invention have excellent water resistance and safety characteristics in that they have high resistance to burning, impact, friction, rifie bullets, and static.
  • compositions employing nitroglycerin do not initiate headaches as do compositions employing nitroglycerin, and they have unexpectedly high velocities (typically, 17,000 feet per second) in l-inch diameters and unexpectedly high detonation pressures (typically, 90-100 kilobars).
  • compositions of the invention greatly enhanced sensitivity of the compositions of the invention is brought about without the addition of ingredients which are cap-sensitive in themselves.
  • metal ions of Group 2A of the periodic table of elements such as beryllium, magnesium, calcium, and barium, do not effectively sensitize water-in-oil emulsion type explosives
  • strontium ion is particularly unique in that it does. Therefore, the incorporation of water-soluble strontium compounds in low concentrations in the aqueous phase of the water-in-oil type explosive slurries of the invention has been found to sensitize the slurries to a No. 6 blasting cap.
  • compositions which are cap-sensitive in l-inch diameters comprise about 2-6 percent carbonaceous fuel, about 60-80 percent oxidizer salt, about 1-10 percent strontium salt, about 15-20 percent water, about 0.75-1.25 percent lipophilic emulsifier, and sufficient gas to give the composition a density ranging from 0.9-1.25 grams/cc.
  • composition can contain a gelling agent which greatly increases storage stability.
  • the preferred amount for gelling agents is about 0.25 percent to about 2.0 percent.
  • Suitable gelling agents include polyacrylamide, interpolymers of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride and their salts, guar gum, etc.
  • compositions may also contain up to about 10 percent auxiliary fuel, such as sulfur, sugar, urea, formaldehyde, dimethyl formaldehyde, aluminum, or magnesium, preferably aluminum, aluminum alloys, or sulfur for greatest sensitivity.
  • auxiliary fuel such as sulfur, sugar, urea, formaldehyde, dimethyl formaldehyde, aluminum, or magnesium, preferably aluminum, aluminum alloys, or sulfur for greatest sensitivity.
  • Up to about one-third of the water may be replaced with a water soluble fuel, such as ethylene glycol; low molecular-weight alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol, or propanol; however, water is preferred because of its economy and because it is a better solvent for the oxidizing salts.
  • Other optional ingredients include glycerin, formamide, dimethyl formamide, sugar, and water-soluble alkyl amines, such as ethylene diamine and methyl amine.
  • the carbonaceous fuel is a water-immiscible, emulsifiable fuel which is liquefiable at a temperature up to about 200 F., and preferably between 1 10 F. and about 160 F., to facilitate aeration and packaging.
  • Waxes having melting points of at least F., and preferably in the range of about 110 F. to about 200 F. are usually suitable; examples include waxes derived from petroleum, such as petrolatum wax, microcystalline wax, and paraffin wax; mineral waxes, such as ozocerite and montan wax; animal waxes, such as spermacetic wax; and insect waxes, such as beeswax and Chinese wax.
  • a modified, highly cohesive microcystalline wax having a melting point of about 1 l4-l19 F. and identified as the trademark Indra 21 19 sold by Industrial Raw Materials Corporation and a similar wax sold by the same company under the trademark Indra 1153 having a melting point of about l50-155 F. are preferred as they give good sensitivity and stability.
  • a carbonaceous fuel such as 100 percent wax.
  • a carbonaceous fuel such as 100 percent wax.
  • suitable oils include the various petroleum oils, DNT, and various vegetable oils; a highly refined mineral oil sold by Atlantic Refining Company under the trademark Atreol 34 is preferred if a stabilizing oil is employed.
  • the oxidizer may be about 20 percent to about percent ammonium nitrate (AN), about 5 percent to about 40 percent other inorganic nitrate, up to about 60 percent of an organic amine salt of an inorganic oxidizing acid, and up to about 30 percent inorganic chlorate or inorganic perchlorate.
  • the oxidizer which is preferred for greatest sensitivity comprises about 55-80 percent ammonium nitrate (AN), about 5-15 percent sodium nitrate (SN), about -20 percent ethylene diamine dinitrate (EDDN), and about 5-10 percent ammonium perchlorate (AP).
  • Examples of other suitable inorganic nitrates include sodium nitrate, which is preferred for greatest sensitivity, potassium nitrate, lithium nitrate, calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, barium nitrate, zinc nitrate, and organic amine nitrates, nitrites, chlorates, perchlorates, such as monomethylamine nitrate (MMAN), nitrite, chlorate and perchlorate, ethylene diamine dinitrate, diperchlorate, and dichlorate, dimethylamine nitrate, trimethylamine nitrate, ethylamine nitrate, propylamine nitrate, ethanolamine nitrate, guanidine nitrate, urea nitrate, and salts of phenylamine, such as aniline nitrate, chlorate and perchlorate, p-chloroaniline nitrate, and phenylene diamine dinitrate.
  • MMAN monomethylamine n
  • saturated aliphatic amine nitrates containing up to three carbon atoms for example, monomethylamine nitrate, trimethylamine nitrate, ethylene diamine dinitrate, and ethanolamine nitrate are particularly preferred because of the ease of formulation of explosives therewith and the outstanding explosive properties, such as velocity and strength of the resulting compositions.
  • Mixtures of the aforementioned salts can be used; and, generally, in such salt mixtures, the overall oxygen balance of the salt should be more a positive than minus 150 percent.
  • suitable chlorates include sodium chlorate, potassium chlorate, calcium chlorate, and lithium chlorate.
  • Suitable perchlorates include ammonium perchlorate, preferred because of greater weight strength, sodium perchlorate, calcium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, lithium perchlorate, magnesium perchlorate, barium perchlorate, and zinc perchlorate.
  • the strontium ion detonation catalyst is introduced as a water-soluble organic or inorganic strontium salt.
  • the strontium is introduced as an oxidizing salt, such as strontium nitrate, strontium chlorate, strontium perchlorate, strontium nitrite, and the like.
  • any water-soluble strontium salt such as strontium chloride, bromide, acetate, bromate, cyanide, dichromate, iodide, hydroxide and oxide are suitable.
  • the emulsifier is a water-in-oil emulsifier such as those derivable from sorbitol by esterification with removal of one molecule of water, such as sorbitan, fatty acid esters, for example, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, and sorbitan tristearate.
  • Other useful materials comprise monoand diglycerides of fatforming fatty acids, as well as polyoxyethylene sorbitol esters, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol, beeswax derivative materials and polyoxyethylene(4)lauryl ether, polyoxyalkylene(2)ether, polyoxyethylene(2stearyl ether, polyoxyalkylene oleyl/laurate, oleyl acid phosphate, substituted oxazolines, and phosphate esters and mixtures thereof.
  • polyoxyethylene sorbitol esters such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol, beeswax derivative materials and polyoxyethylene(4)lauryl ether, polyoxyalkylene(2)ether, polyoxyethylene(2stearyl ether, polyoxyalkylene oleyl/laurate, oleyl acid phosphate, substituted oxazolines, and phosphate esters and mixtures thereof.
  • the gas may be in the form of occluded air or in a gas-entrapping material such as phenol-formaldehyde or urea-formaldehyde hollow microspheres, expanded perlite, or hollow glass microspheres.
  • a gas-entrapping material such as phenol-formaldehyde or urea-formaldehyde hollow microspheres, expanded perlite, or hollow glass microspheres.
  • the function of the gas is to reduce the density to within the range of .8-1.4 grams/co; and, therefore, any gas, such as nitrogen, CO carbon monoxide, argon, hydrogen and helium, methane, propane, freon, and the like can be used. If a combustible gas-entrapping material or combustible gas is used, it should be included in the calculation for the total fuel.
  • compositions of this invention are preferably made by premixing the water, the inorganic oxidizer, the detonation catalyst, and a second premix of the carbonaceous fuel and the emulsifier.
  • the two premixes are heated, the first until the salts are completely dissolved (about -205 F.), and the second until the carbonaceous fuel has liquified (about 120 F. or more).
  • the premixes are then blended together and emulsified, after which the air or gas or gas-entrapping material is incorporated therein until the density is lowered to the required range. Additional details and alternatives for the preparation of emulsion blasting agents can be found in the Bluhm U.S. Pat. No. 3,447,978 and my copending application, Ser.
  • EXAMPLES l 6 The blasting agents of Examples 1 through 6 are prepared by making a premix of water, the inorganic oxidizer, and the detonation catalyst at 160 F. and a second premix of the carbonaceous fuel and the emulsifier at F. The first premix is then slowly added to the second premix with vigorous agitation to obtain a water-in-oil emulsion. The agitation is continued with cooling to occlude air until the density is lowered to the desired range. In Example 5, hollow glass microspheres sold under the trademark Corcel" by the lnterpace Corporation can be added in place of the occluded air. The compositions are then extruded or tamped into high-density polyethylene tubes which are sealed with plastic caps and stored at 70 F. until detonated. Other packaging materials such as paper, cardboard, and plastics such as polyethylene film are suitable.
  • Table I lists the compositions in terms of their concentration in percent by weight, their density at the time of detonation, their diameter at the time of detonation, their detonation temperature, and the standard blasting cap size required for detonation.
  • the wax referred to is a microcrystalline wax having melting points of 153 F. and l14-l 19 F., sold under the trademarks Indra 1153 for Examples 1-3 and Indra 21 19 for Examples 4-6 by Industrial Raw Materials Corporation, respectively.
  • the oil referred to in Examples 1 through 6 is a highly refined mineral oil sold by Atlantic Refining Company under the trademark Atreol 34.
  • the emulsifier in Examples 1 through 6 are monoand diglycerides of fat-forming fatty acids or sorbitan monooleate sold by ICI America Inc. under the trademarks ATMOS 300 and SPAN 80, respectively.
  • the gelling agent referred to in Example 6 is guar gum sold by Stein Hall Company under the name Jaquar EXCW.”
  • the air-entrapping material of Example 5 is Corcel sold by the lnterpace Corporation, which comprises hollow glass agglomerate particles.
  • compositions described When detonated, the compositions described can be expected to have a detonation velocity ranging between 16,000 and 20,000 feet/second.
  • a cap-sensitive water-in-oil emulsion explosive composition comprising:
  • oxidizer comprising about 20 percent to about 95 percent ammonium nitrate, about percent to about 40 percent of an other inorganic nitrate, up to about 60 percent of a salt formed by reacting organic amines with an inorganic oxidizing acid, and up to about 30 percent inorganic chlorate or perchlorate;
  • composition of claim 1 wherein said other inorganic nitrate is sodium nitrate.
  • strontium salt is an oxidizing salt of strontium selected from strontium nitrate, strontium chlorate, and strontium perchlorate.
  • composition of claim 1 wherein said detonation sensitizer is a strontium chloride, acetate, bromide, or hydroxide.
  • a composition of claim 1 wherein said oxidizer comprises about 55 percent to about percent ammonium nitrate, about 5 percent to about 15 percent sodium nitrate, about 10 percent to about 35 percent ethylene diamine dinitrate, and about 5 percent to about 10 percent ammonium perchlorate.
  • composition of claim 1 wherein up to about 10 percent of an auxiliary fuel is included.
  • composition of claim 6 wherein said auxiliary fuel is aluminum or sulfur.
  • composition of claim 1 wherein about .25
  • composition of claim 8 wherein said gelling agent is guar gum.
  • a cap-sensitive water-in-oil emulsion explosive composition comprising:
  • emulsifiable fuel which is liquifiable at a temperature between about F. and about F., selected from the group consisting of petrolatum, microcrystalline, paraffin, mineral, animal, and insect waxes, petroleum oils and vegetable oils;
  • oxidizer comprising about 20 percent to about 95 percent ammonium nitrate, about 5 percent to about 40 percent of an other inorganic nitrate, up to about 60 percent ethylene diamine dinitrate, up to about 40 percent alkylamine nitrate or alkanolamine nitrate, and up to about 30 percent inorganic chlorate or perchlorate; about 15 percent to about 20 percent water; about .75 percent to about 1.25 percent emulsifier; sufficient occluded gas or gas-entrapping material to give the composition a density of about 1.05 to about 1.25 grams/cc.; and about 1 percent to about 10 percent including that present in said other inorganic nitrate of a detonation catalyst sensitizer comprising a water-soluble inorganic salt selected from the group consisting of strontium nitrate, strontium chloride, strontium chlorate, strontium perchlorate, strontium acetate, strontium hydroxide,
  • a composition of claim 10 wherein said oxidizer comprises about 55 percent to about 80 percent ammonium nitrate, about 5 percent to about 15 percent sodium nitrate, about 10 percent to about 35 percent ethylene diamine dinitrate, and about 5 percent to about 10 percent ammonium perchlorate.
  • composition of claim 10 wherein said gas is in the form of occluded air bubbles.
  • composition of claim 10 wherein said composition includes up to about 10 percent auxiliary fuel.
  • a composition of claim 14 wherein said auxiliary fuel is aluminum or sulfur.
  • composition of claim 16 wherein said gelling agent is guar gum.
  • a composition of claim 1 wherein said gasentrapping material is selected from the group consisting of expanded perlite, and hollow microspheres of phenol-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde, and glass.

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  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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US00295565A 1972-10-06 1972-10-06 Water-in-oil emulsion type explosive compositions having strontium-ion detonation catalysts Expired - Lifetime US3765964A (en)

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JP (1) JPS49100211A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE805754A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2350200A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2202055A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1405348A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
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Cited By (41)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2731609A1 (de) * 1976-11-09 1978-05-18 Atlas Powder Co Wasser-in-oel-emulsionssprengstoffmischung
US4138281A (en) * 1977-11-04 1979-02-06 Olney Robert S Production of explosive emulsions
FR2443446A1 (fr) * 1978-12-04 1980-07-04 Atlas Powder Co Composition explosive constituee par une emulsion de type eau dans l'huile
EP0019458A3 (en) * 1979-05-21 1981-02-18 Ireco Chemicals Blasting composition
US4287010A (en) * 1979-08-06 1981-09-01 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Company Emulsion-type explosive composition and method for the preparation thereof
US4308081A (en) * 1978-12-08 1981-12-29 Canadian Industries Limited Water-in-oil emulsion blasting agent
EP0028908A3 (en) * 1979-11-09 1982-03-17 Ireco Chemicals Emulsion explosive composition
DE3141979A1 (de) * 1980-10-27 1982-05-27 Atlas Powder Co., Dallas, Tex. Explosionsfaehige wasser-in-oel-emulsionszubereitung
DE3141980A1 (de) * 1980-10-27 1982-06-16 Atlas Powder Co., Dallas, Tex. Explosionsfaehige wasser-in-oel-emulsionszubereitung
US4338146A (en) * 1978-10-23 1982-07-06 Nitro Nobel Ab Method of manufacturing emulsion explosive insensitive to a #8 detonator
JPS57117306A (en) * 1981-01-12 1982-07-21 Nippon Oil & Fats Co Ltd Water-in-oil emulsion type explosive composition
US4391659A (en) * 1981-05-26 1983-07-05 Aeci Limited Explosive
US4410378A (en) * 1982-01-27 1983-10-18 Nippon Oil And Fats Co. Ltd. Method of producing water-in-oil emulsion explosive
US4414044A (en) * 1981-05-11 1983-11-08 Nippon Oil And Fats, Co., Ltd. Water-in-oil emulsion explosive composition
US4439254A (en) * 1982-04-05 1984-03-27 Atlas Powder Company Solid sensitizers in water gel explosives and method
US4453989A (en) * 1982-04-05 1984-06-12 Atlas Powder Company Solid sensitizers for water-in-oil emulsion explosives
EP0142916A1 (en) * 1983-09-07 1985-05-29 Nippon Oil And Fats Company, Limited Water-in-oil emulsion explosive composition
US4708753A (en) * 1985-12-06 1987-11-24 The Lubrizol Corporation Water-in-oil emulsions
US4732626A (en) * 1986-03-10 1988-03-22 Nippon Oil And Fats Co., Ltd. Water-in-oil emulsion explosive composition
US4775431A (en) * 1987-11-23 1988-10-04 Atlas Powder Company Macroemulsion for preparing high density explosive compositions
US4828633A (en) * 1987-12-23 1989-05-09 The Lubrizol Corporation Salt compositions for explosives
US4830687A (en) * 1987-11-23 1989-05-16 Atlas Powder Company Stable fluid systems for preparing high density explosive compositions
US4840687A (en) * 1986-11-14 1989-06-20 The Lubrizol Corporation Explosive compositions
US4844756A (en) * 1985-12-06 1989-07-04 The Lubrizol Corporation Water-in-oil emulsions
US4863534A (en) * 1987-12-23 1989-09-05 The Lubrizol Corporation Explosive compositions using a combination of emulsifying salts
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US4940497A (en) * 1988-12-14 1990-07-10 Atlas Powder Company Emulsion explosive composition containing expanded perlite
US5034071A (en) * 1990-06-14 1991-07-23 Atlas Powder Company Prill for emulsion explosives
US5047175A (en) * 1987-12-23 1991-09-10 The Lubrizol Corporation Salt composition and explosives using same
USRE33788E (en) * 1977-09-19 1992-01-07 Hanex Products, Inc. Water-in-oil blasting composition
US5120375A (en) * 1990-06-14 1992-06-09 Atlas Powder Company Explosive with-coated solid additives
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US5928576A (en) * 1994-10-11 1999-07-27 Dantex Explosives (Proprietary) Limited Cap-sensitive watergel explosive composition production process
US6451920B1 (en) 1999-11-09 2002-09-17 Chevron Chemical Company Llc Process for making polyalkylene/maleic anhydride copolymer
US6702909B2 (en) 2002-04-29 2004-03-09 Dyno Nobel Inc. High energy explosive containing cast particles
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US4141767A (en) * 1978-03-03 1979-02-27 Ireco Chemicals Emulsion blasting agent
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JPS5663896A (en) * 1979-10-23 1981-05-30 Dai Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co Ltd Slurry explosive composition
JPS5663897A (en) * 1979-10-26 1981-05-30 Dai Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co Ltd Slurry explosive composition
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CA1188898A (en) * 1983-04-21 1985-06-18 Howard A. Bampfield Water-in-wax emulsion blasting agents
JP4683191B2 (ja) 2005-02-08 2011-05-11 Ｎｏｋ株式会社 二部材間の密封構造

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Cited By (48)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2731609A1 (de) * 1976-11-09 1978-05-18 Atlas Powder Co Wasser-in-oel-emulsionssprengstoffmischung
USRE33788E (en) * 1977-09-19 1992-01-07 Hanex Products, Inc. Water-in-oil blasting composition
US4138281A (en) * 1977-11-04 1979-02-06 Olney Robert S Production of explosive emulsions
DE2848518A1 (de) * 1977-11-04 1979-06-07 Atlas Powder Co Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von sprengemulsion
US4338146A (en) * 1978-10-23 1982-07-06 Nitro Nobel Ab Method of manufacturing emulsion explosive insensitive to a #8 detonator
FR2443446A1 (fr) * 1978-12-04 1980-07-04 Atlas Powder Co Composition explosive constituee par une emulsion de type eau dans l'huile
US4308081A (en) * 1978-12-08 1981-12-29 Canadian Industries Limited Water-in-oil emulsion blasting agent
EP0019458A3 (en) * 1979-05-21 1981-02-18 Ireco Chemicals Blasting composition
US4287010A (en) * 1979-08-06 1981-09-01 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Company Emulsion-type explosive composition and method for the preparation thereof
EP0028908A3 (en) * 1979-11-09 1982-03-17 Ireco Chemicals Emulsion explosive composition
US4322258A (en) * 1979-11-09 1982-03-30 Ireco Chemicals Thermally stable emulsion explosive composition
US4383873A (en) * 1980-10-27 1983-05-17 Atlas Powder Company Sensitive low water emulsion explosive compositions
DE3141979A1 (de) * 1980-10-27 1982-05-27 Atlas Powder Co., Dallas, Tex. Explosionsfaehige wasser-in-oel-emulsionszubereitung
US4371408A (en) * 1980-10-27 1983-02-01 Atlas Powder Company Low water emulsion explosive compositions optionally containing inert salts
DE3141980A1 (de) * 1980-10-27 1982-06-16 Atlas Powder Co., Dallas, Tex. Explosionsfaehige wasser-in-oel-emulsionszubereitung
JPS57117306A (en) * 1981-01-12 1982-07-21 Nippon Oil & Fats Co Ltd Water-in-oil emulsion type explosive composition
US4414044A (en) * 1981-05-11 1983-11-08 Nippon Oil And Fats, Co., Ltd. Water-in-oil emulsion explosive composition
US4391659A (en) * 1981-05-26 1983-07-05 Aeci Limited Explosive
US4410378A (en) * 1982-01-27 1983-10-18 Nippon Oil And Fats Co. Ltd. Method of producing water-in-oil emulsion explosive
US4453989A (en) * 1982-04-05 1984-06-12 Atlas Powder Company Solid sensitizers for water-in-oil emulsion explosives
US4439254A (en) * 1982-04-05 1984-03-27 Atlas Powder Company Solid sensitizers in water gel explosives and method
EP0142916A1 (en) * 1983-09-07 1985-05-29 Nippon Oil And Fats Company, Limited Water-in-oil emulsion explosive composition
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS49100211A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-09-21
GB1405348A (en) 1975-09-10
IE38342B1 (en) 1978-02-15
FR2202055A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-05-03
DE2350200A1 (de) 1974-04-18
BE805754A (fr) 1974-04-05
IE38342L (en) 1974-04-06

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