US3764721A - Electronic musical instrument - Google Patents

Electronic musical instrument Download PDF

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US3764721A
US3764721A US00185012A US3764721DA US3764721A US 3764721 A US3764721 A US 3764721A US 00185012 A US00185012 A US 00185012A US 3764721D A US3764721D A US 3764721DA US 3764721 A US3764721 A US 3764721A
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signals
providing
frequency
tone
musical instrument
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US00185012A
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F Maynard
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Motorola Solutions Inc
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Motorola Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
    • G10H5/00—Instruments in which the tones are generated by means of electronic generators
    • G10H5/02—Instruments in which the tones are generated by means of electronic generators using generation of basic tones
    • G10H5/06—Instruments in which the tones are generated by means of electronic generators using generation of basic tones tones generated by frequency multiplication or division of a basic tone
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
    • G10H1/00—Details of electrophonic musical instruments
    • G10H1/36—Accompaniment arrangements
    • G10H1/38—Chord
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
    • G10H1/00—Details of electrophonic musical instruments
    • G10H1/36—Accompaniment arrangements
    • G10H1/40—Rhythm
    • G10H1/42—Rhythm comprising tone forming circuits
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
    • G10H2250/00—Aspects of algorithms or signal processing methods without intrinsic musical character, yet specifically adapted for or used in electrophonic musical processing
    • G10H2250/315—Sound category-dependent sound synthesis processes [Gensound] for musical use; Sound category-specific synthesis-controlling parameters or control means therefor
    • G10H2250/435—Gensound percussion, i.e. generating or synthesising the sound of a percussion instrument; Control of specific aspects of percussion sounds, e.g. harmonics, under the influence of hitting force, hitting position, settings or striking instruments such as mallet, drumstick, brush or hand
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S84/00—Music
    • Y10S84/04—Chorus; ensemble; celeste

Definitions

  • FILTERS 48 TONE GATE ACCOMPANIMENT PROGRAM I I r I I I I I 36 PERCUSSION I: PERCUSSION I COUNTER GENERATORS PROGRAM TEMPO I OUTPUT AMPLIFIER SHEET 10F 3 VIBRATO OSCILLATOR DIVIDER HAVING J2- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN,
  • the accompaniment is limited to a relatively small number of simple patterns that can be played using a limited number of sounds
  • the special effects are limited by the relatively few frequencies that can be generated when wave shaping circuits and multiple oscillators are used.
  • a tone generating system having a master oscillator from which all necessary tones are synthesized through the use of a digital divider.
  • the digital divider has a multiplicity of divisor numbers, and provides output signals having a frequency relationship approximately equal to the twelfth root of two for synthesizing the equal tempered musical scale.
  • the divider provides output signals that are harmonically related to the tones of the equal tempered musical scale. These harmonics may be combined in any desired proportion with a fundamental tone to provide various voices. Celeste may be achieved by generating several closely spaced tones using parallel dividers with slightly different divisor numbers and combining the resultant tones.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an electronic organ according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the automatic accompaniment portion of the organ.
  • Master oscillator 10 is coupled to tone generating divider l6,which provides 12 output signals having frequencies which are sub-multiples of the frequency of the output signal from master oscillator 10.
  • Divider 16 includes twelve divider chains, each chain having a divisor number that is related to the divisor numbers of the other dividers by the twelfth root of two. As a result, the frequencies of the 12 output signals from divider 16 have frequencies that are related to each other by the twelfth root'of two. It is possible to synthesize a complete equal tempered musical scale, which also has a twelfth root of two frequency relationship between tones, from the 12 output signals from divider 16. Also, since the divisor numbers of the divider chains cannot change with the time, the twelfth root of two frequency relationship is maintained and the instrument cannot go out of tune.
  • the 12 output signals from divider 16 are routed to accompaniment key switches 20, octave divider l7 and organ tone generating dividers 18 for further processing to provide automatic accompaniment, special effects and organ tones.
  • tave selection is made by positioning selector switch 24 to pass a signal either from accompaniment key switches 20 or from one of the dividers 21, 22 or 23.
  • Accompaniment tone divider 30 is coupled to tone gate 32.
  • Tone gate 32 sequentially passes tones from the accompaniment tone divider 30 in accordance with control signals applied to the gates from the accompaniment program 34.
  • the control signals from the accompaniment program 34 are controlled by tempo clock 38 which isconnected to and provides tempo pulses to counter 36 at the beat rate.
  • the repetition rate of the beat pulses from clock 38 is controlled bycontrol 39, and is adjustable from about 40 to 500 beats per minute.
  • Counter 36 has eight outputs and sequentially provides output pulses at each of its outputs to produce an eight-beat sequence. This is suitable for accompaniment to music in 4/4, 8/8 and similar times. Alternately, the counter can provide a six pulse sequence suitable for 3/4 and 6/8 time.
  • the eight outputs from counter 36 are connected to accompaniment program 34.
  • Percussion program 33 is also connected to counter 36 and controls percussion generators 31.
  • Percussion program 33 is similar to accompaniment program 34, and causes percussion generators 31 to sound in a predetermined sequence in response to output pulses from counter 36.
  • Percussion program 33 and accompaniment program 34 may be separate programs as shown in FIG. 1, or may be combined into a single program.
  • Percussion generators 31 may include several ringing circuits to simulate the sounds of drums, wood blocks, brushes, cymbals, and other percussive instruments. The percussive sounds may be sounded simultaneously with the tone signals or may be alternated therewith.
  • the outputs from percussion generators 31 and from tone gate 32 are combined and are applied to amplifiers and audio reproduction circuits.
  • a single keyboard comprising 44 keys.
  • Each key has two sets of switch contacts that are activated when the key is depressed.
  • One set of contacts acts as an organ key switch 50 for producing an organ tone.
  • the second set of contacts on each of the 30 highest frequency organ keys is used as a solo key switch 40. This allows either organ or special effects or a combination of both to be played on the 30 high frequency keys of the keyboard.
  • the second set of contacts on each of the twelve lowest frequency keys is used as an accompaniment key switch 20. This allows either organ tones or automatic accompaniment to be played on the 12 low frequency keys. Simultaneous low frequency organ and automatic accompaniment is not generally desired, and has not been provided.
  • the accompaniment tone divider 30 is coupled to selector switch 24 and receives an alternating current signal therefrom.
  • the frequency of the alternating signal applied to divider 30 depends upon the position of selector switch 24, and upon the frequency of signal selected by the accompaniment key switches 20 of FIG. 1.
  • Accompaniment tone divider 30 includes several digital frequency dividers having various divisor numbers such as, for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 17 and 19.
  • the block 30 in FIG. 2 shows how these dividers are connected to each other in a combination series-parallel configuration to provide nine predetermined divisor numbers.
  • the divisor numbers resulting from the configuration of the embodiment shown are indicated at the nine points'of interconnection between divider 30 and tone gate 32.
  • .Tone gate 32 includes nine two-input AND gates 60 through 68 of standard design and nine summing resistors, 70 through 78. Gates 60 through 68 are normally in an inhibit or non-conducting state. The gates are rendered conductive by the presence of a control signal pulse applied thereto. Removal of the control signal allows the gate to return to its non-conducting state.
  • Tempo clock 38 produces output pulses at a rate determined by the tempo of the music to be played.
  • the frequency of output signals from the tempo clock can be varied by adjusting control 39.
  • Tempo clock 38 is connected to counter 36 which includes a standard decade counter 80, and binary to decimal converter 85.
  • the output pulses from tempo clock 38 are counted by decade counter which produces the count in binary form at output points 81 through 84.
  • the binary to decimal converter is coupled to decade counter 80 and receives the binary information representing the tempo count from the output points 81 through 84 of the decade counter.
  • the information appearing at output points 81 through 84 is converted to decimal form and appears at output points through 109.
  • the count is represented by an output pulse appearing first at output 100, and moving sequentially from point 100 to point 101 and then to point 102, etc., in synchronism with the pulses from tempo clock 38.
  • Accompaniment program 34 is used to interconnect counter 36 and gates 60 through 68 in a predetermined manner. Although jumper wires are shown in the circuit of FIG. 2, switches or program cards can also be used.
  • FIG. 2 shows a simple pattern wired into program 34. In this program, output 100 is connected to gate 64, outputs 101 and 102 are connected to gate 63, output 104 is connected to gates 65 and 66 and output 105 is connected to gate 67. In operation, gate 64 is opened on the first beat when a pulse is present at output 100. This allows a signal having a frequency equal to the frequency of the signal applied to divider 30, and divided by 24 in the divider 30, to pass through gate 64 and resistor 74 to output bus 79.
  • Gate 63 is opened on the second and third beats when pulses are present at output 101 and 102, and this allows a higher frequency tone to pass through gate 63 and resistor 73 to output bus 79.
  • the frequency of the tone passed during the second and third beats is equal to the frequency of the signal applied to divider 30, divided by 18. Since output 103 is not connected to 'a gate, no tone is passed during the fourth beat when the output pulse appearsat output 103.
  • gates 65 and 66 are opened simultaneously allowing two tones to be passed to output bus 79.
  • gate 67 is opened during the sixth beat, and the sequence is repeated after either six or eight beats, depending on the position of switch 86.
  • Program 34 is very flexible allowing any number of gates to be opened on any beat.
  • Program 33 which is similar to and may be part of program 34, is used to control percussion generators 31 of FIG. 1. This can operate in the manner described above for program 34, to provide a wide variety of musical patterns which may have simultaneous tone and percussive sounds.
  • FIG. 3 shows harmonic generating divider 42, harmonic amplitude control 46 and harmonic filters 48 of the system of FIG. 1 in a combined block and schematic diagram.
  • Harmonic generating divider 42 is connected to the bank of solo key switches 40 of FIG. 1, and receives one of the 30 output signals from octave divider 17.
  • I-larmonic generating divider 42 comprises a series-parallel connection of frequency dividers, similar to that of accompaniment tone divider 30.
  • the dividers used in harmonic generating divider 42 have relatively low division ratios such as, for example, 2, 3 and 5.
  • Harmonic generating divider 42 has ten outputs which are connected to the potentiometers 110 through 119 of harmonic amplitude control 46.
  • the ten output signals from harmonic generating divider 42 have frequencies that are harmonically related to each other by a ratio of small whole numbers. This ratio is determined by the number of frequency divisions that a particular output signal has undergone relative to the other output signals.
  • no single output signal should be considered the fundamental with the others being harmonics of that fundamental, but rather, the ten outputs should be considered a harmonic system wherein any output may be considered the fundamental and harmonics of that fundamental may be chosen.
  • the frequency of the signal applied to potentiometer 117 may be considered the fundamental frequency, with the frequency of the signal applied to potentiometer 118 being a sec-.
  • the frequency of the signal applied to potentiometer 118 may be considered the fundamental with the frequency of the signal applied to potentiometer 119 being considered the second harmonic and the frequency of the signal applied to potentiometer 116 being a sixth harmonic.
  • a wide variety I of voices may be achieved through the selection of a with, for example, a foot pedal (not shown) to achieve other effects such as, for example, minor thirds.
  • the 10 outputs from harmonic amplitude control 46 are connected to a series of harmonic filters 48.
  • the bank of harmonic filters 48 includes a series of switches 91, a bank of resistors 93 and a series of low pass filters 95.
  • the bank of switches 91 is connected to the outputs of harmonic amplitude control 46 and to resistor bank 93 and filter the bank 95.
  • Each signal from amplitude control 46 is routed to one of the resistors in resistor bank 93 or to one of the filters of filter bank 95 via one of the switches in switch bank 91.
  • Each switch in switch bank 91 is individually switchable, making it possible to route each harmonic as desired, independently of the setting of the other switches.
  • Resistor bank 93 passes the harmonics from harmonic generating divider 46 unaltered in wave shape to provide a bright effect.
  • Filters 95 are low pass wave shaping filters which provide output signals having a sinusoidal wave shape and provide a flute effect.
  • the outputs of all resistors in resistor bank 93 and all filters in filter bank 95 are connected to output bus 97 wherein all harmonics are combined to provide a composite signal which is applied to the amplifier and reproduction circuitry of the organ.
  • the features of the instant invention provide a very flexible tone and accompaniment system for a musical instrument that is relatively easy to play and tune.
  • the divider type tone generating system accurately maintains the desired musical interval between tones making it unnecessary to tune the organ.
  • the systhesis of all tones from a single master oscillator makes it relatively easy to provide a vibrato effect by frequency modulating the master oscillator.
  • the automatic accompaniment feature which provides both tone and percussion accompaniment, allows a novice player to concentrate on playing the melody by freeing him from the accompaniment playing task.
  • the harmonic generating and celeste features allow an expert player to utilize various voices and special effects, and enable him to make a variety of complex and musically interesting renditions.
  • An electronic musical instrument having an automatic tone accompaniment system including in combination:
  • switch means for selecting one of said plurality of oscillations and providing selected oscillations representative thereof connected to said oscillation providing means;
  • octave selecting means including octave dividing means having a divisor number equal to an integral multiple of two, said octave dividing means having an input connection coupled to said switch means for receiving said selected oscillations and an output connection for providing octavely related oscillations having a frequency related to the frequency of said selected oscillations by an integral multiple of two, said octave selecting means further including octave switch means having first, second and common terminals, said first terminal being coupled to said switch means and said second terminal being coupled to said octave dividing means, said switch means including means for selectively applying one of said selected and octavely related oscillations to said common terminal;
  • accompaniment frequency dividing means for simultaneously providing a plurality of output signals having frequencies that are related to each other to form a musical scale in response to a signal applied thereto, said accompaniment frequency dividing means having an input junction and an plurality of output junctions, said input junction being connected to said common terminal for receiving the oscillations applied thereto, said accompaniment frequency dividing means including means for providing one of said plurality of output signals to each of said output junctions;
  • tempo signal means having a plurality of outputs for providing a predetermined sequence of gating signals at each of said outputs;
  • gate circuit means having a plurality of input terminals, an output terminal and a plurality of control terminals, each of said input terminals being connected to one of said output junctions of said accompaniment frequency dividing means, said control terminals being connected to said outputs of said tempo signal means, said gate circuit means being responsive to said gating signals for selectively passing said output signals to said output terminal.
  • said tempo signal means includes variable rate clock means for varying the repetition rate of said gating signals to change the accompaniment tempo.
  • An electronic musical instrument according to claim 1 further including percussion signal generating means connected to said tempo signal means for providing percussion signals in response to said gating signals.
  • An electronic musical instrument further including means for providing selective interconnections between said tempo signal means and said gate circuit means for varying the sequence of output signals passed to said output terminal connected to said outputs of said tempo signal means and said control terminals of said gate circuit means.
  • said oscillation providing means includes oscillator means and scale generating frequency dividing means connected to said oscillator means, said frequency dividing means having a plurality of divisor numbers, said divisor numbers having numeric ratios therebetween related by the twelfth root of two.
  • said switch means further includes a plurality of keyswitches connected to said scale generating dividing means for selecting one of said oscillations from said scale generating frequency dividing means upon actuation of one of said keyswitches to thereby select the key in which the accompaniment is played.
  • An electronic musical instrument having a harmonic synthesizing system, said system including in combination:
  • switch means for selecting one of said plurality of oscillations connected to said oscillation providing means
  • harmonic frequency dividing means having an input and a plurality of outputs, said input being connected to said switch means and receiving said selected one of said oscillations therefrom, said harmonic dividing means including means for simultaneously providing a harmonic signal at each of said outputs, wherein each of said harmonic signals has a frequency that is harmonically related to the frequencies of the other harmonic signals and to the frequency of said oscillations;
  • each of said resistive attenuators being connected to one of said outputs and receiving one of said harmonically related output signals and selectively attenuating the amplitude thereof;
  • combining means connected to each of said resistive attenuators for receiving said harmonic signals therefrom and combining said signals to produce a musical tone having a plurality of individually adjustable harmonics.
  • said combining means further including a plurality of wave shaping filters, each of said wave shaping filters being connected to one of said resistive attenuators and receiving one of said harmonic signals and providing a wave shape modified harmonic signal.
  • An electronic musical instrument further including a second plurality of wave shaping filters switchably connected to said plurality of resistive attenuators for selectively providing a second plurality of wave shape modified harmonics.
  • An electronic musical instrument including in combination:
  • switch means for selecting one of said plurality of oscillations connected to said oscillation generating means
  • celeste generating dividing means connected to said switch means, said celeste generating means including a plurality of frequency dividers having slightly different divisor numbers connected to said switch means for receiving said selected one of said plurality of oscillations and providing a plurality of signals having celeste producing frequency offsets therebetween in response to said selected one of said plurality of oscillations;
  • oscillation generating means includes a scale generating divider means for producing a plurality of output signals having frequency relationships therebetween proportional to the twelfth root of two.
  • said switch means includes a plurality of keyswitches for selecting one of said plurality of oscillations, and wherein the divisor numbers are integral numbers that are different from each other by less than approximately three percent.
  • An electronic musical instrument including in combination:
  • tone generating means including a master oscillator providing a reference signal, frequency dividing means providing divisions in accordance with a plurality of divisor numbers, said dividing means being connected to said master oscillator for receiving said reference signal therefrom and providing output tone signals having a frequency relationship therebetween determined by said divisor numbers, said relationship defining a musical scale;
  • automatic accompaniment means including tempo clock means providing tempo pulses, counting means connected to said tempo clock means and receiving said tempo pulses therefrom, said counting means having a plurality of outputs sequentially providing gating signals in response to said tempo pulses;
  • first keyswitch selector means having a plurality of keyswitches, connected to said tone generating means for selecting one of said output tone signals and selectively passing said selected output tone signal therethrough in response to the actuation of one of said keyswitches;
  • second frequency dividing means for providing divisions in accordance with a second plurality of divisor numbers, said second dividing means being connected to said first keyswitch selector means for receiving said selected output tone therefrom and providing second output tone signals having a frequency relationship therebetween determined by said second divisor numbers, said relationship defining a second musical scale;
  • gate circuit means connected to said second frequency dividing means and to said counting means for receiving said second output tone signals and said gating signals from such tone generating means and said counting means, respectively, said gate circuit means selectively passing said second tone signals therethrough in a predetermined sequence in response to said gating signals;
  • second keyswitch selector means having a plurality of second keyswitches, connected to said tone generating means for selecting one of said output tone signals and selectively passing said selected output tone signal therethrough in response to the actuation of one of said second keyswitches;
  • a harmonic synthesizing system including harmonic dividing means connected to said second keyswitch selector means for receiving the output tone selected thereby and having a plurality of outputs simultaneously providing harmonically related signals, a plurality of resistive attenuators each connected to one of said outputs, each of said resistive attenuators receiving one of said harmonically related signals and controlling the amplitude thereof, thereby providing a variable amplitude signal, and combining means for combining said variable amplitude signals to provide a musical tone that varies in accordance with the amplitudes of said variable amplitude signals; and
  • a celeste generating system including a plurality of celeste dividers connected to said second keyswitch selector means for receiving the output tone selected thereby and providing a plurality of celeste producing signals having slight frequency offsets therebetween in response to the selected tone, and means combining said celeste producing signals to provide a celeste effect.
  • An electronic musical instrument further including master oscillator tuning means connected to said master oscillator for changing the frequency of said reference signal, thereby tuning said instrument.
  • An electronic musical instrument further including vibrato oscillator means connected to said master oscillator for periodically changing the frequency of said reference signal thereby providing a vibrato effect.
  • said frequency dividing means is a digital dividing means having said divisor numbers related to each other by a twelfth root of two ratio.
  • An electronic musical instrument according to claim 16 further including accompaniment programming means interposed between said gate circuit means and said counting means for determining said predetermined sequence.
  • An electronic musical instrument according to claim 16 further including percussion generating means connected to said counting means, said percussion generating means providing percussion signals in response to said gating signals.
  • An electronic musical instrument as described in claim 16 further including organ tone producing means coupled to said frequency dividing means for producing a plurality of organ tones in response to signals from said frequency dividing means.

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US00185012A 1971-09-30 1971-09-30 Electronic musical instrument Expired - Lifetime US3764721A (en)

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Cited By (7)

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US3809787A (en) * 1970-05-30 1974-05-07 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Tone generator system
US4038896A (en) * 1975-09-05 1977-08-02 Faulkner Alfred H Electronic organ with multi-pitch note generators
US4114498A (en) * 1975-10-23 1978-09-19 Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha Electronic musical instrument having an electronic filter with time variant slope
US4141270A (en) * 1977-06-23 1979-02-27 Hammond Corporation Modulated keyer supply sampling circuit
US4147083A (en) * 1976-12-16 1979-04-03 Allen Organ Company Programmable voice characteristic memory system
US4228717A (en) * 1978-06-02 1980-10-21 Norlin Industries, Inc. Electronic musical instrument capable of generating a chorus sound
US4409877A (en) * 1979-06-11 1983-10-18 Cbs, Inc. Electronic tone generating system

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JPS51111325A (en) * 1975-03-26 1976-10-01 Nec Corp An apparatus for generating stored sound
JPS54157616A (en) * 1978-06-01 1979-12-12 Nippon Gakki Seizo Kk Electronic musical instrument

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US3567838A (en) * 1969-11-12 1971-03-02 Hammond Corp Musical instrument rhythm system having provision for introducing automatically selected chord components
US3636231A (en) * 1971-04-19 1972-01-18 Hammond Corp Dc keyed synthesis organ employing an integrated circuit

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3809787A (en) * 1970-05-30 1974-05-07 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Tone generator system
US4038896A (en) * 1975-09-05 1977-08-02 Faulkner Alfred H Electronic organ with multi-pitch note generators
US4114498A (en) * 1975-10-23 1978-09-19 Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha Electronic musical instrument having an electronic filter with time variant slope
US4147083A (en) * 1976-12-16 1979-04-03 Allen Organ Company Programmable voice characteristic memory system
US4141270A (en) * 1977-06-23 1979-02-27 Hammond Corporation Modulated keyer supply sampling circuit
US4228717A (en) * 1978-06-02 1980-10-21 Norlin Industries, Inc. Electronic musical instrument capable of generating a chorus sound
US4409877A (en) * 1979-06-11 1983-10-18 Cbs, Inc. Electronic tone generating system

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JPS5618960B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1981-05-02
JPS4843922A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-06-25
JPS53111715A (en) 1978-09-29
JPS53111714A (en) 1978-09-29

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