US3757481A - Monolithic structural member and systems therefor - Google Patents

Monolithic structural member and systems therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
US3757481A
US3757481A US00073345A US3757481DA US3757481A US 3757481 A US3757481 A US 3757481A US 00073345 A US00073345 A US 00073345A US 3757481D A US3757481D A US 3757481DA US 3757481 A US3757481 A US 3757481A
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Prior art keywords
lattice
load
elements
cavities
units
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J Skinner
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F15/00—Flooring
    • E04F15/02—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements
    • E04F15/024—Sectional false floors, e.g. computer floors
    • E04F15/02405—Floor panels
    • E04F15/02411—Floor panels with integrated feet
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D27/00—Foundations as substructures
    • E02D27/01—Flat foundations
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/02—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units
    • E04B5/04—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units with beams or slabs of concrete or other stone-like material, e.g. asbestos cement
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/48—Special adaptations of floors for incorporating ducts, e.g. for heating or ventilating
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24628—Nonplanar uniform thickness material
    • Y10T428/24661—Forming, or cooperating to form cells

Definitions

  • the lattice is the base of the body and the loadsupporting surfaces define the mounting centers for the overlying floor or roof. Accordingly, the base of the body presents a grid of surfaces on its underside at the mouths of the cavities formed by the hollow support elements.
  • the base grid directly overlies a pad of sand, silt or gravel chips to seal each individual cavity and thereby trap air therein to establish air pockets of resistance to load.
  • a single chamber is formed beneath the overlying floor between the upstanding support elements to provide a network of intercommunicating mechanical chases which also serves as a duct for heating and air-conditioning.
  • One embodiment of the member is specially shaped to spread a nonuniformly applied load throughout its body.
  • This invention relates to structural systems for facilitating the rapid construction of structural foundations and complete dwellings and buildings, and also to a monolithic structural member comprising the loadbearing component of foundation and ceiling systems and useful in other applications requiring structural members that are particularly resistant to compressive loads.
  • Another important object of this invention is to provide a foundation system for a mobile home or permanent structure wherein excavation of the site is not required, nor the setting of forms or the driving of piles or.other time consuming and expensive construction techniques, and yet which'is fully capable of supporting the overlying load structure.
  • Still another important object of the invention is to provide a foundation system as aforesaid which allows excessive loading on unsubstantial soil and which may be utilized in the permafrost region or in marshy areas.
  • Still another important object is to provide a foundation system as aforesaid which establishes load-resisting air pockets to prevent settling.
  • Yet another important object of the invention is to provide a monolithic structural member for a foundation or ceiling system or the like which comprises a load-bearing component thereof and may be readily installed, and which is specially shaped for a number of purposes which will become clear as the detailed specification proceeds.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one form of the structural member of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged top plan view of the member of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a fragmentary, vertical sectional view of a home, apartment or similar structure embodying the concepts of the present invention, showing the member of FIG. 1 in foundation and ceiling systems;
  • FIG. 4 is a greatly enlarged, detail view showing the intersection of the interior wall and one of the ceiling members illustrated in FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a second form of the structural member
  • FIG. 7 is a fragmentary, vertical sectional view showing the member of FIG. 5 utilized in a structural system for bridges.
  • one form of the structural member of the present invention is broadly denoted '10 and comprises a monolithic body of formed sheet material;
  • the member 10 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is of rectangular configuration and is provided with two-rowsof four hallow, raised, tapered elements 12, each of the elements 12 being of quadrilateral, generally frusto-pyramidal configuration.
  • the four sidewalls 14 of each element 12 thus converge toward the flat top' of the element, and have major concave portions which are arcuate in the direction of the taper. If it were not for the presence of the arcuate portions of the sidewalls 14, each of the elements 12 would comprise a frustum of a right, regular, quadrilateral pyramid.
  • the bases of the elements 12 are square, and a square, load-supporting surface 16 is presented by the flat top of each of the elements 12. It shouldbe noted that the perimeter and area of each surface 16 is small relative to thebase area of the element 12.
  • the elements 12 are regularly spaced in each row and with respect to elements of an adjacent row, thus the center-to-center spacing of the top surfaces 16 is uniform throughout.
  • the member 10 when viewed in plan, appears as a uniform grid enclosing the individual elements 12.
  • the grid is formed by longitudinal base portions 18' and intersecting, orthogonal, transverse base portions 20. in the embodiment illustrated where two rows of four elements 12 are utilized, there are three such longitudinal base portions 18, two at the longitudinal edges of the member 10 and one presenting a longitudinally extending central strip between the'two rows of elements 12. Accordingly, the base grid is completed by five transverse base portions 20, two at the ends of the member 20 and three crossing the rows of elements 12 between adjacent pairs of elements.
  • a center, longitudinal rib 22 projects upwardly and extends the length of the center longitudinal base portion 18, and transverse ribs 24 project upwardly from the inside base portions 20 and extend the length thereof.
  • the ends of the rectangular member 10 are provided with upstanding, continuous end portions 26 which merge with upstanding, continuous longitudinal edge portions 28, thereby reinforcing the entire periphery of member 10.
  • One of the end portions 26 is provided with a continuous, laterally projecting lip 30, and one of the longitudinal edge portions 28 is provided with a similar continuous lip 32 which is integral with the lip 30 at the common corner.
  • the member 10 is employed as the compressive load-bearing component of a foundation system and. is shown in vertical cross section. The section is taken transversely of the member 10 in a central plane through the elements 12. As illustrated, several members 10 are disposed in side-by-side relationship with adjacent edge portions 28 abutting each other such that the lip 32 overlaps the edge portion 28 of the adjacent member 10 to interlock the side-by-side members.
  • the members 10 are preferably vacuum formed from a structurally strong thermoplastic synthetic resin material. Possible alternatives include fiber glass reinforced synthetic resins and galvanized sheet steel.
  • thermoplastic that can be readily vacuum formed or blow molded is preferable from the standpoints of cost and ease of fabrication and, in foundation systems, synthetic resins are particularly desirable due to their resistance to the effects of moisture, acids and fungus and extreme variations in ambient temperature.
  • Plastic sheet members 10 are readily joined to provide a monolithic composite unit by the use of a solvent or other suitable adhesive techniques at the abutting edge portions 28.
  • a floor register is illustrated at 62 communicating with the underlying chase of chamber 58, and forms a part of the heating and air-conditioning system (not shown) of the structure.
  • An interior wall 64 and the outer wall 60 extend upwardly to a ceiling and roof system utilizing structural members 10a identical in form and configuration to the members 10 previously described.
  • the longitudinal base portions 180 of the members 10a ae configured to present raceways 66a of semicylindrical configuration, such raceways 66a facing downwardly and communicating with the interior space 68 between the floor and ceiling of the structure.
  • a raceway 70 is similarly formed in the transverse base portions 20, but these are not visible in FIG. 3.
  • the raceways are advantageously employed in the ceiling system as illustrated in FIG. 3, the upper edge of the wall 64 being received within one of the raceways 66a. This is shown in detail in FIG. 4 where it may be seen that the upper edge of the wall 64 is provided with a track insert 72 that is complementally received within the raceway 66a.
  • the structure illustrated in FIG. 3 may be rapidly erected, primarily due to the use of the monolithic members and 10a as the load-bearing components of the foundation and ceiling systems.
  • the site is graded as discussed above and the piers and levelers 38 and 40 are emplaced at the four comers of each foundation member 10.
  • the piers do not serve a load-supporting function, but are utilized in conjunction with the levelers 40 to assure that the members 10 are level and to anchor such members to the ground as a safeguard against possible shifting under high winds.
  • Leveling is accomplished by adjusting the head 42 of each leveler 40, a suitable bracket and fasterners as indicated at 86 being utilized to secure the member 10 and associated wall 60 to the head 42 once the proper level attitude is obtained.
  • the perimeter grade around the structure can be raised to hide the head 42 and bracket 46 from view.
  • the load-supporting surfaces 16 presented by the square tops of the elements 12 lie in a common plane parallel to the above-mentioned interface.
  • the centerto-center spacing of the surfaces 16 is only slightly larger than the maximum width between the elements 12 of the chases formed by the chamber 58. Therefore, with the relatively small area of the surfaces 16, the chamber 58 is available beneath the floor 56 except at areas directly around the mounting centers presented by the surfaces 16. This renders it possible to communicate through the floor 56 to an underlying chase without special attention to the location of floor joists or other interfering structure. This is important not only for mechanical and electrical runs, but also for convenience in locating registers such as illustrated at 62.
  • the air pockets formed within each of the cavities 52 contribute to the load resistance of the members 10 and, in particular, provide resistance to settling when moist conditions are present in the underlying earth 36.
  • the interior wall 64 is of a sandwich construction and utilizes a foam core faced with paneling.
  • This same general construction is employed for the outer wall 60, except that a weather resistant substance would be utilized for the outer skin, such as a sheet of suitable synthetic resin material.
  • the same general constructional approach is utilized for the roof in that, here again, plastic sheet material is advantageously employed for the roof skin 74.
  • the members 10 and 100 may be employed with conventional wall and roof designs as well as the preformed wall and roof panels illustrated, in order to also realize a cost advantage and a material increase in the speed and ease of construction.
  • FIGS. 5 AND 6 The second form of the structural member of the present invention is broadly denoted and is shown from above in perspective in FIG. 5.
  • two members 90 are shown in transverse cross section in a foundation system.
  • the member 90 is a monolithic body of structurally strong, rigid, light density synthetic resin foam material, such as polyurethane foam having a free rise core density of 5.5 pounds per cubic foot. This provides a structural member that is lightweight yet particularly stong in compression.
  • the overall configuration of the member 90 is similar to the previous embodiment in that two rows of hollow, raised, tapered elements 92 are provided projecting upwardly from a base lattice that presents a uniform grid, but the elements 92 are of generally frusto-conical shape rather than frusto-pyramidal.
  • Each element 92 has a continuous, concave sidewall 92 which is arcuate in the direction of taper of the element 92.
  • the bottoms of the sidewalls 93 merge with components of the lattice comprising longitudinal base portions 94 and intersecting, orthogonal, transverse base portions 96.
  • there are three longitudinal base portions 94 one at each longitudinal edge and the third extending longitudinally between the two rows) and seven transverse base portions .96, two of which are at the opposed ends of the member 90.
  • Theother five transverse base portions 96 cross the rows of elements 92 between adjacent pairs of elements,thereby providing a complete and uniform base grid.
  • One of the end base portions 96 and one of the longitudinal edge portions 94 are provided with a tongue 98.
  • The-opposite end portion 96 and longitudinal edge portion 94 have a groove therein; accordingly, adjacent members 90 areinterlocked by a tongue and groove connection as illustrated in FIG. 6.
  • the tongues 98 project downwardly at an angle of about 15, and the grooves 100 are configured to mate therewith to prevent horizontal separation of the members 90.
  • FIG. 6 it may be seen that the members 90 rest directly on a double layer pad 1020f sand overlying gravel, similar to the single layer pad 34 previously discussed with respect to FIG. 3.
  • TIIe foundation system illustrated in FIG. 6 embodies the same concepts and teachings as the system shown in FIG. 3 except for the differences in the members 90.
  • An outer wall 104 closes the foundation, and a subfloor 106 spans the load-supporting surfaces 108 of the elements 92.
  • a single chamber 110 is formed beneath the subfloor 106 between the spaced elements 92 and, as in the previous embodiment, comprises a network of wide, unobstructed, intercommunicating chases or channels extending in a grid pattern between the upstanding elements 92.
  • a dish-shaped steel anchor 112 may advantagesously be embeded in each of the elements 92 just beneath the surface 108 to serve as a fastener for screws or nails 1 14 used to secure the subfloor 106 to the elements 92.
  • the longitudinal base portions 94 of the members 90 present longitudinally extending, lower surfaces 116 in direct contactwith the pad 102, while the transverse base portions 96 present elongated, transversely extending, lower surfaces 118 which lie in a. common plane with the surfaces 116 and thus also directly contact the pad 102.
  • an undersurface network is formed comprising a grid of intersecting surfaces 116, 118 that cooperates with the substance of the pad to seal each of the downwardly facing cavities 120 defined by the individual elements 92 and their surrounding base portions.
  • the mouth of each cavity 120 is completely circumscribed by segments of the base grid surfaces 116, 118, thus each of the cavities 120 is individually sealed to form an air pocket therewithin that is isolated from each of the cavities 120 and from the ambient atmosphere.
  • each of the elements 92 has a flat top provided with a central recess 122, thus the surface 108 presented thereby is of annular configuration.
  • the recess 122 is to further reduce the area of the surface 108 to facilitate uniform contact with the overlying subfloor 106 or other load structure.
  • Another purpose is to impart the annular configuration to surface 108 so that an applied load will be uniformly distributed throughout the sidewall 93.
  • the members 90 are formed by expansion molding, i.e., activating the resin while confined in a mold having a mold cavity of the same shape as the finished member. In use, the members 90 are joined edge to edge and interlocked by the tongues 98 and grooves 100, a suitable solvent being employed at the joints to form a permanent seal.
  • the composite unit thus formed functions in the same manner as the first embodiment of the invention set forth hereinabove in that air pockets of resistance to load are formed by the sealing of the cavities 120, and a network of wide, unobstructed, intercommunicating chases is provided for mechanical and electrical runs and air flow for heating and air conditioning.
  • FIGS. and 6 like the embodiment of FIGS. 1-4, is equally well adapted to ceiling systems and the like where a lightweight, compressively strong structural member is desired having the advantageous characteristics discussed hereinabove.
  • the member 90 of FIGS. 5 and 6 has an important load bearing characteristic which enhances its ability to readily carry heavy loads even though the member is relatively light in weight and contains the numerous voids presented by the cavities 120.
  • the lattice components consisting of segments of the base portions 94 and 96 defining an individual square present a structural unit from which an individual element 92 projects. Viewing two adjacent elements 92 in cross section as in FIG. 6, it may be seen that the segment of base portion 94 is a common component of the two units, and that the sidewalls 93 of both elements 92 merge with this common component.
  • each element 92 is arcuate in the direction of taper, and the merger of the sidewall 93 with the square structural unit is along tangents extending in the plane of the lattice.
  • plane of the lattice is used herein with recognition that the lattice is a three-dimensional structure, thus the term is intended to denote the two dimensions of major expanse of the lattice, e.g., the directions of horizontal expanse in the foundation system illustrated in FIG.
  • each of the square structural units circumscribes the axis of projection 123 of the corresponding element 92, such axis comprising the central axis of the element 92 which extends in the direction (vertical) that the element 92 projects away from the lattice. Accordingly, a force applied to the surface 108 of the element 92 by a load thereon is directed along the axis 123 and is transmitted by the sidewall 93 to the square structural unit which is in surrounding relationship to the axis 123. However, instead of vertically directed, the direction of the applied force is changed by the sidewall 93 to horizontal directions radiating from the axis 123.
  • FIGS. 7 AND 8 Use of the member of FIGS. 5 and 6 in a structural system for a bridge is shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, where it may be seen that the member 900 is inverted with respect to the orientation of member 90 depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6. Accordingly, the elements 920 depend from the lattice of the member 90a formed by the intersecting, longitudinally and transversely extending lattice components 94a and 960 respectively.
  • the member 90a is shown fragmentarily in longitudinal cross section, the member 900 extending transversely of the direction of the span of the bridge.
  • a number of endless members in the nature of high tension cables 124 are trained around cylinders 126 anchored in buttresses 128 on opposite banks of the river or stream bed 130 (FIG. 8).
  • the cables 124 are spaced along the cylinders 126 in the usual fashion, the upper stretches of the cables 124 extending above the member 90a (joined together to form a composite unit extending from bank to bank) while the lower stretches thereof extend beneath the members 90a and underlie the load-supporting surfaces 108a of the elements 920.
  • each of the tie rods 134 extending centrally through a corresponding element 92a to a clamp 136 which affixes its other end to the upper stretch of cable 124.
  • the upper and lower stretches of the cables 124 are interconnected by the tie rods 134 with the lower end portions of the tie rods 134 being rigid with the corresponding elements 92a.
  • the lower stretch of each of the cables 124 interconnects the elements 92a under which it passes in spanning relationship to their load-supporting surfaces 1080.
  • the members 90a of the bridge span present a support bed for an overlying load structure, in this instance a casting bed for poured concrete 138 which forms the road surface and curb of the bridge.
  • the casting bed is defined by the lattice and the upwardly facing cavities 120a of each of the members 5 a, the concrete 138 being poured directly into the cavities 120a without the use of additional underlying forms. Once the concrete has set, the members 90a remain in place for protection against weather.
  • the structural system of FIGS. 7 and 8 eliminates the need for float supported scaffolding and temporary forms for the bridge floor, thereby greatly simplifying construction. Being strong in compression, the weight of the concrete 138 is readily borne, particularly since such weight is transmitted to the load-supporting surfaces 108a and then distributed by the sidewalls 93a of the elements 92a to the lattice 94a, 96a. Therefore, the inverted member 900 is as effective as the member 90 of FIGS. and 6 in resisting compressive loads. Furthermore, tensile forces (tending to spread adjacent elements 92a spaced longitudinally of the span) are. carried by the lower stretches of the cables 124 since the latter interconnect the elements 92a. Accordingly, the structural system resists both the compressive and tensile forces induced by the overlying load. r z
  • a structural member comprising: V
  • a structurally strong, rigid, monolithic body having a lattice of integral, intersecting structural components capable of bearing a substantial load and presenting a plurality of closed structural units, and a plurality of spaced, discrete support elements projecting from corresponding units out of the plane of the lattice,
  • each of said elements presenting a load-supporting surface spaced from said lattice for receiving the force of an applied load directed generally axially of the element toward said lattice, I each of said elements being of circular cross sectional configuration transversely of said axis from said load-supporting surface thereof to said lattice to thereby effect uniform distribution of said force to said unit, and having sidewall structure converging toward the load-supporting surface to present a tapered element configuration,
  • each element adjacent said lattice being arcuate in the direction of taper of the element and merging with the corresponding unit along tangents extending in directions radiating from said axis substantially in the plane of said lattice to transmit said force to the unit and to the sidewall structures of adjacent elements and change the direction of said force to said directions substantially in the plane of said lattice, whereby the force is dissipated throughout lesser loaded regions of the body.
  • said lattice defining a grid, whereby said units are rectangular
  • each element being of generally frusto-conical configuration, tapered toward the load-supporting surface
  • each element being annular and disposed to effect uniform distribution of said force thereon to said sidewall structure.
  • said lattice being generally horizontally disposed
  • said second member being in underlying engagement with said load-supporting surfaces.
  • said lattice being generally horizontally disposed
  • said units cooperating with said elements to define a plurality of upwardly facing cavities
  • said second member being endless and having a lower stretch in underlying engagement with said load-supporting surfaces, and an upper stretch above said body;
  • said lattice being generally horizontally disposed
  • said units cooperating with said elements to define a plurality of upwardly facing cavities
  • said elements projecting from said lattice in one direction generally perpendicular to the plane of the lattice, and said components having substantial thickness and presenting a network of intersecting surfaces spaced from said tangents in the opposite direction,
  • said body being composed of a light density synthetic resin foam material.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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US00073345A 1970-09-18 1970-09-18 Monolithic structural member and systems therefor Expired - Lifetime US3757481A (en)

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US4858401A (en) * 1984-07-08 1989-08-22 Thorp Graham M Cable ducting system
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US6141929A (en) * 1993-02-10 2000-11-07 Kistner Concrete Products, Inc. Insulated pre-formed wall panels
EP1335073A3 (en) * 2002-02-06 2004-06-09 Insulslab Limited Foundations
US20050178083A1 (en) * 2003-12-04 2005-08-18 Ludovic Fournie Self-stiffened panels of preimpregnated composite and manufacturing process for components of such panels
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US8955278B1 (en) * 2014-05-16 2015-02-17 Hilton R. Mills Subfloor drainage panel
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US9625163B2 (en) 2014-08-18 2017-04-18 Progress Profiles Spa Method and apparatus for positioning heating elements
US9719265B2 (en) 2015-03-17 2017-08-01 Progress Profiles Spa Floor underlayment for positioning heating elements
US9726383B1 (en) 2016-06-17 2017-08-08 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Support for radiant covering and floor heating elements
USD813421S1 (en) 2009-08-28 2018-03-20 Progress Profiles Spa Floor underlayment
US10060082B2 (en) 2016-05-18 2018-08-28 Brock Usa, Llc Base for turf system with vertical support extensions at panel edges
US10215423B2 (en) 2014-08-18 2019-02-26 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Method and apparatus for positioning heating elements
US20190178046A1 (en) * 2017-12-13 2019-06-13 China University Of Petroleum (East China) Anti-settling Apparatus and Method and Apparatus for Checking the Same, and Apparatus for Preventing Settlement of Well
USD866800S1 (en) 2015-10-26 2019-11-12 Brock Usa, Llc Turf underlayment
US10859274B2 (en) 2016-04-01 2020-12-08 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Support for radiant covering and floor heating elements
US11054147B1 (en) * 2020-05-28 2021-07-06 Mp Global Products, L.L.C. Floor heating system including membranes that are configured to be joined together to house a heating cable, and flooring underlayment including such membranes
USD971449S1 (en) 2016-04-13 2022-11-29 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Floor underlayment
CN115506330A (zh) * 2022-09-30 2022-12-23 衢州市鑫宏土工格栅有限公司 一种高强度和平整度的排水板
SE2250242A1 (en) * 2022-02-23 2023-06-20 Wahlberg Ventigolv AB A diffuser component, a system and methods for floor displacement ventilation
US11892176B2 (en) 2020-05-28 2024-02-06 Mp Global Products, L.L.C. Universal membrane configured to be divided to form a base membrane and a cover membrane that is couplable to the base membrane to form an uncoupling membrane for installation between a subfloor and floor tiles
USD1036242S1 (en) 2020-04-22 2024-07-23 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Floor underlayment
USD1036243S1 (en) 2020-10-09 2024-07-23 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Floor underlayment
USD1036979S1 (en) 2020-04-06 2024-07-30 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Floor underlayment
USD1101979S1 (en) 2023-02-07 2025-11-11 Progress Profiles S.P.A. Floor underlayment

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EP0479816B1 (de) * 1989-06-19 1994-03-23 WERNER, Hilmar Formstein
FI88326C (fi) * 1990-11-08 1993-04-26 Insinoeoeritoimisto Joel Majur Foerfarande foer framstaellning av en mellanbotten eller dylik vaeggkonstruktion med skiktstruktur samt en medelst foerfarandet framstaelld vaeggkonstruktion
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Also Published As

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DE2146520A1 (de) 1972-03-30
GB1353974A (en) 1974-05-22
AU3339371A (en) 1973-03-22
FR2106605A3 (enExample) 1972-05-05
FR2106605B3 (enExample) 1974-05-10

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